教授:那么今天我们要讲的是 Prof: So what we're going to talk about today
我想先提出来 实际上是两个术语 is really two terms that I want to put up here first
基因型和表现型 genotype and phenotype
基因型是一个代表基因 代表DNA的术语 Genotype is a term for genes, for DNA
即个体的基因组成 what is the genetic makeup of the individual?
表现型则是一个比较花哨的术语 Phenotype is a kind of a fancy word
它指的是实际生活 for like, what a person is like in real life
某个人表现出来的样子 what do you see about this person
他们的个性是怎样的 what does their personality seem like
你知道 还有他们与别人的互动 you know, how do they act toward others
那么今天我们将全力解决的问题是 and the question we are going to be wrestling with today is
基因型和表现型为什么会相似呢 how is it possible that the genotype and phenotype are similar?
又是为了哪些原因 and what are the reasons
实际上它们不可能绝对一样呢 why in fact that they might not be exactly the same?
让我们先从智力入手 Let's start by looking at intelligence
这要从20年前开始回顾 This is a review from about twenty years ago
20年来有过很多双胞胎的智力研究 there have been many studies, twin studies of intelligence
这些研究得出的数据是有相关性的 and what these numbers are, are correlations
不同研究得出的结论是基本持平的 kind of averaged across different studies
同卵双胞胎 that looked at, what's the correlation on
在智力得分上的相关性是什么 intelligence scores for identical twins
同卵双胞胎 指的是全部DNA百分之百相同 meaning one hundred percent DNA in common
异卵双胞胎 fraternal twins
意味着全部DNA只有百分之五十的相同 meaning fifty percent in common
所以这下边(同卵双胞胎)的基因相同度更高 so it gets more similar genetically going down here
那么这些各对的双胞胎之间 And so what is the correlation then
他们的智商相关性是什么呢 in IQ between these different pairs of kids
在相关性中你注意到什么了吗 So what do you notice about the correlation?
再说明下 相关性是 Again, correlation
1.0代表绝对相关 0代表无相关性 1.0 being a perfect correlation 0 being no correlation
这些结果都是正的 意味着一个孩子得分越高 these are all positive meaning the more
另一个孩子得分也越高 the higher the other kid is
那么从这些数字中你注意到什么了吗 so what do you notice about these numbers?
这些数字中我们首先注意到的一点是什么 What strikes you about these numbers?
请说 Yeah?
学生:这些数字都非常高 Student: They're all very high
教授:数字都很高 有意思 Prof: They're all very high. Interesting
好的 告诉我你的名字 Ok tell me your name?
学生:梅丽莎 Student: Melissa
教授:梅丽莎说它们都非常高 Prof: Melissa said they're all very high
那么 尽管相关性会带点欺骗性 so, although, the correlations are a little deceiving
因为相关性 because a correlation
0.34实际上代表的是0.34的平方 0.34 actually means that you like, multiply it by itself
算出来就是0.1 so that comes out to like, 0.1
所以这里的预测概率等于百分之十 so you say that like, ten percent of one thing predicts the other
所以如果只看相关性的话 so it's maybe not as strong
也许它并不像我们所认为的那么强 as you might think from just looking at the correlation
那这些数据说明什么呢 but yeah, so what would that say?
这两栏都很高 还是说 They're all pretty high on both sides of the columns, or...
学生:双胞胎的两种模式 异卵双生和同卵双生 Student: For both sets of twins, the fraternal and identical twins
双胞胎的数值都很高 they're both high for the twins
教授:噢 对了 Prof: Oh, right, ok
所以这上面的数值很高 so they're very high up here
学生:如果把它们乘起来 Student: If I were to multiply them together
它们都是很高的数字 they're both high numbers
教授:正确 Prof: Right
双胞胎无论是将他们分开抚养还是共同抚养 so twins are going to turn out being pretty similar
最后都会变成十分相似的个体 whether they're reared apart or reared together
那么你们还发现了什么 Ok, what else do you notice?
我想你刚说过 I thought you were saying is that
整栏下来 数字都非常高 they're all pretty high going down the whole column
如果那是对的话 and if that were true
那么如果你有无血缘关系的兄弟姐妹 so you have unrelated siblings
比如像被收养的小孩或者其他什么情形 meaning kind of like, adopted kids or whatever situation it is
某人照顾别人家的小孩 somebody taking care of somebody else's kids
一起抚养长大的小孩 reared together
即使他们没有相同的DNA you still see a correlation between those people
但仍然能在它们中间发现到相关性 对吧 even though they don't share any DNA, yeah?
