我们阅读的内容出自于一位叫杜克的社会学家 The thing we read was done by a guy Duke Sociologist
他实际上不是心理学家 严格说来是社会学家 actually not a psychologist. I mean technically sociologists
心理学家对个体的东西更感兴趣 but psychologists are more interested in individual
所谓的个体差异 类似于个体发展的东西 what it called individual differences like development of things
比如孩子是如何变为某种状态的 like how do kids become certain way
他们显然对这些东西感兴趣 and certainly, they are surely interested in
总的来说孩子正在做什么 how kids are doing in general
但是这些东西 but that is more of a question
可能会更多的需要社会学的参与 that would probably following around the sociology
有些社会学家 So and there are sociologists
关注过我们称之为生活质量的东西 who have looked at called this term quality of life
就是什么是生活的质量 like what is the quality of life
过去这种问题主要着眼于成年人 and that is largely have been looked at with adults
而针对孩子进行考察的并不多 Not so much with kids were asking
要考察一些负面的东西 you know, kind of it is easier to be like to look at negative things
考察成年人正在干的事情很容易 to see how people are doing adults or kids
比如考察儿童精神障碍的百分比指标 like percentage of kids with mental disorders
以及孩子的辍学率等等 or percentage of kids falling out of school
但是对生活质量的考察要求我们 But quality of life they want us to look...
把重点放在那些积极乐观的事情上 there has been an emphasis on kind of what are the positive things too
什么东西会让你感到幸福 What makes the happiness in life
或者为了更好的生活要做怎样的调适 or good life adjustment
或者什么东西让生活 让人们更有意义 or what give meaning to life to people
考察生活的质量不仅包括一些负面的东西 so looking at a quality life includes some of those negative things
更多的是积极乐观的一面 but also the positive things
你们读的这篇文章就出自于这个社会学家杜克 so that the article you guys read was by a sociologist at Duke
他第一次 但也不绝对是第一次 who kind of was sort of first time but not absolutely the first time
因为我说过 曾经有很多对成年人 But like I said it was mostly people looking an adults
生活质量的调查研究 looking at this quality of life thing
要先于杜克 prior to the guy at Duke looking at
杜克•莱恩的研究基于一些分类 The guy from Duke Lyne based his category
接下来我们要稍微看一下这些分类 if you remember we are going to look at the categories in a second
是些什么样的分类 孩子们有哪些变化? What would the categories that we are looking now how kids are varied?
这些都基于一个叫康明斯的社会学家的研究 Based on this guy Cummins who is also a sociologist
他回顾了所有 he kind of reviewed all the researches
关于生活质量的研究 have been done on quality of life
同样的 他的考察主要针对成年人 极少有孩子 Again predominantly with adults very little with kids
这已经是10年前的事了 And that is 10 years ago now
当时他发现各类研究者 But he found that if you looked at all the different ways
社会学家 心理学家 或其它领域的研究者 different researchers, sociologist, psychologist or whatever
以完全不同的方式研究生活质量 have looked at quality of life
他们当时在做这些研究时 that 7 different domains captured what people
都离不开7个不同的领域 who were doing research in the quality of life
至少4/5的已完成的这类研究 Kind of accounted for all these results
都可以用这些解释 at least 4/5 of what researches have been done
这就是他发现的这7个分类 These are the 7 categories what this guy found
康明斯找到了人们研究生活质量时 Cummings that said okay these are ways
通常会考虑到的几个方面 people have generally looked at quality of life
第一是物质财富 Material well being
一个人的财力和收入状况 you know the finances, income
第二是健康 成年人的身体状况 Health, physical health of adults
第三是安全 因为各种原因他们是否感到危险 Safety, if they feel in danger, their lives in danger
感到生活受到威胁 if you are threatened, for different reasons
他们的居住环境安全吗 did they live in a safe place
或者他们居所会给他们带来安全感吗？ did they always be or feel of a safe place?
第四 生产活动 尤其是成年人所从事的工作 Productive activity, especially for adults like job
你是否有一个固定的工作 Do you have a job or are you doing other things
或者正在做其它对生活有意义的事情吗 that are kind of giving meanings to life
比如此时此刻你正在干什么？ like what are you doing in life?
