现在看看情绪影响它的途径 Let's turn to the ways which emotions influence the way
包括我们的身体和生理 not just our bodies but the physiology of it
以及认知 but also the cognitive parts to it
情绪如何影响思维 How is it that emotions influence the way we think
影响我们理解事物的方式 the way we perceive things
在此我们来回顾下 There has been a lot of studies on this by psychologists
心理学家的部分研究 and I will just review some of that
第一个 我们都知道它影响感知 For one, we know that it influences perception
如若处于焦虑状态 If you're placed in an anxious state
这方面进行过相关研究 there have been studies done
实验者处于焦虑状态 where people have been put in an anxious state
并进行一个叫做Strute 的测试 and they do something called a Strute test
有一组物体 4X4的人像面孔展示在你面前 You see a grid of objects, and let's say there is a 4X4 grid of faces
15张笑脸 and there might be 15 happy faces
1张带有怒气和威胁性的脸 and one angry threatening face in there
处于焦虑状态的人更快发现 Well, subjects in a anxious state are going to more quickly find
那闪过屏幕更具威胁的刺激体 that when it flashes on the screen that more threatening stimuli
这个发现意义重大 I mean that makes a lot of sense
处于焦虑状态中 being in an anxious state
人们发现受到威胁时 kind of being hyper aroused
精神会高度亢奋 we will perceive what is going to threaten us
也有针对小孩的研究 There have been studies with kids
对比具有进攻性和不具有进攻性的小孩 looking at aggressive versus nonaggressive kids
把小孩带进实验室 And they put kids in an anxious state
让他们处于焦虑状态并说道 by bringing them into this lab and saying
好 待会你和这个小男孩玩吧 All right, you are going to get to play with this boy later
这些进入实验室的男孩 these are boys that are coming into the lab the rest
大概读四五年级 are like 4th or 5th grade boys
和这个男孩玩吧 You are going to get to play with this boy later
但是他告诉我无论谁和他玩 but he told me whoever he gets to play with later
他都会扁对方 he is going to get in a fight with
开始给小孩看那些孩子 What they started with was showing the kids videos
与其它孩子玩耍的视频 was kind of interactions with other kids
玩耍过程中一个小孩就开始攻击另一个小孩 and one bumps into another while playing
然后他们问道 Then they ask them
你认为他是故意这样做 还是本性使然 do you think he did that on purpose or was he mean
抑或只是意外？ or was that an accident?
之后告诉孩子更多关于打架的信息 They do that then they give the kid the news about getting in a fight
从而引起他们焦虑 which is an anxiety producing thing
播放更多的视频 Then they show the kids more videos
有更多的小孩在说 and as you begin to see you have a lot more kids are saying
他真的很坏 他是故意的 Oh he was being mean. He did that on purpose
在焦虑紧张状态 So being in an anxious or nervous state
人们更容易过度诠释某些事情 we are going to over interpret things in a certain way
有生存机制 so there is a survival mechanism
焦虑状态下人们会更加小心翼翼 we are more cautious when we are in an anxious state
搜索带有威胁的线索和恰当的事情 We are looking out for threatening cues and appropriate things
不放过任何威胁 that we won't miss anything that might threaten us
从进化上来说对生存很重要 which is evolutionarily portent to survival
但也得注意 but we should be paying attention to
这影响快乐 They influence happiness
曾在UMBC Alice Eisen, is a psychologist
现在在Cornell工作的心理学家Alice Eisen that used to work here at UMBC but she is at Cornell now
做过大学生的试验 She did studies with college students
看快乐情绪与负面情绪的对比 looking at happiness to negative emotions
研究这些影响解决问题的能力 how they influence our ability to solve problems
我们多么容易上当啊 How gullible we are
看似快乐会让我们更富创造性地理解事物 happiness seems to help us figure things out creatively
更有效地进行联想 we are able to make associations to things more effectively
但同时我们以上当受骗告终 But at the same time we end up being more gullible
看促销广告 the way she did that was is she showed ads for buying something
或是有人试图卖东西给你 or someone trying to sell you something
或是听政治信息 or a political message, you might listen to a political message