相关性将会是0 The correlation is going to be zero
为了得到准确的答案 because, to do it right it
你得计算 you would do the correlation
你和整个世界上的任何一个人的相关性 between you and every other human being in the entire world
跟有的人要高些 So some are going to be higher
有的人要低些 some are going to be lower
最后 就像做清洗 you know, in the end, it's kind of a wash
如果采用这种方法的话 you know, that would be, to do it that way
最后实际上得出来的相关性是0 so it actually comes out to be a correlation of zero
那些进行双胞胎研究的科学家们 Well scientists, people who do these twin studies
推导出了一个计算公式 have come up with a formula to figure out exactly
公式可以拿这些数字为基础 推算出 how do you go from these numbers to figuring out exactly
其中基因因素所占的概率 like what the genetic contribution is
比如说应该观察哪些数字 这样的 which of the numbers you should look at
他们已经开发出了公式 在这里 and they've developed this formula here
是用同卵双生的相关性 which is the correlation of identical twins
减去异卵双生的相关性 minus the correlation of fraternal twins
这是一起抚养长大的 and this is reared together
所以假设共同抚养的同卵双生 So presumably if identical twins
DNA百分之百相同 have one hundred percent DNA in common reared together
共同抚养的异卵双生 DNA有百分之五十相同 fraternal twins have half DNA in common reared together
两种相关性的差 but then you multiply it by two
再乘以2 the difference between those two correlations
就是由这百分之五十的不相同的DNA造成的 is the difference of what does fifty percent DNA makes
因此我们看看 So we look at
0.86算出来为0.60 that's taking 0.86 with 0.60
求两者之差 subtracting those two
再乘以2 multiplying by two
就得出智力的遗传性是0.52 and then come up with 0.52 as the heritability of intelligence
至少这个研究中是这样 at least in this study
该研究之后的其他研究 In other studies since that one
后来人们对很多不同的研究做了评估 you know, they have reviewed a bunch of different studies
发现了共同点 find similar things
遗传相关性系数 anywhere from like, forty to sixty
一般都在0.40-0.60之间 in terms of heritability coefficient
所以人们提出 so people suggest that
就真实生活中 in terms of differences between people in intelligence
人的智力差异而言 as it is in the real world
大约有一半是由基因因素造成的 about half of that might be because of genetic contribution
那么基因是怎样起作用的呢 Well how does genetics work?
为什么是那样 怎样作用 Why is it that, how is it that
基因怎样得到表现并产生了这些不同呢 genetics unfolds to produce these similarities?
有人......有一个术语 我想让大家了解 Well one person... one term, I want you to know
定型化 Canalization
有人记得在课本中读到过吗 Does everyone remember reading about canalization in the book?
那就是一种关于基因影响表现型的 That's kind of the most extreme way
最极端的表现形式 that genetics can influence your phenotype
基因会直接影响某个特质的表现 which is, it like, directly influences the unfolding of that thing
无需任何环境输入影响 without any kind of environmental input
举个例子 就像是婴儿的咿呀学语 So people talk about, like, babbling in infants
某种程度上 某段时间内 even deaf infants babble
即使是耳聋的婴儿也会咿呀学语 in some degree, for some time
所以咿呀学语就是 so it seems that babbling is something that just
一种会自然发生的事情 kind of happens naturally
但是能用定型化来描述的人格 与成长因素 But that canalization describes a very limited amount of things
是相当有限的 in terms of our personalities and how we become
举个例子 比如我谈到过视力 Like I talked about with vision
即使视力在某种程度上也是由于环境刺激 even vision is contingent on some part of the environment
视力形成而决定的 stimulating the growth of that
一个名叫Gottesman的人 A guy names Gottesman
提出了名为遗传界限的观点 has developed this range of reaction idea
该观点很多人都探讨过 that a lot of people have talked about
很多心理学家都很喜欢它 and a lot of psychologists like
这个观点讲的是 遗传性会给表现型的表现 The idea is that genetics place a perimeter
设定一个参数 of what your phenotype will likely be
这不是百发百中的预测性 so you know, it's not predictive one to one
有人认为 如果说智力的遗传型低 but some argue with kind of a low genotype for intelligence
如果没有基因给予的可能性 so you know, does not have a genetic possibility
爱因斯坦 you know an Einstein
就不可能想出...... is not likely to reach it
基因其实是设了一个界限 You know, kind of sets a perimeter
给你的智力设了一个界限 within it you can become intelligent
从胡安·托尼和弗雷德的界限宽度中 What do you notice about the widths
你有发现什么吗？请讲 of the perimeters for Juan, Tony, and Freddie? Yeah
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:好的 对于胡安而言 Prof: Right, so there's more room
环境影响的空间更大 for the environment to have an influence on Juan
人们已经 事实上确实 And people have, there's actually been
从已经进行过的双胞胎的智力研究中 from twin studies of intelligence that have been done
确实还不曾得出这样的结论 it actually hasn't been found to be the case
虽然说很多心理学家仍然相信这个观点 even though a lot of psychologists still believe this idea
但是 智商得分更高的人群中 基因界限就更大 It hasn't been the case that the range of reaction
这样的结论 仍然未能得到证实 has necessarily been greater for higher scores on IQ
那么这在研究中怎样证实呢 And how would you test that in a study
基于刚谈到的双胞胎研究 how could you know the range of reaction based
该如何测量基因界限呢 on twin studies like we were just talking about?
