最终很多孩子在他们各自不同的成长经历中 And numbers of kids that end up
都需要别人的陪伴建立不同类型的依赖 being in different pairs of arrangements in their lifetime
这里有很多原因来解释 So there are different reasons
为什么这种情况并不尽然就是不好的 why you know all these things are not necessarily bad
在某些情况下也并不糟糕 And they're not bad in some cases
但是他们还是会把压力付诸在父母身上 But yet they still tend to keep stress on the parents
一边是工作一边是需要照顾的孩子 Working, and then having to take care of the kids
尤其是工作 especially working
这是我们今天要讨论的主题 and that's kind of what we're going to talk about today
产假政策 Internal leave policies
我们国家为所有父母提供产假 country have leave policies for parents
使他们能够暂时抽身去照顾孩子 So they can quit their job, take care of the kids for a while
然后回到自己的工作岗位的产假 and then be secure that they can go back to the same job
而不会遭遇减薪 职位调整 without having to apply for a new job
或者重新再去找一份工作的风险 without taking a pay cut, or status adjustment
今天我们会谈到这些 So we're going to talk about that some
大家想想如果没有类似这样的就业保障网 Because, if that wasn't there, that safety net of that job security
这将会对我们的父母带来多少额外的压力 then think of the extra stresses that would be on our parents
一方面是他们希望有时间陪伴自己的孩子 They would be, they want to take time off to be with the kid
另一方面他们可能将会面临着 but then they, you know might have to
六个月后职位降低或失业 reapply and take a lower position six months later
或是其他相关的 or related whatever
我会适当的讲到 So I'm just going to say a few things, not too much
关于产假政策的历史 about the history of parental policies
我们还要温习一下美国这方面的政策 We're going to go over the policy of America
就像我之前说过 and then like I had say
大家一起做一个...... and you guys are going to ...
我想给你们分一下组 I'm going to break you into groups
你们将做一个练习 you are going to do an exercise
这里你们要商定出一个产假政策 where you develop a parental leave policy
大家努力制定出一个实际可行的方案 That you're also going to get extra credit for the class
这个讲座 So, for the lecture
让我简要的给大家说一说产假的历史 But, so let me just give you a brief history
产假政策的历史并不是很长 There's not that long of a history
1880年德国首相俾斯麦 In Germany and Bismark in the late 1800's
促使议会通过了产假政策 the first nation to develop a parental leave policy
开创了国家立法建立社会保险的先河 They called it the social insurance law
这个法案其中就包括疾病保险 That included health insurance, paid sick leave
德国人民可以带薪休病假和带薪休产假 and also a paid maternity leave for the people of Germany
还有就是1919年的第一次国际公约 Not too much to say about the 1919
就更没有什么可多说的了 Just the first international convention
这里工人们为了争取自己的权利 where kind of rights of workers related to kind of health needs
像健康的需要和照顾孩子的需要等而组织起来的 and caring for kids needs was organized
可以看到产假历史并不是很漫长 So there's not a terribly long history of the leave policy
几年？ years ago
事实上二战的时候就有了产假 As of the World War Two there was actually compulsory leave
但是没有规定工作保障等问题 but no job security
也就是说如果妈妈要生产了就必须辞去工作 Meaning you had to quit your job if you were going to have a kid
但生完孩子后就不能确保回到自己的岗位了 but you weren't necessarily protected to get your job back
尤其就职位声望而言 So it wasn't benefiting moms
这样的政策妈妈并不能获益多少 in particular, in terms of their job status
就像我之前提到过的在六七十年代 Well, you know, as I mentioned the rise of women
妇女在职场上的崛起 in the work place in the 60's and 70's
刺激了日益增加的休假需求 there was more and more demand for leave policies
有些国家实际上也做出了回应 And in fact different countries responded to that
在70年代 So, as of the...actually in the 70's
很多西欧国家 many Western European countries, let's see
葡萄牙 西班牙 芬兰 加拿大 法国 荷兰 Portugal, Spain, Finland, Canada, France, Netherlands
等等 different countries
接着是80年代的 And then in the 80's
丹麦 爱尔兰 希腊 瑞士 英国 Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Switzerland, Great Britain
就有了一些和产假相关的国家政策和立法 all had these national policies related to leave when a child was born
在美国直到1993年克林顿总统才签署了 It wasn't until 1993 that Bill Clinton signed
家庭和医疗休假法案 the Family and Medical Leave Act in the United States
我在学期开头提到过 I mentioned this at the beginning of the semester
通常美国关于社会保障方面的立法 The United States generally is socially
比如和健康等相关的社会性政策 meaning social policies like this related to health and stuff
相比于其它欧洲国家是非常保守的 more conservative than...
