教授:你们已经从书中学到了不少智力理论 Prof: In the book you read about different theories of intelligence
例如多元智力理论 Multiple intelligence, things like that
我们就不往这方面延伸了 We're not going to talk about that so much
我想稍微提一点 I'm going to go over a little bit about
心理学家如何评估智力 how intelligences is measured by psychologists
例如智力测试 IQ tests
之后 正如我上周提到过的 but then the main focus is as I mentioned last week
我会将课本上的内容进行扩展 for what I want to talk about
着重讲讲这些扩展的内容 is to expand upon what the book mentioned
还会讲美国本土不同种族间的智力差异 a little bit as well about racial differences in America, in IQ
以及这些差异为什么 嗯 它们本来就存在 and why they might...they do exist
但我们会讲讲它们存在的原因 And why is it that they might exist?
首先我们来看看智力的定义 First of all just a definition of intelligence
智力是指学习和运用能力 the capacity to learn and use
该能力是成功适应一定文化和环境 skills required for successful adaptation
所学的技能 to the demands of one's culture and environment
大家还记得书里提到的G是什么意思么 G, who remembers what G is from the book?
没错 就是一般智力 General intelligence, right
加德纳的多元智力理论指出 So like Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences says that
不仅有关于文字和数字的逻辑数理智能 well, that you know, there's kind of letters and numbers, math
和语言智能 and kind of language
还有音乐智能 but then there's also music
以及有关身体协调性的身体运动智能 there's kind of physical coordination, athletic ability
他们都符合我们对智力的定义 That all kind of fits this definition here
也就是能够成功适应一定文化和环境 All right, skills required for successful adaptation
所需的技能 to the demands of one's culture and environment
例如我永远也赚不了他那么多钱 T.O. for all his problems is making a lot more money than I ever will
就说明他能很好的适应自己所处的环境 So in one sense he is adapting very well to his environment
虽然他也会面临其他的问题 You know he obviously has some other issues
但有着音乐智能的人 but people with music abilities, whatever is
通常适应能力都很好 can be considered very adaptive
我们总是优先想到数字 and so why would we prioritize thinking about numbers
或者文字等类似的 or letters, something like that
我们总是先想到狭义上的智力 in terms of what we call intelligence
而不是各方面的能力 versus other aspects of competence
大多数心理学家认为 Well, most psychologists believe
智力虽然包含很多不同的领域 yeah, there are all different multiple domains of intelligence
但他们有一个共同的中心G but that there also is a kind of a common theme among those called G
也就是一般智力 or a general intelligence
这两种理解方式都可以 So that you can talk about both
如果你研究不同的... so that if you do look at different...
你就会发现... And you see that in...
智力中更为经典的区别 You know the more classic distinction in terms of intelligence is
就是视觉空间能力和语言能力的区别 between like visual spatial skills and kind of language skills
类似数学和 You know, kind of more of math
英语等语言类学科的区别 versus English or a language kind of a thing
人们在这两个领域取得的成绩 And, and people can have pretty discrepant scores
也有很大的差异 on those two domains
当然 如果你通过研究成千上万的 but yet there still remains similarity
美国本土儿童或成人就会发现 if you look at over thousands, tens of thousands
它们之间还是有相似点的 of kids or adults in America
你会逐渐发现有人两个领域都很擅长 you do tend to see people being higher in both
也有人两方面的成绩都不理想 and then some people just being lower in both
所以它们之间确实存在共性 So there does seems to be a common element
但这个共性是什么 and that element
现在还没有确定的说法 we're not sure exactly what that element is
可能有些运转速度的东西 but just one thing might be kind of, processing speed
例如兴奋的神经元 Like neurons being firing
就像我说的 我们不能确定 Or, like I said, we don't know
这只是其中一种可能的理论 but that's one theory about what that might be
我们如何评估智力呢 How do we measure intelligence?
这里有些儿童智力测试题 These are some of the... just samples from a kid's intelligence test
我们来看看 在这个数列中 Let's see, which number comes number series
下一个会出现的数字是几呢 which number comes next in the series?
你们能做出来吗 答案是多少 Can you figure that out? What's the answer to that?
学生:十一 Student: Eleven
教授:如果我买了6美分的糖果 Prof: If I buy six cents worth of candy
给了店员25美分 and give the clerk twenty-five cents
他应该找我多少钱呢 I would get how much back?