大家能猜到研究者的做法吗 Can you think of how this person, a researcher, might do that?
做法是 The idea is that people
在这个例子中 高智商的人 in this case people with higher intelligence
和他们被分开抚养的孪生同胞之间 you know their co-twin reared apart
将会观察到更高的不一致 You're going to see greater discrepancy
即得分区间会更大 or greater width of scores
你知道 如果你的同卵双生同胞 and you know if you have a lower monozygotic twin
智商很低 lower intelligence
那么同卵双生子 that the co-twin
那个分开抚养的同卵双生子的智力范围就很有限 reared apart is going to see a more restricted range of intelligence
但那一点尚未被证实 Well that hasn't been found to be the case yet
因此尽管基因界限的观点 so, even though the range of reaction idea in general
被普遍接受 has been accepted
基因型能力越大 this idea that greater ability genotypically
基因界限越大的观点已经过时了 is related to greater range has been worn out
我也要说 I should say too that
我只讲下关于智力的两点 let me just say two things about intelligence
虽然说0.52这样数字 even though the number 0.52
有可能意味着 which might suggest
我们智商得分的一半都可以由基因型得到解释 that half of our intelligence scores can be understood by genotype
但第一 两周前我们已经讲过了 For one we talked about already two weeks ago
关于这些双胞胎研究 about how again these twin studies
不包括在野外抚养长大的孩子 don't include kids raised in the wild
以及类似的案例 and things like that
因此智力仍然是完全依赖于环境的 you know so intelligence is still totally dependent on the environment
如果同卵双生双胞胎里一个小孩 if a kid, a monozygotic twin
被分开 然后遗弃在树林里 was separated and then left out in the woods
那么他们的智力水平 you know their intelligence levels
事实上是无法测算的 they're going to be untestable in fact
无法计算他们的智商得分 you aren't going to be able to figure out their IQ score
因为他们没有语言或其他能力 because they aren't going to have the language or whatever
因此不能参加标准化智商测试 they aren't going to be able to take your standard IQ scores
因此这就告诉我们了基因 So this is telling us
在多大程度上影响了智力 how much do genes contribute to intelligence
但这是在环境的正常范围内 in sort of a normal range of environments
参与这些研究的小孩所居住的家庭的环境 in homes that kids live in that are involved in these studies
事实上 研究发现的 It's actually has been found that
情况是 and so the idea is that
环境变异越大 the greater the environmental variability is
双胞胎研究中 the smaller the contribution of genes
基因的作用表现出来的越小 is going to look like in these twin studies
那么例如 So for example
在美国 观察白人和黑人儿童的各种研究 in America, different studies looking at white and black children
和观察这些双胞胎的研究 and looking at these kind of twin studies
发现基因 find less of a genetic contribution
对黑人儿童智商的作用 to black children's IQ than
小于对白人儿童智商的作用 the white children's
那么根据我刚才说的 so why would that be the case
为什么是那样呢 based on what I just said?
实际上这个不同很有意义 In fact it's a pretty significant difference
对于白人儿童 for white children
一些研究发现遗传相关性系数是70 Some studies find a heritability coefficient of like seventy
而相比较 对于黑人儿童智商而言是20 versus say twenty for black children's intelligence
根据我刚才所讲的 为什么会出现这种情况呢 Why would that be the case based on what I just said?
请说 Yeah?
学生:可能是出生前照料 Student: It could be pre-natal care
但如果我能现在问 but I also have a question
我也有一个问题 if I can ask it now
这些数字都是什么 what's all those numbers?
教授:我们一会就进入你的第二个问题 Prof: Let's get to your question in a second
让我们首先来回答刚才的那个问题 Let's answer this first
出生前照料 Pre-natal care
有别的想法吗 Other thoughts?
请说 Yeah?
学生:(听不清) Student: (INAUDIBLE)
教授:对 确实是 Prof: Yeah, exactly
那就是 That's what I'm...