下周一你们就要接触有关青少年的内容 For instance you are going to read about on Monday for adolescence
艾瑞克•卡瑞森认为青少年首先是身份发展 Eric Garrison talk about adolescence is a type of identity development
也就是自我身份识别 弄清楚你是谁 means you kind of figuring out who you are
比如你适合什么 你的宗教信仰 like how you are fitting, what your religious belief
或你的道德信念是什么 or your moral beliefs things like that
对生活你有什么打算想干什么 What do you want to do with your life
你的业余时间想和谁一起度过等等 who do you want to hang out with
他认为身份发展阶段之后下一个阶段 but the next stage Garrison talked about after identity development
进入成年期就到了一般活动 when it comes to adulthood is a general activity
在这个阶段他认为对于他们来说 or... well actually one of the next stage is
实际上这个阶段关键就是 He talked about kind of like this point right here exactly
弄明白自己能干什么 kind of are they able to do something
能干什么对社会有意义的事情 that is kind of meaningful for society
能回馈给社会什么 they were able to kind of give something to society
第五 所处的社会位置 也即是社会连接性 But place in community kind of refers to like connectedness
包括是读大学 includes like being in college
还是已完成大学学业 有某种会员资格 having finishing a college degree, membership
获得某大学文凭 oh yeah finishing a college degree
还是参加了某个组织 being involved with other kind of organizations
第六 亲密感 和某种关系相关 Intimacy, related to kind of relationships
意义重大的亲密关系 significantly the intimate relationships
或者所拥有的朋友关系 or kind of friendship a person has
最后是情感幸福水平 and then emotional well being
这和上一个分类有些相似 which may seem like kind of a connected category
但这也是一个不可忽视的因素 But that is where you might look at things
比如焦虑或压抑 like anxiety or depression things like that
如何感受自尊 And how you are feeling, self esteem
自我感觉如何 and how you are feeling about yourself
这些都影响你的情绪吗 and does that impact your kind of emotions
这意味着...... Which means you guys think...
我们要讲快一点了 we are going to, we will talk quickly
但这也是小组讨论的一部分 but this is part of the group exercise
待会儿我想让你们分组进行讨论 I want your group to discuss later as well
首先 当提到生活质量时 When it comes to quality of life
哪一点你们认为是最重要的 which of these strike you guys think most important
为什么这些因素很重要？ what would you think that are important?
如果你审视自己的生活质量 If you want to look at the quality of life
有哪两点是比其它因素更重要？ are there one or two that are more important than others?
其次在这7个分类中 Secondly though with these categories
客观和主观的审视方式 what is more important like subjective
哪一个更为重要？ or objective ways of looking at these things?
一个人对自己生活的主观感觉 Is it more important about
更为重要吗 how a person feels about their life subjectively
比如当你问他们是否感到幸福时？ like if you ask them if they are happy they say yes?
他们回答感觉幸福 Is that more important
还是一些实际客观的衡量更为重要 or is it more important to actually have objective measures
比如他们是否还四肢健在？ like whether they can use their legs or not?
在审视生活质量时 To looking at quality of life
健康很大程度上是一个客观的因素 yeah, well, it certainly like health is going to be largely objective
哪怕你主观的询问一些健康方面的东西 although you can ask about subjectively about health
情感体验水平是更倾向于主观方面的东西 Emotional well being you are tends to be subjective sides of things
但是也可以有...... But you could have...
比如 有些自杀的案例 I mean there are cases in which suicide for example
并不全是由情绪抑郁引发的 is not motivated by depression
这样的例子不常见 但是也有 I mean it is not common, but there are cases
这里我想用一个例子来说明 but that I am just trying to come up with an example
用什么来更为客观的衡量情绪状况 What might be a more objective measure of emotional well being
如果你们看一下自杀率 if you look at suicide rates which will see
这就是其中一个你不得不引起重视的因素 is one of the things that are order for you to make kind of look at
有一个我要你们分组讨论的问题是 But again something I have you guys think about in your group
你觉得自己很幸福 但是你身无分文 I mean is it okay if you are happy but you have no money
每天都疲于奔命 这样也行吗？ and you are being taken advantage of every day in the job?
这只是一个假设情况 I mean this is a hypothetical situation
这样的生活质量可以吗 Is that okay the quality of life
仅仅是感觉快乐就是所谓的生活质量吗 is that at all it is just to have happy people
还是在决定我们国家人们的生活水平 or are there more objective things that we would want to look at
或者是审视整个世界的幸福水平时 to determine the quality of life in our people of our country
需要审视一些其它更为客观的东西？ or of our you know world something like that?