学生:19 Student: Nineteen
教授:19 你们都很聪明 Prof: Nineteen, very intelligent
还有很多比较有难度的题目 difficult, and these are many of these
有些题目还会计时 不是所有的都这样 like that one for example are timed, not all of them
有一些有时间限制 but some of them are timed
也就是不仅要考核正确度 So that you're not looking just at correctness
也会评估孩子回答问题的速度 but also how quickly a kid can come up with the answer
例如最下面这题就是计时的 So for example I know the bottom one is timed
要求正确排列这几幅图的顺序 Arrange these pictures in the right order
使它们合乎逻辑 so that they make sense
正确的顺序是怎样的呢 What's the correct order?
这幅好像是 It's, you could either be
在他们抓狗之前 the first thing they do before they grab it
或者是在孩子拉狗尾巴之前 or it could be the kid pulling away
我很确定顺序是1432 I'm pretty sure that it's one, four, three, two
没错 就是这个答案 Yeah, it's the right answer
这就是智力测试的乐趣所在 Anyway, but, that's the kind of interesting right there though
智力测验的有效度如何 in terms of, how valid are intelligence tests?
你可以进行合理的解释 Well, you could interpret that in a reasonable way
例如我们刚刚对第一幅图的解读 like you just did with what that first picture means
但就像我说的 But like I said so...
当然只做一道题是不够的 And it's not that you just get one of these
需要经过不同类别的测试 but, so, that there's different tests
还有许多不同的子测验 These are all different subtests
以及一系列的图像题 and there would be a bunch of pictures series
不只是一个 而是一系列 There wouldn't just be one, but there would be a bunch
并且难度逐渐增加 and they would get increasingly more difficult to do
通过答题的成绩你就能发现 And the way it works is you kind of figure out
孩子的年龄 what the kid's age is
它们还告诉你... and then they tell you...
测试里会有大概15组图片题 They have a list of say, let's say fifteen picture series
从最简单的学龄前儿童就会做的 That go from something that like, a preschooler could do
到难度大到谁也做不出来的题 all the way up through like, things that nobody could do
测试会根据他们的年龄 And so based on their age
从一定的题号开始 it kind of start at a certain number
然后顺着题目做下去 and then you move forward
直到他们连错两道题为止 until, you know, they get two wrong in a row
所以这15题不用全部做完 So you don't necessarily take all fifteen
做到连错两题就可以停下来了 you keep going until they get two wrong in a row
因为到某个困难程度之后 because at some point they get too difficult
你不希望孩子们为此受到打击 you don't want the kid to get upset and frustrated
所以适可而止 so you stop
我最喜欢的那类题好像不在这上面 Probably my favorite one which is not up there, I don't think
是有关数字广度的 is called digit span
做题方式是考官读一串数字 and that's where you read numbers
孩子复述一遍或是倒背一遍 and the kid has to read them back, or recite them back to you
最开始只有两个数字 到最后是九个 It starts with just two numbers but then it goes up to nine
所以如果我说2 7 你们就复述 So if I say, two, seven, you say...
学生:2 7 Student: two, seven
教授:好的 那如果我说 Prof: OK, and if I say
3 6 7 4 2 9 8 3呢 three, six, seven, four, two, nine, eight, three
学生:3 6 7 4 2 9 8 3 Students: three, six, seven, four, two, nine, eight, three
教授:没错 一共有几个数字呢 Prof: OK, how many was that
7个还是8个 seven or eight?
我刚刚说了几个 我随口说的 How many did I have in there? I was just making it up
学生:八个 Students: Eight
教授:八个 好 还没到九个 Prof: Eight, yeah, it wasn't nine
但是接下来的试题 But then after...
就算他们都通过了这些测试 So even if they can get through all those
就要经受倒背的考验了 then you do it backwards
所以现在我们来试试倒背 So if I say, I mean, the reciting is backwards
如果我说8 3 你们说 So if I say, eight, three, you say...
学生:3 8 Students: three, eight
教授:如果我说 Prof: And if I say
7 2 3 1 9 5 6 7 2 你们来 seven, two, three, one, nine, five, six, seven, two, you say
学生:(听不清) Students: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:现在你们知道为什么 Prof: Well you see why they stop
连错两题就不继续了吧 after you get two wrong in a row
因为到后面会很让人失望 because it gets very frustrating
所以通常会从两个数开始 So you would start with just two
看孩子们能够一直做到几个数的题目 then you see how far the kid can get
好了 智力测试的举例就到这里 Anyway, these are different tests that are used
你们对此有什么看法呢 What do you notice though about these?