完全正确 yeah exactly
收入变数更大的情况下 the extent that there might be greater variability in levels of income
特别是变数的较低端 and especially lower ends of that variability
基因的作用会表现得更不显著 the genetic contribution is going to look less
学生:是不是就跟视频一样 Student: Well like, in the video
如果他们的心智没得到足够的刺激 if their minds weren't stimulated enough
那么他们的思维就不会生长 and their minds weren't stimulated to like grow
你知道那可能是......(听不清) you know that could be... (INAUDIBLE)
教授:是的 正确 Prof: Uh-huh, right
当然在美国 就黑人白人之间的 And there's certainly strong historical reasons
收入差异而言 why income is different between
当然是有很强的历史原因的 sad historical reasons in terms of in America
它影响了这些类型的研究的结果 which is influencing the results of these kind of studies
回到你的问题 Back to your question
你对这些数字有疑问 you had a question about the numbers?
学生:是的 你说过十分之一什么的 Student: yeah, you said something about one-tenth
我没有明白 I didn't get that
我总认为相关性是一种百分数这样的 I always thought that correlation was more like a percentage
你说过34什么的 you were saying that the 34 was
十分之一什么的 something about like a tenth
我总认为他就只是34 and I always thought it was just like 34
百分之34这样的 34 out of a hundred
教授:好的 那个数字是 Prof: Yeah, well that number is
是0.34的相关性 it's a correlation of 0.34
那不是指 that does not mean that like
一件事有三分之一的几率预测另一件事 a third of one thing is predicting the other thing
就陈述而言 可以说成是 in terms of making a statement like
一件事在多大程度上能解释...... how much does one thing account for...
再次申明当我说解释并不是指因果关系 and again when I say accounts for I'm not saying causes
我们以前说过的因果关系 like we talked about before
而是就数学上而言 but in terms of mathematically
那其中的相似性是多少 what is the similarity between that
他们取相关性的平方 They kind of take a correlation and square it
乘以自身 you know multiply it by itself
得出结论 to come up with this idea of
就是一件事是如何解释了另一件事这样的 how much of one thing accounts for the other
很棒的问题 Really a (INAUDIBLE) question
随着时间流逝 大家认为哪样更有意义 Which do you think means more over time?
环境还是基因 Environment or genes?
实际上据我们所致 某种程度上 Actually for what we know it seems that to some extent
随着时间流逝 基因的意义或许会更大 over time genes might mean more
当然随着时间流逝 它的意义绝对不会变小 and certainly don't mean less over time
但在讲那点之前 but before we talk about that some
让我给大家介绍三个不同的观点 Let me pose three different ideas to you
这是桑德拉·思卡尔女士 来自弗吉利亚大学 and this is the woman Sandra Scarr, over at the University of Virginia
她的观点是 为什么 talking about well how is it that
到目前为止 我们将基因和环境 so far we've been talking about genes and environment
看成两种完全彼此独立的事物 like they're two separate things totally
我们的确知道 基因能很大地影响环境因素 but we know that genes influence the environment greatly
她谈到了 基因影响环境的 And she talks about three different ways
三种不同方式 that genes influence the environment
第一种是被动型 The first being passively
什么是被动 比如小约翰尼十分擅长运动 so passive is well, little Johnny is really good at sports
当然那很合理 因为他的父母也擅长运动 and sure, that makes sense because his parents play
他们每周都出去打高尔夫球 打网球 they go out and play golf and tennis every weekend
他们总是积极的运动倡导者 they've always been strong sports advocates
当我们看到这个事实 Well what's wrong with just looking at that fact
然后说那就是小约翰尼擅长运动的原因 and saying oh that's why little Johnny
这是错的 is good at sports
因为他的父母 Well because those parents
传给了小约翰尼相同的基因 passed the same genes onto little Johnny
仅仅因为父母做运动 so just because they're playing sports
并不意味着小约翰尼也擅长运动 doesn't mean that's why Johnny's good at sports
可能还有一个因素 那就是共同的DNA it might be this third thing which is the common DNA
这就是基因-环境的被动相关性 and that's what passive genetic-environment interaction means
指的是得到表达 或影响表现型的 is that just the commonality of genes
基因与父母给孩子设置的成长环境 as opposed to the environment the parents set for the kid
是相同的 这么一种情形 that unfolds, or influences the phenotype
第二个 不好意思 Second, I'm sorry
唤起型 Evocatively
贯穿我们的一生的性情特点 Throughout life you know, our kind of, temperamental traits