让人心情或喜或悲 which puts people in either a positive or negative mood
但若心情好 And they are more willing to buy the thing
人们更容易购买物品或赞同政治广告 or to agree with the political ad if they were in a positive mood
因此就理解事物而言这不是好事 So it's not really a good thing in terms of the way we perceive things
这帮助我们联想 it helps us make associations
但是我们不是吹毛求疵 but we're not as critical
不像那些抑郁的作家 I mean you think of like writers
诗人或哲学家那样挑剔 and poets, and philosophers who are depressed
但是他们都是好的批判家 But they are very good critics of things
洞察力敏锐 they are very insightful in ways
这部分归功于他们的情绪 and maybe some of that is because of their ongoing mood
让他们看到人们所见 make them better able to see limitations and criticisms
和社会运转的局限和批判 to what other people see, and how society functions
显然悲伤孤独情绪影响行为 Obviously emotions influence behavior over sad or withdrawn
怒气过剩的人们更具有攻击性 Over angry we tend to be aggressive
反过来则说不通 although the reverse isn't true
即便不生气也可以咄咄逼人 we can certainly be aggressive without being in an angry state
众所周知 You know
恶棍向小孩勒索饭钱时 bullies aren't necessarily angry when they pick on a kid
他们并不一定怒火冲天 for their lunch money or something like that
情绪依附于记忆 Emotions are tied to memory
事实是记忆可以 in fact there are ways that our memories
将情绪归类 are specifically categorized by emotions
如若我们处于某种情绪状态 Such as when we're in a specific emotional state
更易回忆起 we are likely to remember events
相关情绪下的事件 that align with that emotional state we're in
不知各位有没听说过赤裸说服力效应 You might heard of that there is this nude cogency effect
人们更容易记得以往同样的状态 like you are more likely to remember that same state before
如你现在感到悲伤 So if you are like sad now
可能让你回忆起几年前悲伤的场景 you might remember events of when you were sad a few years ago
同理 There is some truth to that
但是事实上 如果你现在感到悲伤 but what is more true is that if you are sad now
你会更易记起过去悲伤事件 you will remember the events that made you sad in the past
两年前有事情让你悲伤的话 If you were sad two years ago
你再经历悲伤事件的话 you are slightly more likely to remember some details
更易记得一些细节 of some event that happened while you were sad
但更易记得 But what you are more likely to remember
让你悲伤的那件事 is the actual event that made you sad
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
对我自己来说可能在幼儿园时期 For me it was probably kindergarten
那时候大家尚未出世 which you guys weren't around at that time
但要记得邻里的事情也相当困难 but it's hard to remember things like in the neighborhood
情景总是一致的 But the context is always the same
比如房子和人 like the houses and the people
记住最早的很难 so it is hard to remember the earliest
但我记得最初 But in kindergarten which is when I first started school
上幼儿园的时候...... I remember playing with the...
我曾与Legowski老师一起玩耍 Ms. Legowski was the teacher
她是位非常和蔼可亲的奶奶 and she was this really sweet old grandma like lady
我特别喜欢她 So I really liked her a lot
一次我在玩沙球 and I was playing with the maracas one day
听到身旁收音机或是播录机放的一首歌 and getting really into this song
我特别喜欢 which was playing on the radio next to me, or the record player probably
我把沙球撞击在膝盖上 and I am like going like this playing the maracas
球破了 and I bang it on my knee and the maraca cracks
Legowski老师正站在一侧看着我 And Ms. Legowski was standing there, and she gave me this look
我不知道她是否要责骂我 I didn't know if she was going to yell at me
但她并没有责骂我而只是教育了我 She probably wasn't going to yell at me but just give me this lecture
让我知道当时行为不对 letting me know that I was behaving inappropriately
弄破沙球让我特别尴尬 I felt so awful you know for breaking these maracas
之后发生了什么我忘记了 and I forget what happened next
但我们提到的这些所有回忆 but what do all these memories have in common
有什么共同点呢 that we just learned and talked about?