这些题来做智力测试合适么 Are these good tests of intelligence?
如果不合适 你们有什么看法呢 And if not, which one...What do you notice?
它们是天生智力(听不清) Are they kind of innate intelligence (INAUDIBLE)
来看待事情么 kind of, think about things?
学生:嗯 特别是一些问题 Student: Well, especially the question, I was like, yeah...
(听不清)是和文化相关的 (INAUDIBLE) those are somewhat cultured things
我的意思是(听不清) I mean like, but it's (INAUDIBLE)
教授:嗯 这是肯定的 Prof: Yeah, well certainly
有些题目是需要一定文化影响才知道的 right, you would only give within a certain country
你说的没错 but you're right it's...
例如电话是什么意思这个问题 Well, what does telephone mean?
如果你家里没有电话你就不知道答案了 I mean, what if you grew up without a telephone?
可能听起来有点可笑 Probably sounds funny cause
但是有些人 But there are people
我确信 I'm sure
一些人家里是没有电话的 out there in America somewhere that grew up without a telephone
或者在有的环境下 Or, actually, you know, telephone at some point
孩子们不知道电话为何物 kids might not understand the word
是因为他们生活在手机充斥的社会里 because they only understand cell phone
例如我家里就没有安电话 You know, I actually don't have a telephone line
我有手机就可以了 I have a cell phone
不需要安装座机 I don't have a home line
大概就是这样 So, you know, but...
还有吗 你们还发现了哪些问题 What else? What else do you notice about these?
奥斯卡 你说 Yeah, Oscar
学生:那个和狗有关的题目 Student: About the dog example
不是每个人都养过狗 not everybody has to have experience with dogs
他们就未必知道这种状况怎么应对 and how they would respond to certain things
教授:是的 没错 Prof: True, right
狗狗不喜欢有人拉它的尾巴 a dog doesn't like being pulled on its tail
如果你没养过狗就不知道这点 If you didn't grow up with a dog...
学生:我就不知道 Student: I wouldn't know that
教授:图片...... Prof: Picture...
哪张图和其他的不同类 Which picture does not belong with the others?
我们刚刚看的哪个测试题和这个有关来着 What did we just...What was the quiz question that relates to that?
教授:是的 部落 刀和橘子 Prof: Yeah, the tribe, the knife and the orange
我们平时可能不会将他们联系到一起 You know, well, that's not an association that we would probably make
某种程度上是由文化所决定的 But, you know, so that's, you know culture dependent to some extent
也和测试者的经验有关 and also experience dependent
学生:(听不清) Students: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:嗯 对 所以有许多不同的方法 Prof: Right, right, yeah. So there're different ways
这也是有这么多测试的原因之一 Now that's also though part of the reason why there're many tests
每一类测试都有许多小题 and there's many items within each test
因此很可能一件事情 so that if there's one thing
不同的人有不同的解释 that a person just interprets in a different way
他们甚至要做好几天题目 then they might even have done the next day
总体上 他们会答对很多题 that you know, in general they're still going to get a lot right
正确率甚至比大多数人高 and higher than most people
但是成绩也算不错 but, that's still a good point
智力测验的平均分在100左右 OK, so, intelligence scores, a hundred is the average
如果你参加测试 So if you take...
智力测试的设置 And they make intelligence tests
100分是一个国家一定年龄儿童的 so that, a hundred is the average for like
正常值或平均分 a given age for all the kids in a country
天才型儿童绝对不止这个分数 You can see, a genius is not up there
140以上才算天才 A hundred and forty or more is genius
对于67-70岁的人而言 and you can see mental retardation
大脑的思维有所迟钝 is down in the sixty-seven to seventy or lower, like, range
现在及周一我们要重点讲的就是 OK, so the thing we're going to focus on now and Monday is this
如果你仔细研究 which is, if you look in America at
非裔美国儿童和欧裔美国儿童的区别 African-American versus European-American kids
就会发现他们的智力分数 you see about a fifteen point difference in intelligence scores
平均相差15分 on average
为什么呢 Why is that?