和我们的其他胜利特征 and other things about us physically
很大程度上或者部分 that largely genetically determined
都是由基因决定的 or partially genetically determined
而一生中 他人对我们做出的反应也是不同的 people are going to react differently to us throughout life
你知道 如果一个人出生就一直爱笑 you know a person who is born smiling all the time
性情随和 爱笑 easy going temperament, quick to smile
相比较那些不喜欢笑的人 versus somebody who doesn't smile so easily
那些笑得更多的婴儿 Babies who smile more are going to
会从婴儿身边经过的每个人那里得到特定的回应 get certain reactions from everybody that passes that baby
不是说个别的回应 但是长年累月下来 you know not every single reaction but over weeks and months
他们得到以微笑回应会更多 they're going to get more smiles in return
也许这些回应的微笑帮助形成了他们的性格 and maybe the smiles in return are forming their personalities
例如更容易相信别人 such as they're trusting people more
更信赖别人 or they believe they can count on other people more
类似的 things like that
这就是唤起 他们从人们那里唤起了某种反应 So they're evoking, we evoke certain reactions from people
我肯定 大家都认识那种 I'm sure there's certain people you all know
你会排斥的人 that you just kind of avoid
因为他们有负面的个性 because they have kind of a negative personality
或类似的特征 or something like that
所以那种负面的个性 And so now that negative personality, you know
人们产生负面的个性 there's a lot of different reasons people
有很多不同的原因 develop negative personalities
但部分原因也许是由于性情容易发火 but to an extent that maybe a person has an irritable temperament
人们就会排斥那人 People might just avoid that person
那种排斥也许会更进一步塑造他们的个性 and that avoidance might shape their personality further
最后一点 主动型 And then finally actively
在某种程度上 我们选择了我们的环境 To some extent we choose our environment
现在想想 when we think about it
我们无法选择我们的父母 we don't choose our parents
但当我们进入学校我们会选择朋友 but when we get into school we choose friends
我们选择想要参与的活动 choose activities that we want to do
运动或者别的什么 sports of whatever
某种程度上 是我们自身 To some extent we ourselves
在选择我们所选择的环境 are choosing the environment that we pick
但是我们的基因 也在影响着我们的兴趣 except our genes are influencing our interests
比如运动啊 诸如此类的 such as sports and things like that
所以我们的基因影响着我们生活的环境 Our genes are influencing the environments we live in
那么这三点中的哪一点...... so which of these three things...
例如 so for example
一个比较外向的人或者一个比较内向的人 a more extroverted person, or a more introverted person
假设一个比较内向的人 let's say a more introverted person
与一个比较外向的人相比 versus a more extroverted person
他们都进入了高中 然后 gets into high school and now all of a sudden
大家都在参加派对 诸如此类的 people are going to parties and things like that
那么内向的那人也许会参加一下派对 Well the more introverted person might go to some parties
但也许没有外向那人去的派对多 but maybe not the same amount as the more extroverted
也许派对类型不同 maybe not the same kinds of parties
因为派对不会自然的就符合他们的性情所趋 because it's not going to naturally match with their disposition
然后 通过这种行为模式 and so by doing that you know
外向之人去的派对 the extrovert goes to a party
大家多少都会很活跃 爱讲话 and everyone is kind of bubbly and talking
这其实就是在塑造他的行为举止 there's kind of a modeling going on how to behave
所以因为这个原因他们会变得更外向 so they might become more extroverted because of that
现在我只展示 And right now I'm now just presenting
思卡尔关于基因影响环境的 Scarr's defined these three different ways
三种不同方式的定义 in which genes can influence the environment
这些只是一种概念化的分类 These are kind of more conceptual categories
而不只是说三种都绝对会影响 more than saying that all three of these are absolutely influencing
待会我们会讲到 which we're going to get to into a second
这些影响的范围 like to what extent do these
它只是关于基因影响环境的 It's just a way of thinking of different ways
三种不同的思维方式 genes might influence environment
但肯定的 But surely
实际上 我们会观看视频 看到每一种版本 and in fact we are going to watch a video about each version
特别是害羞的案例 and shyness in particular
这个案例很有意义 说明即使是害羞 that makes that a point about even though shyness maybe
害羞有很大的...... there's a large...