所谓的保守就是让人民自己照顾自己 Conservative meaning we're more let people take care of themselves
而不是让人民拥有一个强有力的惠及全民的 and left from a mandated universal
社会保障类的政府型资助 kind of government sponsored care for these kinds of things
在这里你们可以看到大多数西欧盟友 And you can see how most of our Western European allies
在社保方面的立法比美国早了接近20年 had policies in place close to 20 years earlier than we did
所以我们算是搭上社保末班车的几个国家之一 So we were kind of one of the last to get on board
这个法案里都有哪些内容？ Well, what does it say
这个家庭和医疗法案里都保障了些什么？ What is the Family and Medical Leave Act
家庭和医疗休假是 The length of the Family and Medical Leave Act
12个周 3个月 停薪留职 is 12 weeks, 3 months, Unpaid
这意味着在这期间你不能得到 meaning you don't get paid
来至于政府或是雇主的补贴 either by the government or your employer
但是工作身份是保留的 It is job protected
即一年内 Meaning you get that job back
你可以再次回到原有的工作岗位上 And it's within the first year of life
在产后的12周内 You don't have to take it immediately
你并不需要立马就回来工作 It doesn't have to be the first 12 weeks after a baby is born
事实上 And in fact
我还要再讲几句 and I'll get to this in a second
这项法案不仅只适用于新生儿 The Family and Medical Leave Act isn't just for newborns
它还适用于 but you can take this
它还涉及到疾病 严重的疾病 It covers you for sicknesses, like serious sicknesses
不管是你自己 你的配偶 你的孩子 either for yourself, or a spouse, or a child
还是有着父母关系的成人所患的严重疾病 or another adult, like a parent type of thing
这项政策不仅仅只针对新生儿 It also covers adoption. It's not just newborn babies but adoption
还包括了收养和寄养 foster children
但是其中有一项条款的通过 One clause though
极大的限制了这项法案对美国家庭的帮助 that limits how much it helps the American family
那就是公司必须拥有50个以上的雇员 is that it is only if the employer has 50 or more employees
才能获得这类休假的授权 the employer is mandated to give you this leave
所以如果是一个雇员不足50个人的小公司 So if it's a small company, less than 50 employees
这项政策就不适用了 它仅适用于较大的公司 this doesn't apply. It is only for larger companies
这一规定就把45%的职场女性排除在外了 So that right there, eliminates 45% of working moms out there
这就是为什么在美国 because that's just the breakdown
很多公司的雇员都没有超过50人 of how many companies are 50 or more employees
这就是这个条款的限制作用 So, it's limited that way
还有什么？ What else
几个其它的事情 A couple other things
你必须得在这个公司工作一年 You have to work there for a year at that company
才能取得正式职工的资格 to be eligible
如果你在公司的薪酬水平位于公司前10% And if you're in the top 10% of salary at that company
他们也会不批准你离开 they can also nix you, not give you the leave
我只是这样猜测 And I assume, I don't really know
因为公司里的一些高管们 I assume that's because VP's and things
对公司业务至关重要 they are critical to the business, and they don't necessarily
这个政策试着去保护 the policy is trying to protect companies
公司里的高级雇员不流失 from losing their high level employees
这里有一些例子 Well here's...let me give you some examples
这就是我们国家这项政策的一个概述 so that's our policy in a nutshell
这里还有一些其它国家的 And here's what some other countries have
有128个国家都有关于产假的政策 128 nations have policies
这些不同的政策里产假平均长度是一年半 The average length is one and a half years of these different policies
而我们只有12个周 3个月 So we're 12 weeks, 3 months
而平均值是一年半 The average policy is one and a half years
这些国家的平均带薪休假期 The average of those that have paid leave
是16个周 the average paid leave is sixteen weeks
而我们是完全没有带薪这个说法的 We don't have paid leave at all
无论是什么工作岗位 And the paid leave on average
他们的平均带薪标准是原来工资的70% is 70% of whatever your job
并不全是你们认为的那样有100% it's not 100% necessarily of what you were making
但是平均值也有70% But the average is 70%
雇主至少会支付一部分 Typically, employers pay for at least part of that
通常是政府和雇主共同承担 It's kind of a combination of government and employer
带薪休假的支付 paying for the paid leave
有些国家还是强制性休假 Some countries have mandatory leave that you have to leave