学生:都是消极的 Student: They're all negative
教授问:什么？ Prof: What's that?
学生:都是消极的 Student: They're all negative
教授说:这些回忆是消极的 Prof: All negative and even more specific than that
更确切的来说是怎样的呢？ not just negative but most of them are what?
学生:它们都包含消极的情绪 Student: They all involve negative emotions
教师:包含什么样的 Prof: They all involve negative emotions
消极情绪呢？ and most of all which negative emotion?
学生:恐惧 Students: Fear
教授:大多数都包含恐惧 Prof: most of them involve fear
比如被吓着 烧伤 Being surprised, being burnt, you know
或是挨老师训 being yelled at by the teacher
其实并不如此 Well you know that is not necessarily the case
但为何大多数早期孩提记忆 but why is it that most of our earliest childhood memories
至少在这个情况下是恐惧的 at least in this case, are of fear
或是带有极强的负面情绪 or at least inherently strong negative emotions?
教授:什么？ Prof: Yeah?
学生:我们从这些情景中 Student: well, they were all situations
都学到了东西 where we've learned something, and this like
如把沙球打在了膝盖上 with yours when you hit the maraca off your knee
你从中知道 That is something where you learned that
这不是最好的主意 it wasn't necessarily the best idea
老师的负面反应以及弄坏的玩具 and the negative reaction from your teacher, and the broken toy
让你沮丧不已 and you being upset
这种观念在未来会得到加强 Sort of reinforced the idea that maybe in the future
也许我不应该拿沙球撞击膝盖 maybe I shouldn't bang the maracas on my knee
因为结果可能不尽如人意 because it might not end so well
教授:请问你叫什么名字？ Prof: Yeah, what's your name again?
学生:Kelly Student: Kelly
教授:你这点说得很好 Prof: Kelly, that's an excellent point and it is right on
人们会认为这些情绪 And people think that, emotions like I said
帮助我们集中注意力并帮助我们生存 they focus our attention on and help us survive immediately
但作用并不局限于此 but it doesn't end there
我们重演这些记忆的方式帮助我们学习 The way we rehearse these memories, is us trying to learn things
因此它们 And that is why we put these images
一遍遍在脑海中重现 in our heads over and over again
因此并不是这些事情 So it's not just that those events
在当时有多大的情感跌宕 were more emotional at the time they were
它们根植于我们的脑海日复一日年复一年 but why they are sticking in our mind is because
原因在于 the next day or the next day, or however long
我们时常重演回忆 we rehearsed that memory over and over
试图学习到再次经历那样的情景该做什么 Trying to learn, ok what could I have done differently in that situation
习得恐高 and you learned to fear heights
教授:抱歉 请问你叫？ Prof: I am sorry, your name again?
学生:Demetre Student: Demetre
教授:Demetre说他习得恐高 Prof: Demetre says that he learned a fear of heights
他也许做起来不是这样 and he might not like what he learned
但这也是一种习得 but that's still learning none the less
这是由于他把恐惧 And that's because he associated his bad fear
和位于高处联系在一起 and feeling with being on top of a high place
我们重演场景帮助我们生存 So we rehearse things that are going to help with our survival
并与情绪息息相关 and are tied to our emotions
问个问题 Let me ask this
你的一位女性朋友 you got the female friend of yours
刚和男朋友分手 who boyfriend of a year just broke up
接到她的电话 you get that call
她在哭着说和男友分手了 she is like crying on the phone, says her boyfriend broke up with her
你会怎么说 说别再想了 What do you tell her, well, just don't think about it
会再发生这种事情么？ Is that going to happen?