遗传相关系数 有一点是 One thing about heritability coefficients
即使是0.70或者更高 is even if it was seventy or something like that
那也并不意味着 它是无法改变的 that doesn't mean it can't change
它是一个数学的概念 it's a mathematical thing
用于解释人们之间的相似性 that is explaining similarities between people
如果我们来假设这里有三个数字 But if we pretend we had three numbers here
一 二 三 one, two, and three
然后我有三个数字 and then I had three numbers here
二 四 六 two, four, and six
这些数字实际上是那些数字的两倍 so these numbers are exactly double of these numbers
所以这些数字的相关性是1.0 so the correlation of those is a perfect 1.0
如果我进一步使这些数字加倍 well if I doubled these further to
四 六 八 four, six, and eight
第一栏和第三栏之间的相关性 the correlation between the first column and the third column
仍然是完美的1.0 still is a perfect 1.0
但是相对的 这些数字 But relatively these numbers have all gotten a lot bigger
要比第二栏的数字大很多 than the ones in the second column
所以想想看 so in terms of thinking about
它不是你要去测试的 and this is not something you are going to be tested on
你想想 遗传相关性系数意味着什么 you know thinking about what heritability coefficients mean
它指的是 这一栏分数之间的相似性 It's about the similarities in this column of scores
与那一栏分数的相似性 with the similarities in this column of scores
它并不能必然说明 And it doesn't necessarily say anything
任何这些数字的绝对水平 about the absolute level of what these scores are
数字完全可以更好 They could all get better
实际上关于被收养儿童的研究 In fact with studies of adopted children
关于收养行为是否能提高儿童智力的问题 the question of does adoption help intelligence of kids
实际上我们的确发现 in fact found exactly what they found
如果研究其相关性 was studies that if you look at the correlation
可能会具有某种欺骗性 they're kind of deceiving
这些在收养家庭生活了十年之后的被收养儿童 the adopted kid after like ten years of this adopted family
如果你观察被收养小孩的智商 If you look at the correlation between the kid's IQ
与生母智商之间的相关性 and the biological mom's IQ
跟儿童与养母的智商相关性做比较 versus the adoptive mom's IQ's
儿童与生母智商的相关性要高于 the correlation with the biological mom's IQ is higher
与养母智商的相关性 than the one with the adoptive mom's IQ
养母就是与儿童一起生活了十年的母亲 whom the mom has now been living with for ten years
然而 他们同时也发现 这些被收养的小孩 However, what they also found was that these adoptive kids
都是来自低收入家庭 raising from lower income families
被中等或高收入家庭领养的小孩 into middle or upper-income kids
实际上他们的智商分数是升高了 that in fact their intelligence scores went up
因此不是所有人的智商绝对水平 So the absolute level went for all of them
都提高了 or well, maybe not all of them
但是大部分的人智商升高了 but a large percentage of them
但如果你观察相关性 But if you look at the correlation
看起来它仍然有很强的相关性 that it still looks like there's a stronger correlation
与生物性有很强的相关性 well there is a stronger correlation with biology
因此仅仅因为存在基因的作用 So just because there's a genetic contribution
并不意味着它是不可改变的 doesn't mean it's not changeable
这三点中的哪一点 在儿童发展中各个阶段上 Which of these three things might mean the most difference
会意味着最大的差异呢 at different points in development?
婴儿阶段 儿童阶段 青少年阶段 Infancy childhood, adolescence
你认为 which you do think
哪一点在基因影响环境过程中 which one might mean more in this kind of processes
具有更大的意义呢 of how genes might influence the environment?
桑德拉·思卡尔的理论 Well Sandra Scarr's theory is
就是你们两位同学观点的综合 a combination of what the two of you said
它是主动型的 which is active
当然在你学会走路或会爬之前 Well before you can walk or crawl, certainly
你不能选择你的环境 you are not choosing much about your environment
当会爬时 你也许就能选择 when you crawl you can maybe choose
在哪个房间呆着或别的 one room or another
但像我给大家的例子一样 but like the example I gave
在高中 你会选择朋友 in high school you're choosing friends
初中 高中 middle school, high school
你会越来越多的选择朋友 you more and more choose friends
选择参与什么活动 choose activities
运动或者其他活动 and sports you know what ever
辩论社 棋社 debate club, chess club
用不同的事来消磨时间 different things to do with your time
将你自己置于特定的环境中 and putting yourself within a certain environment
你身边的人跟你的爱好都一样 With people who like the same things
所以随着时间流逝 主动性会增加 So that active might be more over time
而被动性则逐渐变小 you know with the passive going down in time
而唤起性则保持相对不变 with evocative staying relatively similar
因为你知道 because you know
如果你是爱笑之人 你将一生都是爱笑之人 if you're a smiler, you are going to be a smiler all you life
也许不是必然 但你会发现我所说的 Maybe not necessarily, but you see what I'm saying
某种程度上讲来 如果说你拥有一种个性 to the extent that you have a personality that is
一生中决定你为人的个性 a similarity to who you are over your life
那么你也许就在不停地唤起相似的回应 and you might be evoking the same kind of things
好的 这个观点实际上就是 Ok so the idea is actually
这些以后会变得越来越大的 the idea that these active influences
主动的影响 which become greater later on
实际上会影响我们所观察到的表现 actually influence why we see
实际上如果观察 in fact if you look at twin studies
双胞胎研究中的人的年龄 based on how old the people are in the studies
同卵双生的双胞胎 you know monozygotic twins
则遗传相关性的作用保持相同 the contribution of heritability remains the same
而且相当高 and it's extremely high
我没有具体数据 I don't have the overhead for that
而你们的基因不同点越多 but whereas the more dissimilar genetically you get
随着时间流逝 相关性就越低 the correlation goes down over time
因此人们把主动的基因-环境相关性视为 so that people think of as active gene-environment interaction
进入青春期时同等重要的 is kind of the cause to this increase
基因因素 for this same level of importance of genes
后来出现增长的原因 as you get into adolescence
不是说 最终等你到了80岁的时候 It's not that you eventually when you're eighty years old
你的个性完全就是基因塑造的 you know your personality is your genes
肯定不是全部的 It's certainly not that at all
没有人会那么认为 nobody suggests that
而是说 你做选择的机会越多 But that the more you get to choose things
你的自然的偏好 the more natural tendencies are influencing
生理偏好 your natural predispositions
这些自然倾向就越会 and biological tendencies
影响你 成为一个怎样的人 are influencing how you become
我们看一下那个视频...... So let's watch that video about...