事实上在15个欧盟国家中 In fact of the EU, European Union countries
有12个都规定了义务休假法案 12 of the 15 have mandatory leave
父母或是妈妈必须离开工作岗位 So the parents, or the mom, or the parent, has to take off
还有其它的国家也是这样的 Other countries also
这里不仅仅只是单纯的休假 it's not just a matter of leave
他们还有生育津贴类的政策 but they have policies where you get some sort of birth allowance
你可以获得一些金钱或是物品上的补贴 either money or even in goods
我的理解是在英国 It is my understanding that in Great Britain
你可以得到一些关于育儿的一揽子解决方案 is that you get some sort of package
比如(听不清) that (INAUDIBLE) things like that
这会帮助你照顾好自己的孩子 That would help you take care of the infants
让我们一起看几个这样的政策 Well, so let's look at a couple of policies here
美国明显在最低层(听不清) U.S. is on the bottom obviously (INAUDIBLE)
澳大利亚是一年 52个周 Australia you get a year, 52 weeks
德国 就像我所说的这个国家 Germany, like I said, Germany is always
通常被认为是在社会福利政策上 They're considered kind of more socially progressive
非常积极的一个国家 in terms of policies
他们国家的人民通常会得到很多积极政策 So they've always gotten a lot of policies
因为他们是这方面的开创者 because they were the first
14个周的带薪产假 At 14 weeks and 100% pay
外加统一费率的长达两年 and for additional of up to two years at a flat rate
除此之外他们还有长达3年的 In addition to unpaid parental leave
不带薪产假 so three years
大家可以看到 as you can see
这就是美国和其它一些国家的比较 so you can see the U.S. kind of compares to some other places
在美国的确是这样 Yes. But in the U.S. so we have, it's not
但是美国产假政策 as bleak as in terms of what is available to parents
就对父母尤其是妈妈们的适用性而言 and to mother's in particular
并不像国家政策描绘的那样前景惨淡 It's not as bleak as just the national policy would indicate
因为每个州还有自己的立法 尽管不多 Because states have policies as well, although not a majority do
有20个州是留职休假 20 states that have job protected maternity leave
而在1993年的家庭和医疗休假法案中 So that would be in addition to
仅有10个州 what the Family and Medical Leave Act is. There were 10 states
是留职休假 that have paternity leave for that is job protected
还有越来越多的企业 There are, and additionally there are businesses, more and more
鉴于尤其是来自于职业女性们产假 which is the case, that because of pressure
所带来的压力 especially from women working
这类企业是以妇女为主导的职业 that businesses will have some sort of policy for their businesses
会采取一些有利于自身的政策 Especially for female dominated professions
比如学校和医院 like schools or hospitals
但是即使是在一些大型的公司 But even in other larger companies
也会采取一些这样的利己政策 are likely to have some sort of policy
因为女人(听不清) for their women (INAUDIBLE)
这里有一些相关数据 Just a few statistics about what happens when...
在美国要生产的妈妈们 in America when moms give birth
有半数的还在工作 half of them are working at the time they give birth
就是在职 不是说恰好生的那天也在... meaning they're employed and not working the day or something
她们要生产的时候仍然在工作 But they're in a job at the point that they're giving birth
有半数的她们生产完后 Half of them after giving birth
3个月内就返回到工作岗位了 return to work in 3 months
够了 就停在这儿 which is the end of this
这绝对是个需要引起重视的问题 So, but it's definitely a thing
尤其是美国妈妈们自身也想回来工作 that American moms in particular want to get back to work
她们也需要这样做 often need to get back to work
这就是个问题了 So, it is definitely an issue
对支持和保护尤其是母亲而言 in terms of supporting our moms in particular
父亲有时也是 but for also dads
一年内 大约有2/3 63%的妈妈们 And then within a year about 2/3, 63%
就回到工作岗位上继续劳作 have gone back to work
这显然是一个需要解决的问题 So, it's clearly an issue
我们要纠正这种心态 We have to get out the mentality of two parents at home
爸爸在外挣很多的钱而妈妈呆在家里 Dads make a lot of money. Moms stay at home
因此我们必需要把这个问题 and therefore there we kind of have to
上升到社会的层面上来 face this issue as a society
我们如何才能支撑(听不清) And how can we support growing (INAUDIBLE)
让我们快速的看一个视频 Let's see. A video just quickly here
会讲到一些... It's going to talk about a little bit about from the...