我们对自己的思维和感情 No, we don't have that much control over our thinking
没多大的控制力 our emotions have a lot of control over that
无法阻止事情 and our best intentions are not going to be able to
所伴随的强大情感 stop powerful emotions in that kind of thing
人们谈论孩童的自我管制的能力 People talk about kids' ability to self-regulate
他们要学会控制自己的情绪 you know they have to learn to control their emotions
约束自己 and regulate themselves
能进行的最好的方式是与那个人 Well sometimes the only way you can do that, well in this case
谈上一小会儿 is to talk with that person for a while
你可不想立刻抛掉情绪 You wouldn't want to like stamp out the emotion right away
但第二天他们似乎 but the next day if they're kind of
就更纠缠于思考该事 obsessed about thinking about this issue
带他们上健身房以分散注意力 have them go to the gym or something that will distract them
我们常常分散婴儿的注意力 We do this with infants all the time distract them from things
实际上Lynn Dacwest In fact Lynn Dacwest
有人知道这位博士么？ do you know Dr. Dacwest here?
她主攻小孩的管理 She does things here with kids in pain management
分散注意力是第一手段 and distraction is actually the number one thing
她让孩子在治疗期间玩游戏 She has kids play video games or
或是玩像goggles类似的 what do you call it, the thing with the goggles
虚拟现实游戏 virtual reality games, during like medical procedures
因此分散注意力是情绪管理的重要组成部分 So distraction is a big part of what emotional regulation is about
不仅是靠玩虚拟现实游戏达成 Not just by virtual reality games
也是靠帮助人们集中精力于其它事物上 but by looking away or help people kind of focus on other things
不仅是消极情绪 Well it's not just negative emotions
是与情绪化较少的事情相比 it's all emotions that we're likely to remember
我们更易于记住有些许情绪的事情 Well compared to a less emotional event, same reason really
我是说人们可以 I mean we want to learn as much as we can
从快乐和消极的事情中 from an emotionally happy event
习得同样的东西 as we do from negative events
因为我们想尽可能多地感受快乐 because we want to experience happiness as much as possible
所以愿意更多地 so we want to set the stage in the future
为以后的快乐打下基础 to experience the same emotion
但是另一个答案也许是 Another part of the answer to your question though
当你想到社会参考 is that, when you think about social referencing
和人类情感 and peoples moods in general
我想问这样一个问题 I mean let me ask this question
无论是成人抑或小孩 Are peoples moods in general be it people or kids
或你们的情感快乐与否？ or you guys' moods generally happy or not happy?
你也知道他们大多数都是保持快乐的情绪？ Happy, you know they still remain largely happy?
想想看妈妈对襁褓中的小孩的话语 I mean you think about infants you know a mom is like
宝贝你真可爱 可爱极了 aww, you look so cute, what a cute little baby
或一个学前班孩子在画画 Or a preschooler they are drawing something
你本能地说道 and what's your natural reaction
画得真棒啊 oh wow, that's a good drawing.
每时每刻我们收到关于 We are getting positive messages all the time about
自我和行为的积极信息 who we are and what our behaviors are
并与这些信息密切相联 and we are over integrated with how these positive messages are
因此我们在构建的是 So we are building
Freud谈论的是潜意识下 Freud talked about the unconscious
这些东西的本质 and what that really is
是带有情绪的 is memories of emotions and situations
记忆或场景 where we have certain emotions
大多数人都对快乐 And we're building, and most of us
抱有强烈的记忆 have a pretty strong memory bank for happiness
我们感受到快乐 Because we have been feeling happy
一生都在接收积极的信息 and been being told positive messages throughout life
因此心情好时 So that when we're in a fairly good mood
像我刚刚说到的 like I was saying before
良好记忆会重现 those good memories are going to come back
或像你在唱歌 Or like if you find yourself singing a song
这也是快乐的信号 that is kind of like an indication of happiness
因为歌曲让人感到快乐 because songs generally make us happy
也得看哪种歌曲 depending on what the song is
但若是在哼唱 But if you're whistling or singing a song
(听不清)带有快乐情绪的歌曲 it is (INAUDIBLE) kind of indicative of being in a good mood
但与我们释放消极情绪的频率相比 So we are not certainly overly happy
人生开始之初 but compared to how frequently
并不是快乐无比 we discrete negative emotions, especially early in life
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
因此当你想到需要治疗的 So you can see how negative emotions
情绪消极的小孩 when you think about kids who need therapy
想到他们所经历的事情 you know emotionally disturbed kids
你可以看到这些消极情绪的作用 You know negative emotions are kind of a double-edged-sword
就像一把双刃剑 you know something bad happened to the kid
比如父亲抛弃妻子 Like the father leaves the family or something like that
孩子会伤心欲绝 and it is a surprise and the kid is distraught
那一刻拥有那样的情绪 You have that emotion at the moment
在未来又会有这种事情发生 but then again you have the fact that in the future
你可用一种我说的 you can look at it as like I was saying
情感记忆的外衣来看待它 kind of a layering of emotional memories
就韧性而言 And what is in the terms of resilience
他是否有能力应对压力？ is his ability to handle stressful events?