接下来进入到孩子的幸福指数 Okay, so the child well being index
也就是我们刚读过的这篇文章 is the article we read about
里面讲到了孩子的幸福指数 talking about the child well being index
孩子幸福指数有7个 The child well being index has seven
对其展开研究的是杜克 the people who developed it this guy at Duke based
他基于康明斯的研究结果 it on this stuff that Cummins did
提出了孩子幸福指数的这7个分类 Coming out with those seven categories
我会一一向你们展示 And if they... I will show you the specifics of
每一个分类的具体内容 what they put in the each category
他们对孩子幸福指数做了一个全面的概括 they come up with an overall child well being index
提出了7个同等的分类 which an average waving those seven categories equally
之前我问过你们某些分类要比其它的重要 I asked you that some categories more important than others
而这里当他们计算出所有这些指数时 They just kind of when they figured out the overall index
他们认为7个分类同等重要 they weighted all seven equally and it added up
由纽约的一个团体发起资助 It is funded by a group in New York
并维持整个研究 keep this guys research
从12年前开始已开始资助 it has been funded about the last 12 years
所以实际上杜克并没有从七十年代开始研究 So he didn't actually start back in the 70's
但是他曾了解之前的一些资料 But he is going back and getting data
比如从美国人口普查局那里 like the census bureau
从不同的来源追踪 And different sources that have been tracking
获得的信息涵盖了前30年或者更久的信息 this kind of information for 30 years or more
所以我们看到的其中一些分类 So you will see that actually some of the categories that used
实际上依赖于一些可获得的资料 that we read about are kind a dependent on what is available as well
也就是之前实际上就有过的一些研究 You know, what is it that we actually have information on
这就是他的7个分类以及每个分类给予的定义 so here are his seven categories and how he defined them
第一是家庭 Family to the first category
大家还记得吗？是关于经济方面的 if you remember was kind of a financial side
至于和孩子的关系 So in terms of being related to kids
或者他称之为是家庭经济水平 or he called family economic well being
处于贫困家庭的孩子比例是多少 what is the rate of kids in poverty
父母是否有就业保障 do the parents have secure employment
他们是否工作稳定 have they been in the jobs, stably,steadily
每年收入是多少 Annual income and then
有多少孩子有健康保险？ what percentage of kids have health insurance?
这和父母的工作工资水平紧密相关 You know through the parents through the parents jobs
要是讲太快了可以提醒我 Slow me down if really too fast
第二是健康 这是他们考察的一些评价指标 Health, here are the indicators they looked at
婴儿死亡率 体重低的新生儿 mortality rate, newborns with them low birth weight
但是这里我们的确有多个 But then here we do have a couple of more
主客观问题 there are kind of subjective objective questions
父母报告中说孩子非常健康 身体很棒 The parents reports of the kids health as very good or excellent
这里的问题是 这是父母的主观回答 The question there that is asked of parents
父母报告中说对孩子活动有限制 Parents reports kids with activity limitation
出于一些健康安全方面的考虑 some sort of health reasons
限制孩子们出去和其它玩伴玩耍的时间 that keep them from being able to play and do things with other kids
最后是超重孩子的百分比 And then the percentage of kids who are overweight
在健康这个范畴里有6个衡量指标 There are 6 indicators who what we call indicators for health domain
第三是行为安全范畴 The safety behavioral domain
少女早孕率 犯罪受害率 teenage birth rate, crime victimization
也就是成为犯罪青年牺牲品的孩子 being kids are the victims of crimes by the crimes teenagers
然后是违法犯罪孩子百分比 And then percentage of kids there are being offended by crimes
吸烟喝酒滥用毒品青少年的比率 Rates of cigarette smoking, alcohol, abuse of drug use
第四是受教育程度 educational attainment
全国各地孩子阅读和数学的测试分数 reading and math scores across the country
大家知道这是在美国进行的调查 And you know we have done this in America
我会给你们展示一些这些信息的来源 And you will see I will show you some for the sources of information
我提过 以我们的方法 I mentioned in sense of our way
这类信息主要来源于美国政府 it is largely the US government sources for this kind of information
第五社会连接性 Community connectedness
这有点像之前提过的客观方面 what do they call the other slides of the objectives
社会中的地位 Places in community
就像是教育程度对比前面的生产活动 Close to the educational attainment like the productive activity
我说过工作和孩子并没有多大关联 like I was talking about jobs now that is not as relevant for kids
所以这里杜克只是做了一种假设 So he kind of makes this assumption that
