胎儿酒精综合症 Fetal alcohol syndrome
书中有张照片显示了这些差异 There's a distinctive picture in the book
你们会发现 you can kind of see
这些差异主要集中在面部特征上 typically there are facial features that are kind of distinctive
但就算本身饮用的酒精量较低 but even lower levels of alcohol use
不至于造成面部畸形 that don't leave facial abnormalities
也会导致一些行为上的异常 can lead to these kind of behavioral things
例如中枢神经系统受到酒精的影响 as they talk about the central nervous system
使得这些孩子更活跃多动 how reactive these kids are
再想想我们的前几辈人 And you think about previous generations
我们比40年前的人们 and how definitely our intelligence about prenatal health
更加了解 is a lot higher now
孕期保健的知识 than about, say, 40 years ago
但更多可能是关于抽烟这类习惯的影响 but probably likely especially with cigarette smoking
我会放一个有关吸烟的短片 I will give you a short video on cigarette smoking now
现在的婴儿也可能比前几代婴儿 And the health of our fetuses is probably a lot better
更为健康 than they were before
但家长们可能并未意识到 But a lot of kids probably were having troubles
自己在孕期吸烟和酗酒等行为 without their parents maybe not fully understanding
最终会影响到婴儿 that their use of alcohol or cigarettes or other things prenatally
导致婴儿出现这样那样的问题 were effecting their kids
他们看起来是非常称职的家长 And obviously they seem like pretty good parents right
脾气温和 对人友善 Fairly temperamental, easy and good
但他们中很少有人能管好这样的孩子 you can imagine, it is a handful for them to handle this kid
这些有中枢神经系统问题的孩子 These things that they are talking about central nervous system
但这并不意味着出现这种情况的孩子 it does not mean that if you see this in a child, that means
都是母亲在孕期饮酒造成的 there is alcohol-use prenatally
这是不一定的 you don't know that
人们提到这些孩子的有些行为 You know some of those things they were describing
像自闭症患者 有的却和旁人无异 are similar to autistic type behaviors or even normal kids
但这并不意味着他们患有胎儿酒精综合症 it doesn't necessarily mean there was fetal alcohol syndrome
又或者是受滥用酒精的影响 or even substantial alcohol abuse
只有经过诊断才能真正确定 So it's not diagnostic if you see this in a kid
只不过这种现象在小孩中比较普遍 but it is more prevalent in kids who have this
学生:像欧洲的女性那样 Student: What about in Europe
习惯在晚餐的时候适当喝点酒 where women would only have alcohol with dinner
其实我觉得他们不必特意为此戒酒 I mean, I don't think women necessarily stop
这和美国文化不太一样吧 is that as big of an issue as it is here or...
教师:嗯 这个是不能确定的 Teacher: Well, you don't know if it is or not
很难一下就讲明白 again it is hard to tell
孩子一旦出生 once the kid is born whether if it is because
它在胎儿期间是否受到酒精的影响 well I mean it is impossible to tell
其实是很难分辨的 whether it is the effects of alcohol or not
这个例子你举得很好 确实存在文化差异 But it is the case that, you're right, it is in different cultures
以晚餐小饮一杯酒为例 having a glass of wine with dinner for example
但就我所知 Like I said medical science here in America
美国以及世界大多数国家 and pretty much in the world over as far as I know
包括欧洲都不鼓励怀孕期间饮酒 including Europe is discouraging alcohol
哪怕是少量摄入都不提倡 even moderate amount of alcohol during pregnancy
因为很难确定胎儿是否受饮酒影响 because it's hard to aim
还有一个问题就是 And another thing is that, that question raises
不同的人摄入同样的酒精量 抽等量的香烟 is the same levels of alcohol or cigarette using
或者摄入其他可卡因 or whatever cocaine
所造成的影响程度是因人而异的 will necessarily have the same effect
因此有人每晚喝点酒是没有关系的 So one person might be fine drinking one glass of wine per night
我们也不能肯定 you don't really know
这对孩子有多大的影响 how much negative outcomes that's gonna have for the kids
可能是没关系的 so it could be ok
但整体而言 它仍然是风险因素之一 but it is a risk factor in all respects
让孩子们有患病的危险 it is putting the kid at risk
现在来看看CNN拍摄的 just a quicker video from CNN here
有关吸烟与孕期保健的一个短片 about smoking and prenatal health
存在于胎盘中并进入到血流里 Are present in the placenta and they pass into the blood stream
研究发现一些直接证据显示 researchers found direct evidence that
成型中的婴儿会新陈代谢这些副产品 a developing baby actually metabolizes those byproducts
母亲吸烟时 会将致癌物传给胎儿 When a mother smokes, a carcinogen passes into the fetus
研究中检验了新生儿的尿液 Researches examine the urine in new born babies
接受调查的吸烟的31名女性中有22名 and found 22 out of 31 women who smoke
将一种称作NNK的化学物质传给了婴儿 pass on a chemical called NNK to their babies
NNK就是一种熟知的致癌物质 NNK is a known cancer-causing agent
这些化学物质就存在于新生儿的尿液中 But we see these chemicals in the urine of a developing fetus
它向我们证实 it tells us that the baby
婴儿通过血流感染这些物质 is getting these chemicals in the blood stream
进而在体内将其分解 and breaking them down in the body
就好像婴儿自己在吸烟一样 as if the fetus were smoking itself
母亲吸的烟越多 The more the mother smokes
婴儿就越有可能暴露在 the more likely the fetus is going to be exposed to
烟草致癌物下 the carcinogens of tobacco smoke
孕期吸烟还有许多其他已确定的风险 There are many well-established risks with smoking and pregnancy
出生时体重低就是一点 Low birth weight is very well known
另外还有婴儿死亡率的增加 There is also an increase in infant mortality
特别是婴儿出生后一个月内容易夭折 especially during the first month of life
此外SID 也就是婴儿猝死综合症的发生 There is also an increased risk of
也越来越多 sudden infant death syndrome or SID
女性在怀孕23-36周时 and women can have complications
也可能出现并发症 in the 23rd to 36th weeks of pregnancy
长期的影响还包括身材矮小症 There are also long term consequences like short-stature
也就是孩子们并不会长到正常的身高 meaning children will not grow as tall as they normally would
同时还可能影响他们的阅读和学术能力 and they have low reading scores and difficulty with academics
这也是人们不该在孕期吸烟的原因 This is another reason why women shouldn't smoke during pregnancy
史蒂夫•塞尔瓦托医生 CNN纽约报道 Dr. Steve Salvatore CNN New York
教师:再强调一下 吸烟 Teacher: Ok, So again, you know smoking
特别是在美国50年代期间 especially back in the 50's in America
虽然和欧洲相比 美国的吸烟政策稍微宽松一些 America is pretty smoke-free compared to Europe now
但在50年代末 60年代初的时候 But back in the 50's, and early 60's in America
吸烟相当流行 certainly smoking was very prevalent
再强调一下 我们并不确知 So, again you just don't know
人们已经通过研究那些可能受影响的孩子 people who have speculated about whole generations
推测出这一代人可能面临的问题 whether the kids were or maybe not as well regulated
这称之为脉冲控制 meaning impulse-control
因为无论吸烟与否 because of effects of smoking, whether or not
我们都不能确定 以上都是有可能的 I mean you don't really know or not, it's quite possible