首先我们要弄清楚 I mean, you know, first thing that needs to be stated is that
是否存在性别差异或其他差异 kind of like gender differences, or anything else that, you know, it...
大多数人 如果你们看这些重叠部分 Most people, if you look at kind of, the overlap
这两个钟形曲线的中间部分 like these two bell shaped curves, like the middle part
左边蓝色的线条 like if you look at from the left of blue line
和右边红色的线条 and the right of the red line
这边的重合部分更多更大 that's bigger, there's more overlap than there is, not overlap
这是我们首先要注意的 Is the first thing that needs to be said
这是一个很小的 So that a small mean
不 这其实是很大的期望差异了 That's actually a pretty large mean difference
相差15分 fifteen points
事实上 哦 看起来好像 Actually it's....Oh, that looks
好的 不同的研究会得出不同的结果 Well.... Different studies come up with different things
有人得出了15分左右的差异 Some studies come up with a fifteen point difference
有人发现了20分的差异 this one is a twenty point difference
但是 为什么会出现这些差异呢 Anyway, so why do these differences occur?
还有 我想强调一下 Oh, and by the way, I mean
不同种族群体的表现落在这块连续的不同地方 so different ethnic groups fall on this continuing different places
拉丁裔美国人的成绩 Hispanic-American would fall
大概在这两者之间的中间区域 in the middle of these two
亚裔美国人和犹太人的成绩比白人孩子稍高 Asian-American and Jewish would be slightly higher than the white kids
印第安人则在这两者之间 Native-American would be in between the two
大体上而言还有这两者 those two as well, in general
好 首先 Well, first of all...
就像我们刚刚说的 可能这些题目 Well, maybe the items, like we were just talking about
可能这些测试有些片面 maybe these tests are biased
这些题目里存在着 Maybe there's a cultural dependence to the questions
需要一定文化背景才能回答的问题 that exist on, on these tests
这些因素会影响最后的得分 and that influences the scores
在其他测试中有些例子 So, we saw some examples in other tests
最常见的测试是智慧测试 the most common test given is called the WIT, to children that is
它的测试题更广泛 There's a scale with one item that it asks
你可以称之为解决社会问题 is kind of like a social problem solving, you might call it
会出现下面这些题目 The question is
如果其他男孩打你你会怎么做 What's the thing to do if another boy hits you?
考官会根据你的回答打分 And then you give scores based on that
还有这样的题目 Now it has other items like
如果电影院着火了你会怎么办 what's the thing to do if you notice a fire in a movie theater?
或者其他这类题目 Or, what else
会给你很多不同的社会问题 It gives you kind of, social problems, like that
但是很显然 被别的男孩打 But, I mean obviously, what's the thing to do when a boy hits you
在不同文化中应对方式是不一样的 that's very culturally determined
例如 Like, you know
本来不同的群体对如何处理问题 there's different people that have different opinions
就有不同的观点 about what the thing to do is
因此很明显这种测试的表面效度 So, clearly on the face validity of it or what they call face validity
会因为题目的不同而有偏差 seems to be that there would be biased in these items
然而 这也不能解释分数差异的原因 However, that doesn't seem to explain the difference
不能百分百确定 At least not a hundred percent
但至少有三个原因 for at least three different reasons
第一个就是 在70年代左右 First of all, is that...Back in the seventies
人们才开始注意到这些差异 when people started looking at these differences
开始想到心理学家 and trying to think about psychologists that is
嗯 不同地域的心理学家 People...Different psychologists
白人心理学家和黑人心理学家仔细分析并标示 white psychologists, black psychologists looked through and labeled
哪些题目被认为是带有文化敏感性的 OK which items do we think are the most culturally sensitive
哪些又是没有的 and or not?'
首先 And first of all
不同种族的心理学家 包括黑人心理学家 different psychologists including groups of black psychologists
很难在哪个题目更有文化敏感性 had a hard time reaching consensus on which are the most
这个问题上达成一致 kind of, culturally sensitive items
或者说是具有文化特性 the culturally specific items, I should say
其次 But second of all
就算他们弄清楚了这个问题 even when they did kind of figure out what those items are
将这些题目从测试中抽走 and then they took those items out
设定好智力测验的分数 figuring out what the IQ score would be
还是不能消除白人和黑人孩子之间的智力差异 there still were IQ differences between the white and the black kids
所以就算把这些题目抽出来 So even pulling out those items that we talked about...