假设他们在学业上一帆风顺 well being successful in school
从孩子层面来看这是最好的并列关系 is the best coordinate of that at a kid level at a child level
然后之前的社会地位 And then place in community
这里被他称之为社会连接 he calls community connectedness
可以看到每个孩子的发展结果都不一样 You see there is kind of different things in the world
有完成高中学业的 You know completing high school, use to our neither
有既无工作也没有读书的孩子 the rate of kids that are neither in the school or working
类似(听不清)青少年 Kind of (INAUDIBLE) adolescence
前幼儿园入学率 Pre kindergarten enrollment
孩子的学前入学率 what percentage of kids are in preschool
可以看到这些不同 I am saying you can see that kind of differences
这里假设如果他们不进行学前学习 I mean what kind of assuming that if we leave the kids out there
那么他们就会和其它一些孩子玩耍 in the preschool they are kind of interacting with other kids
但是在这种情况下 But in that kind of institution
长大后取得学士学位的比例 Percentage of people with bachelors degrees
在大选中参与投票的人口比例 and people who have voted in the general elections
杜克每年能够得到这些信息 Some of these he is able to get the information for yearly
以及每两年的选举投票 and others like voting like every other year
然后他做了一个 And then he kind of, kind of something called
趋势分析 it is like trend analysis
就像是这一年在这里 So if you see that you know this year
两年后又出现了 it's here or two years later it is up here
做了一些假设分析 it kind of makes some assumption
趋势分析和假设分析结合起来而得出的结果 that it is halfway between those two in the off year
第六 社会关系 Social relationships
这是基于前面亲密范畴研究上的发展 so that was the intimacy scale on the other guys
他在这里称为社会关系 a review what he calls is social relationships
单亲家庭孩子的比例 Percentage of kids in single parent homes
刚在去年搬过家的 给孩子换了居住环境的 And then also moves in last year like residential moves for kids
一年又一年正在不断搬家的孩子比例是多少 what rate of kids they are moving year and year
这大概会把孩子带离...... Presumably taking you away from...
他们原有的朋友圈 you know groups of friends you had
然后又要开始交新的朋友 and now you have new groups of friends
我并不认为他们有能力...... I don't believe they have the ability to...
打个比方如果是你从一个地方搬到另一个地方 like if you move from one neighborhood to another neighborhood
如果在同一个学校区域内这还算是短暂的告别 within same school district that is still that still can counts as a leave
因为你在同一个学校还可以见到以前那些朋友 So that you might be keeping the same friends at school
但是假设搬离了一个校区 but there is an assumption that
这可能就会分散你原有的那些朋友关系 it might distract the relationships you have
最后一个是情感幸福水平 And then finally the last one was kind of an emotional well being
对应的有3个考量指标 and these are the 3 indicators for that
自杀率以及接下来两个都和宗教相关的 Suicide rate within the next two are religion
如果你们记得之前我们读过的 if you remember that from what we read
在12年级参加某些 Percentages of kids attend the 12th grade
宗教服务机构的孩子的百分比 attending religious services
在12年级时开始形成宗教信仰 and then rating percentage of 12th grades way in religion
对他们来说非常重要 is very important to them
他是从哪儿获得的这些信息 Where does he get this information
美国人口普查提供了一大堆这样的信息 the US census provides a bunch for the information
还有比如美国疾病控制中心 See the US center for disease control
婴幼儿死亡率 低体重新生儿 You know, infant mortality, low birth weight child
以及青少年死亡率等等 and adolescent mortality...
还有国家司法部门 Department of justice
有很多数据都出自于政府的统计 So there is they are all government resources
这里还有密歇根大学 There is one university of Michigan study
自上世纪70年代所做的一个全国性的调查 has been going on since the 70's
对象是全国的高中生 they do kind of a national survey of high school students
原本只是针对12年级的学生 originally was just 12th grader
但是最后也加入了10年级和8年级的学生 but they also do 10th and 8th graders now
但是可以看到在去年 But you can see like last year
他们实际上主要关注的是全国 they actually concerned with the 50,000 kids across the country
50000个来自不同学校的孩子 in bunch of different schools
所以这个调查是很有代表性的 so it was fairly representative
实际上这类指标的信息 And actually get some of these indicators
也来自于国家教育部 Department of education
好了 让我们一起看看孩子们的具体情况 Okay, so let's look here at how the kids are doing
杜克做了一个...... What he did was... So like I said he takes this 7...