关于羞怯有一个问题 Since there was a question about the shyness
希望今天能讲到 I want to be able to get to that
讲述者:新生儿并不是一张白纸 Narrator: So newborns are not blank slates
他们并不完全是无助的 and they're not completely helpless
实际上他们一来到这个世界 In fact they come into the world
就具备着学习思考和解决问题的能力 equipped to learn, think and solve problems
不仅仅那样 他们也同时 And not only that but they're also
具备引诱护理者照顾他们的魅力 equipped to charm their caretakers into caring for them
想想他们是多么的无助 Considering how helpless they are
养育小孩又是多么的困难 and how hard it is to raise children
如果人类的婴孩不是长得那么可爱的话 the human race might have died out a long time ago
人类大概会在很早之前就灭绝了 if human babies weren't trying to be so cute
一个婴儿咯咯的笑也许是 a babies smiling coo might be
所有生存机制中最有效的一种 the most effective survival mechanism of all
当然有些婴儿比别的婴儿更爱笑 Some babies of course smile more than others
这就把我们引入了每个婴儿 which brings us to another critical part of
最初成形的另一个关键点 each infant's primal make-up
一个超越了概念和认知能力的部分 One that goes beyond perceptual and cognitive abilities
那就是他或她的性情 and that's his or her temperament
有些婴儿更活泼积极 Some babies are excitable and active
而另一些则更安静被动 while others are calm and passive
确实是这样 与文化无关 This is true regardless of the culture
这些出生时展现出来的性情 是生理决定的 such temperaments exhibited at birth are biologically based
这种结构倾向性 they are constitutional tendencies
能影响孩子的个性 that can affect the child's personality
哈佛的心理学家杰罗姆·卡根 Harvard psychologist Jerome Kagan
一直都在研究怕羞跟胆大的小孩之间 has been studying inherited behavioral differences
行为模式上的不同 between timid and bold children
卡根和他的同事在闭路电视中 Kagan and his colleagues observed the children
观察这些儿童 on closed circuit television
卡根:我们的普遍观点是 Kagan: Our general view is this
有小部分比例的儿童 there's a small proportion of children
也许有百分之十到百分之十五 we think maybe 10 to 15 percent
但不会更高 but no more
生来本性就有一种倾向 are born with a slight push from nature
要么就十分外向 to be either very outgoing
比如视频里拿着鼓的那个孩子 the way that child with drum is
要么就是 具有一种恐惧 or with a slight bias to be fearful
警惕 忧郁 谨慎的轻度倾向 vigilant, apprehensive, cautious
尽管其他儿童也有别的变量 Although there are other children that are variables
而这有可能是 it may be that this is
哺乳动物中最显著的一种性情 the most salient temperamental quality in mammals
但那只是一种可能 that's just a possibility
儿童:(听不清) Child: (INAUDIBLE)
卡根:这两类不同性情的人 Kagan: So there's no fundamental difference in intellectual ability
智力上或能力上没有根本的不同 or abilities between the two types
我们没人相信教养决定一切论 None of us believes parenting fatalist
那就是说 that is to say
我们有很多例子 we have many cases of parents
如父母本来生了一个很谨慎的小孩 who nature gave them a cautious child
通过慢慢的引导 and through gentle handling
将他们的小孩介绍给别的小孩 introduction of their child to other peers
慢慢的说服了小孩 a gentle persuasion of the child to try to
克服了他们的恐惧 conquer their apprehensions
我们发现这些小孩变了 we have seen these children change
因此没必要下论断说 and therefore there's no need to say
仅仅因为这些小孩偶然 there's nothing I can do
在出生时具有向某方向发展的轻微倾向 just because their child happened
就下结论说 我们是无能为力的 to be born with a slight push in this direction
讲述者:因此生物性不决定命运 Narrator: So biology is not destiny
出生就很害羞不一定意味着一生都害羞 born shy doesn't necessarily mean a lifetime of shyness
随后的经历能使一些人克服他们的害羞 Later experiences can enable some to overcome their shyness
同时使另一些人变得害羞 while creating shyness in others
除了害羞 In addition to shyness the personality trait
个性特征中最易受遗传影响的 that shows the most genetic influence
是活动性 is activity level
再次说明 即使是基于生物性 Once again though biologically based
个性特征也是可以通过 this trait can be modified
学习训练和经历来修正的 by learning, training, and experience