比如他可以回溯的事件 Like the kind of thing he can go back to
但积极情绪的存储有些什么呢？ but what does the positive emotion bank have?
比如好的经历 It has things like good experiences
因此这个事件不会带来 so that this one event now
太多过往消极情绪的事情 doesn't trigger a lot of past negative emotional events
或者是否有一个 Or is there kind of
更稳固的消极情绪事件存储的地方？ a firmer bank of negative emotional events?
不是说不悲伤 It's not that they aren't going to be sad
而是悲伤有限 but it is a limited amount of sadness
可以重回过往途径 and they are able to go back to the way that they typically are
这是父母及有情绪障碍的小孩的 That is one of the reason why therapy
治疗原因所在 with parents and families of emotionally disturbed kids
你认为纪律是必要的 when you think that discipline is so necessary
那它就是 and it is
但是治疗师教给父母的第一件事 but the first thing the therapist teaches the parents
是尽可能加强他们的积极情绪 is to reinforce as much positive emotions as they can
其中是要在脑海中 And part of that is
构建积极联想 building up a lot of positive associations in their mind
及父母对他们的感受 and how their parents feel about them
俗话说得好 There is a phrase
捕捉良好状态 catch them being good
意思是你得对小孩 which means like for things you would not necessarily otherwise
说积极的事情 tell the kid a positive thing
说一些日常的事情 you know say something like day to day things
如干得不错 like you've been doing a good job
一直注视着他们 Keeping your eyes on them the whole time, or
或说我可喜欢坐前排的孩子的笑容 I really like the way you guys are smiling up in the front row here
这让我对跟你们讲话感兴趣 it helps me be interested in talking to you guys
因此你知道你不会提及一些无关紧要的傻事 So you know silly little things you wouldn't otherwise say
但是你需要培训 but you also need to train parents from certain families
其他父母这些事 to kind of do that
他们不擅长从小事中鼓励孩子 They're not used to reinforcing their kids for simple little things
坐姿很好 you, you're doing a good job sitting in your seat
做得不错 and you're doing a good job waiting
这都是让小孩寻求积极经历 It's about making the kid want positive experiences
帮助父母加强这些事情 and helping the parents reinforce those things
加强小孩对打击性事件的韧力 then building a resiliency in their brain to damaging events
众所周知 意识的发展 In fact we know, conscious development
我之前讲过 I think I talked about this
有心理学家把此 there's a psychologist
看做是相互积极财产 who looked at this term of mutually positive assets
观察母亲和孩子 So he looked at moms and kids
在不同情景下共同玩耍 playing together in totally different situations
观察玩耍时间 and looked at what percentage of time
我想几周前我曾提过这个 I think I may of mentioned this a couple of weeks ago also
母亲与孩子 what percentage of time do the mom and the kid
共同微笑的时长 share a smile or positive interaction with each other
10分钟内每半分钟看一次 If you look every 30 seconds over a 10 minute period
然后计算下 then you look and add it up
积极互动的比例有多大 what percentage of positive interaction is going on
然后继续观察更新数据 Then she has followed kids to update
观察一个月左右 like follow them a month later
发现与父母共享 like these kids
积极财产的孩子 who have had a mutually positive assets with their parent
他们在意识发展方面更加出色 are better at conscious development
意识发展更加全面 their conscious is developed more fully
在游戏中 Meaning, they are playing a game
单独留在实验室里 they are left alone in the experimental room
问题是这小孩作弊与否 and the question is whether or not the kid cheats
有惩罚 So there's like a rod here
你可雪中送炭 and you're supposed to put the rings on it
但最好独善其身 but you're supposed to stay behind the line
因为这是一个实验 Well since it is an experiment
全程有摄像监控 so there is a camera rolling the whole time
孩子当然不知道 and of course the kid doesn't know about it
但小孩会做此事么？ but does the kid come up and do this or not?