他计算出7个领域里每一个领域的平均水平 He figures out the average within each domain
然后又算出这7个领域的平均水平 and then he averages across the 7 domain so each of the 7 domains
当最后归结孩子的总幸福指数时 when it comes to the overall child well being index
发现这7个领域的指标同等重要 are kind of equally weighted
然后他所做的就是 And then what he did was
他带着所有这些指标信息又倒回到1975年 he had information going back to 1975 along with all the indicators
和智力不一样 这里的起始点是100 and unlike intelligence you can see this starts at about 100
他当时的想法是不管怎样 But he just kind of said okay whatever it was
当我从......开始做时 when I started doing this at the...
我要倒回到1975年 I am going back to 1975 and how I look at this
以1975年的分数为基准线 and I am just going to say the scores on 1975 are kind of a base line
选择1975年作为起点是有原因的 I mean there is reason conceptionally to pick 1975
应该从这里开始考察 is a story of one that you should look at this
因为相关信息可以追溯到这一年 but this is where you can get information to go back to
不管这一年本来的分数是多少 And he said okay whatever the scores are
都假设为100 then we are going to call it 100
然后再看七个领域的一般问题 The average problem of seven domains
这些衡量指标的变化 比如是上升还是下降 and then so changes like increases or decreases in those things
考察的百分比的变动 you are looking at kind of percentage change from 100
现在要以100为基准线了 So the bottom line for it now
如果是5个百分点那就是105 it does have 5 and it is up to round about 105
也就是增加了5个百分点 So there is a 5 percent increase
自1975年以来孩子的健康水平 in health well being in kids since 1975
比如自杀率 So for example you know suicide rates
或者不管他们处于什么水平 or you know whatever level they were at
但是从平均值来看 如果查看所有这些指标 you know on average if you look at all the indicators
都是5个百分点 或者更好 is going to be 5 percent or better
对孩子的幸福总指数来说是积极的一面 in a positive direction for kids
但是也可以看到过去30年中的大多数时间里 But you can also see that for most of the last 30 years
实际上我们的孩子处于一个很糟糕的状态 We were actually kind of a bad state with their kids
很多幸福指标都下降了 that the things had are going down
我相信我们之前谈论过这点或你们也读到过 and I believe we talked about this or you have read about that
造成这种现象的主要原因是经济萧条 Main reasons for that was kind of an economic recession
大家知道在80年代 you know in 80's
80年代末和90年代早期 late 80's and early 90's
大部分是因为单亲家庭不断增多 And also big part of this is to increases in single parenthood
这造成了很多不利因素 that are causing a lot of this
随后经济慢慢复苏 But then kind of economics have turned around
这里有点意思 so we know that....you know it is kind of interesting too
我们讲过以不同的方式 you know there is a relationship that we talked about this
发展经济 in different ways between economics
和孩子在个体家庭的发展状况有着某些联系 and how kids are going to do both within individual family
不是绝对的但是大趋势是这样的 Not necessarily but there is general trends you know
进一步说 就好比心理学家 you know further the psychologists
过去常被培训为一个牧师 the person used to trained to be a minister in a certainly
我一直在强调的是个体家庭的动力作用 I always want to emphasize kind of like individual family dynamics
身处氛围融洽的家庭孩子可称作幸福 You know that you can call happy in that you know
所以拥有很多的钱和幸福感 so there is certainly not necessarily relation
这二者之间不一定就有着必然的联系 between having a lot of money and being happy
但是从总的趋势来看 But certainly when you look at general trend
我们讲过贫穷在某种程度上以某些方式 that you know we talked about different ways that being poor
影响着一个家庭的情感氛围 can influence kind of an emotional time for the family
表现在父母身上就是 Expresses on the parents that make them
这会让他们在照看自己孩子时力不从心 less able to attend to be cared or whatever
所以二者之间肯定还是有着一定联系的 So there is definitely a relationship there
但是这并不是说钱是最重要的事情 And that is not to say the money is a most important thing
如果你想要做一个最好的父母 if you want to be the best parent
并不意味着你就要拥有最多的金钱 you can it doesn't mean get the most money you can
而是说要努力避免贫穷 But it does mean try to avoid being poor
以免受贫穷带来的压力 and avoid the kind of stress that comes with that
如果你们看得更仔细一点 Okay, then if you look at it more specifically