我不知道我们刚刚提到的那些 I don't know if the ones we talked about are the ones
和心理学家们研究出来的是不是一样 that they came up with
但是那些被鉴定为 But the ones that were identified
最具有文化特性的题目 as the most, kind of potentially culturally specific
并不是差异形成的全部原因 didn't seem to account for all the differences
有些差异存在于更基本的测试里 There were differences in kind of, more basic tests
例如数字之类的题目 Like numbers and things like that
这里也体现了差异 that still seemed to be a difference
嗯 接下来第二点 Well, second of all, well so, second of all
这些题目和当时 it doesn't just seem to be the items
在瑞文标准推理测验中的题目 because another, an issue that came out of that time period
并不是一样的 was the something called the Raven Progressive Matrices test
这也是一个智力测验 And this was an intelligence test
它应该是完全独立于文化之外的 that was supposed to be completely independent of culture
只单独考验测试者的视觉空间能力 And so, based solely on kind of, visual spatial skills
这里就有一道例题 and so this is an example of what you do
这道题的答案是什么呢 So what's the answer for this one?
学生:6 Students: Six
教授:没错 是6 Prof: Yep, it's six
你们回答的又比我快 所以你们更聪明 You got it quicker than I did, again, so you're smart
特别是对于不同的...... Typically it's, I mean, for different...
根据不同的测试 Depending on the different tests
会得出不同的结论 it's not the same in all the different tests
但是 如果你10秒内就说出答案 but, like if you get it in the first ten seconds
或者是在30秒内才说出答案 or if you get it in the first thirty seconds
或者是1分钟之内 or then you get it in the first minute
这样依次就能得到3分 2分和1分 you get like three, two or one points, something like that
这些题目是没有语言要求的 So the, so all this does is there's no verbal requirement
除了题目指引之外 except for the instructions
你只用选出正确的图案就可以了 and you just have to pick out the correct design
在这个测试中还是有 你会发现 There was still even on this test, you still see, or people...
心理学家们已经发现了白人和黑人间的 Psychologists have seen group differences
群体性差异 in white and black kids
因此 不仅是文化特性题目的影响 So, again it doesn't seem to be just cultural specific items
我们提到的这些美国的孩子 and again, these are American kids we're talking about
本身就解释了差异 That is accounting for that overall difference
第三点和测试焦虑有关 Third, test anxiety
嗯 可能参与测试 Well maybe, maybe there's something
会受到很多心理因素的影响 about the whole idea of taking a test
根据文化和亚文化的不同而有区别 that's different for different cultures and subcultures
在一定的测试里 在一定的文化下 Maybe certain tests, a certain cultures, you know
孩子们对测试环境有不同的反应 kids in particular respond to being in testing situation differently
可能白人孩子更熟悉测试环境 And maybe white kids are more familiar with a testing situation
而黑人孩子因为不熟悉所以会感到更加焦虑 and maybe black kids are less familiar and therefore get more anxious
所以有的研究会花费很多时间 So, in fact one study that was done took more time
特别是在做智力测试时 Typically when you do an intelligence test
你希望在测试之前 you do want to establish rapport with the kid
和孩子们培养一定的感情 before you start giving them the tests
测试员会用几分钟来做这样的事情 So, you take a couple minutes to do that
但不会太久 but not a whole lot of time
有一项研究要求测试员 Well, so one study let the examiner, kind of
在测试开始之前 hang out with the kid for a while, like a half an hour
和孩子一起玩半个小时 before they started doing the test
事实上他们确实发现 And they in fact, did find that
将我们之前看到的差异减少了一半 that cut the differences that we saw before in about half
因此与测试员的熟悉程度 So that it did seem that familiarity with the examiner
以及对测试环境的舒适度 and being comfortable with the testing situation
也会影响测试的结果 seemed to make a big difference
当然 还剩下另一半差异 However, that still leaves half
我们说过本来有15或12分的差异 You know we had a fifteen point or a twelve point difference
没记错吧 Is that what we saw?
是15分还是12分的差异 A fifteen, twelve, fifteen point difference?
现在就减半了 It cuts it in half
那么我们如何解释 so how do we explain...
今天就讲到这里吧 Let's stop there
答案周一再为大家揭晓 I'm going to give you the answer on Monday