会循规蹈矩么？ Do they follow the rules?
他们发现 And they find that
有更多积极经历的小孩 these kids that have had more positive experiences
意识发展更好 have greater conscious development
原因何在？ And why is that?
答案在于他们有 Because when they have
与父母有积极记忆的基础 this kind of base of positive memories with parents
他们更愿意 then they are more willing to
接受父母传导的规矩 accept the rules which the parents want to give
比如我之前提到的政治信息也是如此 Like I was talking about accepting the political messages
还记得Alice Eisen做的研究么 you know the studies done by Alice Eisen
好情绪下更易受骗 you're kind of a little bit more gullible if you're in a positive mood
这个情况也类似 well it's kind of related to that
有着积极互动的孩童 the children who have the positive experiences
更容易听得进去话 are a little more gullible
更易遵守规矩 and are more likely to follow the rules
因此我们可以发现情绪 So we can see how emotions
与小孩发展是息息相关 are kind of interwoven into the development of kids
他们提供了学习的构架 They provide a structure on which learning occurs
不仅如此 But not just that
不仅是生存 they not only remain as survival
而且更能让我们灵活适应 but they are also adaptive for us in terms of learning things
并应对冲突 like conflict resolution and things like that
在基本构筑中它们就相当重要了 So they are actually really critical in the basic building blocks
在所谓社会发展 in addition to the brains ability to make certain associations
即大脑构建联想能力方面也很重要 for what we would call social development
视频:(听不清) Video: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:这是一段自然与培养的视频 Prof: It's a video on nature versus nurture
视频:(听不清) Video: (INAUDIBLE)
视频:John Locke说过 Video: John Locke said
婴儿就像一张白画布 a baby is merely a blank canvas
尚未获得知识或技能 void of any knowledge or skills
通过经验 培养来学习 it is only by experience that we learn by being nurtured
通过社会 他人来塑造自我 by other people and society that determines who we will become
所以这样的讨论称为自然与培养 So in time the debate became known as nature versus nurture
1890年 In 1890
发现一个 the debate was sharpened by
与社会脱节的12岁孩子 the discovery of a wild 12 year old child
是个赤身裸体的男孩 A naked savage boy
独自生活在AvanteLuronFrance的森林 who apparently lived alone
这样的讨论就得到了加强 in the forest of AvanteLuronFrance
这个孩子 He was a child
从未获得过人类养育的经验 with no experience of human nurturing at all, only of nature
一位叫做John Marie Etere的年轻医生 The young doctor, John Marie Etere
给这个男孩起名叫做Victor tried to civilize and educate the boy
并培养教育他 who he named Victor
一开始他用速成课似乎起了作用 and at first his intensive program seemed to be working
Victor习得识别危险和接受指令 Victor learned how to detect danger and follow directions
但五年后一切进展都停止 But after five years, all progress stalled
Etrere 终止了培训项目 and Etere called off the training program
Victor一生无法讲话或拥有人类行为 Victor died at the age of 40
去世时40岁 still unable to speak or behave like a ordinary man
对大多数人来说 For many
这个案例说明了 the case of the wild boy from AvanteLuron proves
自然比培养更影响人类发展 that nature more than nurture affects human development
新的环境 and that the new environment
无法克服Victor的缺陷 could not overcome Victor's basic imperfections
但其他人认为我们更多的是环境的产物 But others held that we are more the product of our environment
而非单单只是自然基因图谱的盲目随从 than we are blind followers of our natural genetic makeup
哪一个才是真的呢？ But which is true?
出生之际有何种技能和知识 what skills and knowledge are we born with
又能从他人身上学到什么？ and what do we have to learn from others?