评估孩子幸福指数的7个范畴 that the 7 domains that was the overall well being index
用图表表示每一个范畴 and also charting kind of each domain
大家可以看到这些结果图 you can look at some of the things
有正在攀升的有持续下降的 that are going up and have going down
首先上面显示的提高最为显著的是 And the things that has shown the most improvement
你们可能也注意到了 which you probably already seen
就是这些代表安全和行为问题的绿色三角形 but the green triangles are safety and behavioral concerns
我们马上要讲到这点 we are going to get to that in a second
其中一些指标像杀人率 But some of those things about like a homicide rates
青少年犯罪 暴力犯罪正在下降 kids committing crimes, violent crimes they are going down
这也是情况好转的一些原因 so that's accounts for that
其次是图表上显示 The second thing that showed into that
要比1975年高出40个百分点的 is about 40 percent better than 1975
那就是社会连接性 In community connectedness
大多数原因是更多的孩子有了学前教育 largely to because more kids are in preschool
而且大学毕业生也在不断增长 but there also have been increases in college graduations
蓝色三角形 蓝钻图形表示的是 Blue triangle is the blue diamond that is
家庭经济水平 family economic well being
实际上贫困水平自1975年以来都保持不变 actually the poverty rate is stayed about the same since 1975
一直处于低谷状态 in fact deep down we are going to look at
待会儿我们要仔细分析一下这些具体的指标 some of these individually in a second here
之前一直处于低谷状态的贫困水平 But so that actually deep down
在最近几年情况有所好转 and then in last few years gotten better
还有其它一些衡量指标情况也变得更好 but some of the other indicators are gotten better
受教育程度也保持不变 Educational attainment stayed about same
有两个真正让孩子幸福水平降低的指标 the two that are really going down for kids
是用红色三角形表示的 are the red triangles
第一个是社会关系 which is the social relationship
这主要是因为单亲家庭 and that is based mainly on single parenthood
单亲家庭百分比增加 percentage of single parents
处于单亲家庭的孩子也相应增多 kids living in single parent homes
可以看到幸福指数从100降到了78 So you can see that one from 100 down to 78
降低了接近22个百分点 so has gone down about 22 percent
下面这个粉红色方形图表是指健康指数 and then the pink square down here is health
很多健康指数都增加了 And a lot of the health indicators have improved
但是肥胖情况变得很糟糕 but obesity has gotten so bad
这也是其中一个和健康指数密不可分的指标 and that is really what it counts for the health indicators
在过去的30年里健康指数持续下降 being going down in the last 30 years
但是总的来说 This is showing you that increases
健康的幸福指数是在上升的 so overall there is an increase
但是上升幅度不大 只增加了5个百分点 but it is a slight increase
从100增加到105 5 percent to a 100 to 105
和其它某些指标对比起来增幅不大 Slight increase and looking to cross all other indicators
这幅图展示的是美国跨种族孩子的幸福指数 This is showing you that those increases
同样的整体都处于上升的趋势 are about the same across race for kids
看看黑色三角符号 This is not showing you if you see now
代表的是黑人孩子 that black triangle is for black kids
这里并不意味着他们的幸福指数 That is not saying that their well being
要比其它两组要高 is higher than the other two at this point
他们做了这个图表是把三组都分开来衡量 what they did for this graph is they took the three group separately
每一组幸福指数在1975年 and for each group said
初始值都设为100 whatever is in 1975 is 100
可以看到三组都是从100开始的 So you can see all starts at 100
同样是因为尤其是单亲家庭的增多 It is still the case that especially because of single parenthood
因为贫困水平 and because of poverty
大家看到白人孩子这条线的走势 that the white have a graph
是持续上升的 that has like absolute levels
所以对比白人黑人孩子和西班牙裔孩子 For white black and Hispanic kids
可以看到总的来说白人孩子幸福水平更高 but the white kids being higher
主要原因还是在于经济和单亲家庭 Largely because of economic and the single parenting reasons
下面是一个很好的乐观的陈述 But what this is saying is a nice optimistic statement
在过去三十年所有孩子幸福指数都同样提高了 is that the improvement in the last 30 years has been about the same
黑人和西班牙裔孩子 and slightly better for black and Hispanic kids
对比白人孩子提高更显著一点 than white kids on these indicators
尽管同样的在中间年份这个位置 Although, you can see again more in the middle year here
说黑人和西班牙裔孩子相比白人孩子 that wasn't true the black and Hispanic kids