动物研究则更好地让我们了解了这些特征 Research with animals tells us more about these traits
在这里美国国家心理卫生研究所的动物中心 Here at the National Institute of Mental Health's animal center
史提芬·苏奥米在研究 Stephen Suomi has been studying
生来就害羞的猴子的行为 the behavior of genetically shy monkeys
苏奥米:看来 害羞是遗传的 Soumi: It appears that shyness is inherited
每个个体基因是不同的 that is genetic differences between individuals
基因似乎决定了那只猴子会更害羞 likely determine which individual will be shy
那些害羞的猴子在出生不久 四处去探索 and those that have this characteristic to explore
例如在出生的两周或三周 within the first two or three weeks of life for example
我们就开始观察到 we begin to see differences
那些害羞的猴子和不害羞的猴子之间的不同 between a shy monkey and those that are not
因为那些不害羞的猴子会离开妈妈 because those that are not leave their mother
那些害羞的猴子躲在妈妈的背后 the shy ones stay back
并寻求妈妈的爱抚关怀 and seek their mother's contact for affection
我们已经成功地改变一些害羞的猴子的行为 we've been able to change the behavior of some our shy monkeys
通过让那些特别爱抚养的养母来抚养 by rearing them with unusually nurturing foster mothers
她们总是支持和保护幼仔 who are supportive and protective at all times
这些妈妈给了这些小猴子 These mothers giving these monkeys
一个牢固的支持网络 a good firm basis of support network
它们表现出很外向的举止 they show quite outgoing behavior
它们常常与相同年龄的猴子交流 they interact readily with their peers
在有些情况下 and in some cases they may
它们甚至变成社会群体的主宰 turn out to be the dominant members of their social group
但如果你移走这些个体的支持网络 But if you take away the support network of these individuals
它们的行为举止立刻会恢复害羞的样子 they revert right back to their shy behavior
简直就像打开或者关上开关那么快 it's almost as if you're turning a switch on and off
看起来猴子的羞怯 Looks like the basis of this shyness in monkeys
与人类的羞怯的案例 即使不能说完全一样 is very similar if not identical to the cases
也是十分相似的 of shyness in humans
我们是就表现出来的行为 We know this in terms of
以及行为在发展中出现的时间点 the types of behavior that are shown
得出这个结论的 and at what points of development
两者之间存在的平行性很强 there are strong parallels
我们知道就潜在的生理系统而言 We know it in terms of the underlying physiological systems
这些系统在我们的害羞的猴子身上得到证实 are the same physiologically as identified in our shy monkeys
也可以在害羞的人们身上发现 also can be found in shy humans
我们也相信这里边也有养育因素 We also believe that the nurturing is there
因为正如我们能修正人类的害羞行为一样 because just like you can modify shy behavior in humans
也能通过特定的经历 you can also modify it in monkeys
在猴子中修正这种行为 through certain types of experiences
讲述者:明显有证据 Narrator: There is also clear evidence
表明在认知能力例如语言能力上 that genetic influences are significant
基因的影响是很大的 in some cognitive abilities such as verbal skills
也包括类似随后的生活中出现的 and some kinds of psychopathologies
精神病理学特征 that surface later in life
教授:那么今天大家看到了 Prof: So today you saw that
害羞的确有包含基因的成分在里面 you know, shyness does have this genetic component to it
但它不是 but it's not
不可改变的 it's changeable
这还要取决生活环境的不同 Depending on life's circumstances
这些是已经有相关研究的一些个性特征 these are some of the personality traits that there's been studies of
以及界限 and some of the ranges
像我提到的活动水平 as they mentioned activity level
孩子们爱动的水平 how much kids move around
你知道 活动 东奔西跑 四处玩耍 或类似的事 you know move and kind of run around and play and things like that
最后 At the high end
就变得外向起来 extroversion
实际上胆怯与他们谈到的 actually fearfulness which is related to what their talking about here
被叫做行为抑制的因素有关 called behavioral inhibition
而与别的因素相关性相对较低 is actually relatively low compared to these other things
接下来是努力控制 这有点类似于 And then effortful control is kind of like
集中注意力的能力 can you pay attention
即使存在着分散注意力的刺激因素 even though there's distracting stimuli
你仍然能集中精力在你所关注的目标上 are you able to focus on the goal that you're going for