关于妈妈的健康之类的东西 just say a few things about the health side for moms
其中一点 是很重要的 For one, is important
Teresa是那些努力平衡家庭 Teresa is among the millions of women
和事业的万千女性中的一个 who are balancing career and family
她是明尼苏达州圣保罗公司的一个经理 She's a manager at the St. Paul's company in Minnesota
同时也即将是3个孩子的母亲 and a mother of two, with a third child on the way
在她怀着前两个孩子的时候 Just as she did with her first two children
分别请了12个周的产假 She'll take a 12 week maternity leave
因为她效力于一家大公司 Because Teresa works for a large company
家庭和医疗休假法案准许这么多的假期 The Family and Medical Leave Act allows that much time
但是对很多在小公司上班的妇女来说 But most women workers, work for smaller companies
这项法案并帮不了她们 and the law doesn't apply to them
通常她们的假期只有6个周 The standard leave is usually just 6 weeks
这是因为 按照惯例人们认为产后期 That's because historically the post-partum period
是6个周 was considered to be 6 weeks
医生们认为她们的生殖器官在六周后 At the time doctors believed it took the sex organs
会恢复到产前状态 to return to their pre-pregnancy state
这就是为什么会有这个约定俗成的六周产假 And this is really the policy
事实上我们发现产后期是远不止六周的 We're finding that the post-partum period is much longer than that
医生朱迪发现 Doctor Judy found that in many women
很多孕妇在产后几个月甚至长达一年 a range of health problems may persist for several months
都存留着一系列的的健康隐忧 and even up to a year after delivery
包括疲劳 情绪低落 缺乏斗志 including fatigue, feeling down, lack of ambition
晕眩 痔疮 呼吸道感染和性生活不和谐 dizziness, hemorroids, respiratory infections, and sexual concerns
另外一个研究发现那些产假大于6个周的妇女 Another study finds women who take a leave of at least 6 months
情绪更愉悦 do better emotionally
精神上更为健康更为活跃 They had more vitality. They had better mental health
比如压力焦虑水平降低 in terms of less depression, less anxiety
在是留在家里还是去工作的日常安排中 And they had less limitations
她们的限制因素也减少 in their daily activities at home or at work
我认为相关政策的制定者们很有必要看到这点 I think definitely that policy makers need to look at this
我认为美国的女人承受了太多的压力 I believe that we are expecting too much of women in this country
产后六周就要继续劳作的压力 To expect that they will go back to work after delivery within 6 weeks
处理好一切的家庭和个人的事情的压力 and handle all of their home and personal responsibilities
孩子和工作兼顾的压力 as well as their job and a new baby
一些研究者也同意 Both researchers agree
一些女人仅休六周的假也没什么大碍 some women do fine with the 6 week leave
很好很好 因为你知道 Good, good cause I konw, look at that
但是Teresa But Teresa
却希望自己能有机会休个长假 is hopeful for the opportunity to take longer leaves
因为如果妈妈们想到只有6周时间陪伴孩子 Because if I went back at 6 weeks
加上产期一起六个周的时间 and think where I was with both pregnancies, at 6 weeks
我的孩子可能以后永远也会睡不着觉了 My children were never near sleeping through the night
这种想法会让妈妈们停下来 Consider taking off enough time
再多花点时间在孩子身上 to get back on your feet
博士朱迪建议 Dr. Judy recommends new mothers
那些只拥有六周休假权的准妈妈们 taking off as much leave as they can get
要尽可能多的去争取时间 For those that can only get a 6 week leave
她还建议准妈妈们要向配偶 She suggests getting extra help and support from the spouse
或者亲朋好友那儿寻求额外的支援 or friends and family
(听不清) 美国CNN 明尼苏达州圣保罗 (INAUDIBLE) CNN, Saint Paul, Minnesota
教授:她们讨论了产假政策 Prof: They talked about maternal policy initially
我记得至少有一个这类的研究 There is at least one study
3个月对比4个月产假 that I know of that looked at say 3 month versus 4 month leave
对比妈妈的母性意识 and versus moms attitudes about being a mom
以及她们对待孩子的态度 And their attitudes towards the child
以及此类事情 and things sort of that
仅是延长了一个月的假期 with just that extra month
通常妈妈们对自己母性身份有更积极的认识 They typically have high levels of positive feelings about being a mom
这可能是有道理的 That might be directly
可能因为较长的假期 or it could be because of some of the things
刚才这个视频也提到的 we just heard about in the video
会减少妈妈身上出现的产后综合症 Those feelings of post-partum depression in some moms
或是由此引发的健康问题 or other health things
另一方面则是不足的假期让工作充满压力 Or it could just be, it's stressful to work
回到家后又要照看孩子 and then come home and take care of the kid
尤其当你还希望自己时时刻刻陪在宝宝身边时 especially when you want to
就更加力不从心了 be with the kid the whole time