没有受到经济的负面影响是不真实的 were not being negatively impacted compare to white kids
因为白人孩子从来没有 You know white kids never
即使在经济低迷期幸福指数也没多大变化 even during economic recessions stayed about the same
从黑人和西班牙裔孩子总的幸福水平来看 in terms of the overall well being of black and Hispanic kids
在这段时间有显著的下降 were getting a bunch of those things
我记得在经济萧条的时候 And I mean I remember during the Reagan years
富的越富 穷的越穷 The rich got richer and poor got poorer
这里在某种程度上就有所体现 And this is kind of reflecting that to some extent
接下来更为仔细的分析一下 Looking at some of the more specifics of
家庭经济水平范畴的一些具体情况 what is going into this family economic well being
比如我刚说的贫困水平 like I was saying poverty rate
不是很清楚 it is kind of fuzzy hard to see
但是上面这条深蓝色的线条指的是 but the top dark blue line says
18岁以下孩子贫困比率 under 18 years we can see
在2005年是17.6 at 17.6 percent in 2005
这实际上很接近1975年的状况 That is actually very similar to 1975
往回看 this is going back even further
可以看到比率又上升了 You can see the rate was going up again
在中间的这些年份 八九十年代 in those middle years and then 80's and 90's
比率有一段时间保持不变 and then it is kind of stayed off kind of back
但是孩子在健康保险上增加了12个百分点 But there have been increases in like 12 percent of the kids
这让整个领域的幸福指数提高了一点 with health insurance like kind of make that got better that domain
肥胖成了很大的问题 Health obesity is the big one here
这儿情况也有所改善 但很小 there have been improvement in slight improvements
大多数情况是这样除了负百分比的孩子 in most of these except for the negative percentage of kids
不断攀升的肥胖比例让整个情况变得很糟糕 that are obese increasing which makes this overall really bad
这里不是指所有年龄段的孩子 So if you look at not just the all children
而是6到11岁正处在童年中期的孩子 but kind of kids in middle childhood kids ages 6-11 of what this is
这条蓝色的线指的是孩子幸福指数 and so the blue line is child well being index
基本上来说 which is kind of basically that are basically
主要是针对6到11岁的孩子 the other child solved just 6-11 year old
你们可能看不清楚这些数据 So you can kind of see you can't really read the numbers
这里债务改善情况在提高 but you can kind of see that debt amendment increases
如果这里不是因为肥胖指数的话 Well if it wasn't for obesity being in index
这条红色的线条告诉我们 that is what the pink line is telling you
孩子幸福指数增加约12个百分点 that instead of being around 105 with 5 percent increase
而不是5个百分点 it would be around 112, 12 percent increase in kids well being
人们一定在回想他们的肥胖病 And people are certainly are recalling obesity in them
就像美国的数学 like mathematic in America
我要讲到这点 we will probably going to talk about that
就在接下来一周 next week or the following week
在演讲上会讲到这些东西 I am going to lecture on these things
肥胖的影响 and the impacts of the obesity
安全和行为领域 Safety and behavioral domain
这些是之前看到过的 we have seen this before
出生率情况已经好转 the birth rate has gotten better
因为怀孕率的降低 has gone down in terms of being pregnancy
但是同时也看到 But at the same time if you remember
未婚先孕的比例增加了 percentage of unmarried teens giving birth has increased
但是青少年出生率总的降低了 But overall the birthrate among teens is going down
当然 像我之前说过 as I said before this of course
看看过去30年的这类幸福指标 this well being indexes looking over 30 years
衡量一下我们孩子的发展状况 How our kids are doing
这里并不是说 it is not to say
我们一定要和其它国家进行比较 that we are comparing to other countries necessarily
而是对比30年前的美国 But to a well known comparing against America 30 years ago
这些我向你们展示过 so I believe I showed this before again
和其它西欧国家相比 You know higher numbers of teen moms in America
美国未婚妈妈的比例较高 compare to other western European countries
杀人犯罪 Homicide offending
这条蓝色的线是指14到17岁 if you look at the blue line that is 14-17 year olds
1976到2002年的杀人犯罪情况 14-17 year olds committing homicide, this is 1976 to 2002
尽管这些线条起起伏伏的 You can see again despite inverse direction of those other graphs
但是总的来说是最后平稳下来了 but then it is leveled off
实际上比最初的水平还要低一些 and actually gone down from the earlier levels
滥用毒品 Drug use
这里显示难以辨认了 so this says drug use that is kind of hard to read