今天我们通过探索发展心理学家 Today we will try to find out
调查 by exploring
遗传和环境的贡献 how developmental psychologist investigate the contributions
就要来寻求答案 of both hereditary and environment
以获得孩童发展的认知 for the development of a child
有想过婴儿出世看到的是什么吗？ Ever wonder what a baby sees when it was born?
或是如何感知世界？ How it experiences the world?
他的喜恶分别是什么？ What it likes and dislikes?
无助性有多大？ Or how helpless it is?
对美国世纪之交 For William James
最负盛名的心理学家William James来说 Americas' foremost psychologist at the turn of the century
婴儿是迷惑无助的有机体 an infant was a totally confused and helpless organism
他认为 James believed that
婴儿无法获得五种过度的感觉 babies are failed at all five overwhelming sensations
用他的话说是一个明亮 蓝色 错误百出的混淆体 In his words, one bright, blue, bumbling confusion
子宫内生命的对比 one contrast of life in the womb
20世纪20年代 In the 1920's, John Watson
行为主义创始人John Watson the founder of behaviorism
把婴儿描述成充满生命力的肉球 described the infant as a lively squirming ball of flesh
能做出简单的回应 capable of making a few simple responses
1964年 And as recently as 1964
一本医学教材宣称 a medical text book proclaimed that
新生儿无法聚焦或对声音做出反应 newborns cannot focus their eyes or respond to sound
现在很多医师觉得婴儿感觉不到疼痛 and many doctors today still feel babies can't feel pain
20年来 For the past 20 years
有相反的研究指出 research has pointed to an opposite conclusion
婴儿来到世上 that babies come into the world
准备开启美丽的人生 ready to complete remarkable feats
新生儿出生数分钟后 A few minutes after birth a newborns eyes
可将目光投向说话者方向 can turn in the direction of someone's voice
搜索声音的来源 searching for the source of sound that it heard
伸出来想接触 It can reach out a hand to commit contact
扭头追随移动物 and move its head to follow moving things
新研究显示婴儿出生之际有喜恶 New research shows, that babies are also born with likes and dislikes
出生12小时后 As early as 12 hours of age
他们喜爱香草的味道 they show pleasure in the taste of vanilla
闻到香蕉味会微笑 and they smile when they smell bananas
闻到虾味会蜷缩 but they recoil at the taste of shrimp
在出生之前他们的听力功能就已发展完善 And their hearing function is even developed before birth
刚出生的婴儿 甚至在离开子宫前 Infants are prepared to respond to sound
就可以对声音做出反应 even before they leave the womb
听到女性声音 They can hear female voices
听到心跳声可以入睡 they can fall asleep to the sound of heartbeats
能立刻识别母亲的声音 and they immediately recognize their mother's speech
但视力发展不是那么好 Vision however is much less developed
刚出世的婴孩视力不太好 babies are born legally blind with about 20 over 500 vision
两方面的原因 The reason is twofold
新生儿眼角膜内无角膜细胞 newborns don't have corneal cells functioning in their retinas
视神经和脑皮层 and there are not enough connections
相关联不大 between the visual neurons and the cortex of the brain
但二者发展迅速 but both develop very rapidly
满月的婴儿能识别母亲脸部轮廓 By a month old an infant can detect the contours of his mom's face
七周可微笑 and by seven weeks old smiles on skin as mother's face
两个月能辨别颜色 a two month year old can distinguish colors
三个月就几乎可以像成人一样 and a three month year old can bring distant objects into focus
能看见远处的物体 almost as well as an adult
并能有效区分 At three months a baby can conceive contrast almost well enough
脸部表情 to detect differences in facial expressions
对喜怒悲惊或无表情面目 Acting differently to faces that look happy
有不同反应 surprised, sad, mad, or neutral
因此似乎人类婴孩比之前想到的 So it seems that human infants are a lot less hopeless
无助性更少 than previously perceived
事实上他们可 In fact they are well prepared to
完成婴儿期的基本任务 accomplish the basic tasks of infancy
获得食物 Getting the sustenance they need
防范有害刺激 defending against harmful stimulations
以及进行社会接触 and making social contact
但若婴孩不能与我们对话 But if babies can't talk to us
我们又怎能知道他们所思所想所欲？ how can we begin to wonder, what they see, think or feel?
答案是发展研究员知道 The answer is that developmental researchers know
婴孩能做的事 what infants can do
而不是推测 than they infer what certain patterns of behavior
他们的动作模式 mean to the infant
例如 For example
婴孩可转动眼睛看物体 babies can move their eyes to look at things
接触物体及吮吸液体 and they can touch things and suck liquids
这些简单行为 These simple behaviors are then used to
可显示行为心理状态 index there behaviors and psychological state
婴孩喜欢新奇胜过诚挚 Babies prefer novelty to sincerity
同类东西太多会失去吸引力 Too much of the same thing quickly loses its appeal
对重复事件回应的增加 This increase in response to any repeated event
称之为习惯化 is known as habituation
当婴孩对不同刺激做出反应 when a baby responds to a different stimulus
以不同方式应对刺激的回应 in a way which perceives that stimulus to be different
称为去习惯化 that response is known as dishabituation
两者是理解婴孩 Together habituation and dishabituation is one key
心理成长进程的关键 to understanding a babies mental processing
研究员用婴孩观看物体的时间 Researchers use how much time a baby spends looking at an object
及心率作为衡量注意力 and its heart rate as measures of attention
兴趣及观察力的标尺 preferences, or perceptual ability
吮吸 微笑 吐舌头及哭泣频率的变化 Changes in the rate of sucking, smiling, sticking out the tongue
可用来衡量反应程度 and crying, can also be used to measure a response
1958年心理学家Robert Hands In 1958 psychologist Robert Hands
开始用婴孩看新事物的 started to use the tradition of using a babies preference of
偏好传统 looking at something new
作为无声语言的形式 as a form of silent speech
Hands还发现婴孩 Hands also observed that babies prefer objects
更喜爱有轮廓的物体 that have contours, as opposed to objects that are plain
简单物体中的复杂物 Complex ones of simple ones
以及部分脸孔中出现的整张脸孔 and full faces over partial faces that are jumbled up
但是在促进我们 But the researcher who most contributed to
对婴孩认知方面 our understanding about what babies know
贡献最大的研究员是瑞士心理学家Jock Jiasay is Swiss psychologist, Jock Jiasay
他没有使用高端实验设备 Jiasay did not use fancy lab equipment
而是用一些简单的描述 but rather simple demonstrations
得出孩子思想活动的概括化 which yielded generalizations about the workings of a child's mind
想想看孩子 Consider how a child understands
理解事物外表的变化 when the appearance of something changes
并不意味着事物自身变化了 It doesn't necessarily mean that the object itself has changed
他用两杯装有 In one of his demonstrations
同量液体的例子来表述 two glasses are filled with the same amount of liquid
将其中一杯倒入更高的杯中 The contents of one of the glasses is poured into a tall container
六岁大的孩子认为高杯液体 The six year old now believes that the tall container
比其它杯装液体多 has more contents than the other glass
七岁的孩子对此模棱两可 Seven year olds are uncertain
八岁的孩子知道是一样的含量 eight year olds know
尽管外观不同 and despite appearances
实质并未改变 nothing has really changed
无论容器为何 Now the colored liquid remains the same
有色液体含量是一致的 no matter what container it is in
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
他对其他研究人员低估 He like most other researchers underestimated
不同年龄组孩子发展技能表示赞同 at what age children develop certain skills
因为他对他们的体力和理解力 Because he confused their physical ability
感到困惑 with their ability to understand
通常孩童思想功能 Often children's mental function develops quicker
比特定的身体反应发展迅速 than their ability to make a certain physical response
伊利诺斯州大学的研究人员 At the University of Illinois
正用一些实验以期 researchers are using ingenious experiments
发现新生儿和孩童的 to discover previously unsuspected abilities
潜在的未知能力 of newborns and young children
Rene Baillargeon教授研究 Prof. Rene Baillargeon studies
孩童认知物体的概念 how babies develop the concept of object