但是可以看到在过去30年总的趋势是下降的 but you can see in general it is going down in last 30 years
红色的线是12年 The red line is the 12 years
滥用除大麻外的毒品的一个展示 Abuse of drug use other than marijuana
不要把这个想成了抽烟 you don't want to hold this to the kids who smoke
或者其它什么毒品 or do pot it is okay to do other drugs
这是一个相似的图表 我们跳过 Kind of same kind of graph, we will skip through this
过去30年高中生酗酒情况总的来说下降了 Alcohol has gone down in general like high school kids in last 30 years
考试分数 这是另外一个领域 test scores has that's one domain
总的来说没多大变化 that has a general state about the same
实际上这是他们做过的一项 Actually one thing that they make a point of
很有趣的调查 which is kind of interesting
孩子测试分数基本没有变化 So the test scores are stayed about the same
这里不同的年级或者不同年龄段的孩子 you can see here these are for different grades or different ages
真的没有多少变化 just kind of really stayed the same
没有我们期待中那么大的变化 nothing you expect things from a change a lot
但是父母受教育程度都有所提高 But as you know, as parents become more educated
另外经济水平也变得更好 another economics gets a little better
父母受教育程度 you might expect some gradual improvement
预期在逐渐的提高 in educational achievement
这是他们其中的一个调查结果 and that is one of the points that they make here
父母受教育的水平 is that if you look at parents levels of education
在过去30年提高了 in the last 30 years that is gone up
这条蓝色的线是大学毕业的父母百分比 So the top blue line is percentage of parents have a college graduates
从之前的32℅上升到了2005年的50℅ so it is going up around 32 percent up to close to 50 percent in 2005
因为这里我们知道父母的受教育程度 so you actually expect because we know there is a relationship
和孩子所取得的成绩之间有一定的联系 between how educated the parents are in kids achievement
所以很自然的你会期待 You would expect naturally increases
孩子所取得成绩对应的也提高了 in kids achievement correspond with that
然而还有趣的是 And one thing they did that is kind of interesting is
如果对比孩子的分数调查 if you look at kids scores adjusting core
之前我说过孩子的成绩可能会 that I think I was talking about before about it could vary in out
因为智力 民族的不同而有所不同 Intelligence, race, and intelligence if you can vary out
以及伴随着较低的社会经济地位 what comes along with low social economic status
但是现在某些这类差异也消失了 And then some of these differences disappear well
结果是调查结果和体罚式教育是一样的 they are doing the similar thing here with quarrel education
这表示体罚式教育 and saying that with quarrel education
如果体罚式教育处在同一个水平 you know if quarrel education was at the same level
倒回到70年代中期 was it was back in mid 70's
那么现在我们会期待我们孩子分数更高 we will actually expect our kids score to be much higher
而不是一条直线 not a flat line but actually increasing
但是事实不是这么回事 And that is not the case
这就是这条粉红色的线告诉我们的 so that's that what the pink line is telling you
我们都期望会有一个很大的提高 just you are expecting an increase about that much
但是实际上并没有出现 But we haven't been seen that kind of increase
还有就是社会连接性 Community connectedness
在上个世纪20年代末 我们看到更多的孩子 we seen this before a lot more kids in preschool
接受学前教育 有了更多的大学毕业生 more college graduates that is just by the time like late 20's
所以社会连接性指数也有所提高 so you see increases in community connectedness thing
社会关系 我们之前也看过 Social relationships I think we have seen this before
单亲家庭的孩子增加了 kids that are living with single parents had increased
尤其是我提到过的黑人家庭的孩子 especially I mentioned this especially you know the black households
这是(听不清) 1992年以后...... this hold (INAUDIBLE) there is after 1992
这是离我们最近的一个 I think we find that for recent one
美国未婚妈妈生育水平 United States unmarried women giving birth
这里是一整条直线 again this was kind of a whole line too
可以看到我们不是最高的 that you can see that we're not the number 1
但是相比其它西欧国家和工业国家 but similar to, higher than other countries
及其它一些国家要高些 Western European and industrialized countries
这点我们之前讲过 this we have seen before
情感或精神幸福指数 Emotional/Spiritual Well-Being opps
好了对于这点我没有任何可展示的分析图 Okay I don't have any specifics for that