我们接着上次的地方讲 We're gonna pick up where we left off last time
不得不说上堂课我们有点空谈理论 I should just say we're a little bit...the lectures
因为上次课我们没有接触到任何实际问题 because we didn't really do anything the first time
我们的进度有点落后了 I've gotten behind the book
希望今天能把该讲的讲完 We've gotta finish this hopefully today
对儿童发展做一个小结 kind of making some overall point about child development
顺便提一下 Oh by the way let me just say too
有人提到Bob Provine some people have suggested
就是本校的一位心理学教授 in fact Bob Provine who's a professor here in psychology
我记得他有过这样的论断 I've heard him make this statement
到婴儿出生时 that half of development is over by the time
儿童发展进程早已完成了一半了 the child is born
这要真思考起来 是一个很大胆的论断 It's kind of a provocative statement
大家思考一下 But think about it
我们所了解到的是 某些胎儿 But what we read about is different exposures
暴露在不同刺激下 这些刺激在他们出生后 that some children are exposed that have that kind of impact
的确会起作用 functioning when they're born
产前期的重要性毋容置疑 It's certainly true that the pre-natal period is extremely important
还有基因 and that between genes
对我们成为什么样的人 起着决定作用的基因 You know what's in our genes in terms of how we're gonna become
还有胎儿在产前所接收到的 and the kind of environmental stressors
来自环境的压力因素 that some children receive pre-natally
有的发展其实还并未实际发生 that a lot of kind of development hasn't happened
但却已经被推向某个特定的方向了 But it's already kind of pushed in a certain direction
而且这个方向是很难逆转的 that's gonna to be difficult to reverse
所以不要低估了 So I think it's difficult to underestimate
产前期对儿童发展的重要性 the importance of the pre-natal period for development
在给来不及参加小考的同学们做小考之前 OK so we actually have not too long here to do stuff
我们能讲课的时间剩下的不多了 before we've gotta take a quiz for the people who couldn't take it
事实证明我的理解是对的 But I believe this is where I was right
父母对儿童的发展起着关键作用 Parents are critical
我们讨论过先天和基因的重要性 We had been talking about nature and genes that is important
你们也了解到了一些 and you read about that some
下周我们会继续这个话题 and we'll be talking about that next week
毫无疑问先天和基因某种程度上的确会 Certainly nature and genes do to some extent
推动我们形成 push us in certain directions
是外向或是内向的基本性格类型 to be extroverted or introverted
是否善于自我调节 自我控制等等 kind of good at self-regulating and calming down or not
但是同时我们也不能低估了 but at the same time and you don't want to underestimate that
对我们起作用的 it does seem to have an effect
尤其是环境和父母的影响 certainly the environment and parents in particular
是他们塑造了我们 are critical to who we are
心理学家Donald Harvey There's a phrase Donald Harvey as a psychologist
说过人类发展是100%先天因素影响 who says we're a hundred percent nature
和100%后天环境因素影响的结果 and a hundred percent environment
我可能说错了 In fact no I think
他说的是我们成长为什么样的人 he said we're a hundred percent genes
有100%的基因遗传 and a hundred percent environment
和100%的环境因素 in terms of how we come out
不是说加起来是200% well that doesn't add to 200 percent
否则就没有任何意义了 that doesn't exactly make sense
但这种说法是没错的 but it's true
正如我们了解的那样 这种说法 like we read about it's true in the extent
在某种程度上是正确的 that development and child development
儿童发展一方面完全取决于父母的基因 is fully dependent on our genes
另一方面也取决于 and fully dependent on the nurturing we receive
产前产后所接受到的后天培育 after we're born and pre-natally
但同时 基因的表达也完全依赖于 but also after all the expression of genes
孩子所接受到的 is fully dependent on
无论是来自产前的还是产后的 kind of stimulation that the child receives
外部刺激 pre-natally and post-natally
下面用几个例子来解释说明 and just a couple of examples to illustrate that
40年代 人们对在黑暗条件下饲养的黑猩猩 The chimps there was a study back in the 40s
做了一个研究 with chimps reared in the dark
视觉是每个人与生俱来来的感官 So sight is something that almost all people are born with
我们可能会想 作为一种先天遗传 So you know we might think of that as a genes or a nature thing
它的形成也依赖于我们所处的环境吗 you know is it dependent on the environment for us to have
当然了 大多数失明现象 Certain people who lose their sight
都是后天环境造成的 that would be dependent on the environment
生命之初的我们是否就有了视觉 but whether we have sight in the first place
你们可能会想当然的认为它是与生俱来的 you might think that well we all just have it
事实上如果把刚出生的黑猩猩在黑暗中养育一年 Well chimps raised in the dark for the first year
它们的视网膜会萎缩 看不见东西 they have like their retinas atrophy, and they cannot see
如果把它们关在黑暗的地方饲养 you can't compensate for that
所造成的后果是无法弥补的 if you raise them in the complete dark
因为道德伦理 You couldn't do this study now by the way
现在不能再做这样的实验了 because of ethics reasons
但当时他们这样做了 实验发现 but at the time they did this and what they found is that
视觉的发展依赖于一种被称为 the development of vision is dependent on what's called
正常期待的环境 an average expectable environment
眼球的视觉形成的 that the unfolding, of kind of the way
正常方式 the eyes are kind of supposed to form
取决于是否接收到来自于外部的光源刺激 depends on receiving some light stimulation from the outside
它们会刺激内在视觉神经生长 that stimulates the growth inside
我们每个人的视觉都是这样形成的 which happens for all of us
我们没有谁被关在山洞里 或不见光的地方 None of us were raised in a cave or in the dark
长达一年之久吧 for a month I mean a year
黑猩猩也是 他们本不是这种方式饲养的 Or chimps naturally wouldn't be raised in that way
如果把它们关在黑暗的地方一年 You know if they were raised in darkness
但是到第七个月上重新见光 but then received some light by seven months
可能还能补救 You could remediate these effects
否则的话 它们会终生失明 but otherwise they were blind for life
因为它们无法获得必要的刺激 Because they didn't get the stimulation they needed
有些你们能想到的 So even though something that you could think of
同时几乎也是我们都有的东西 as well as something that we mostly all have
即使这些 在某种程度上 you know even that is dependent
也都是依赖于环境的 to some extent on the environment
但是另一方面 and on the other side
大家知道 you know what's the difference between humans
人类和黑猩猩的区别在哪里吗 you know humans and chimps
我们和它们共享着百分之九十七的相同基因 share 97 percent something DNA together in common
我想说的是就基因而言我们极其相似 I mean we're extremely similar to chimps in terms of our genes
但是我们都知道我们和它们是大不一样的 but you know we think of ourselves as extremely different
但是我们有很多共同点 but you think of all the things we do in common
像是四肢 视觉 听力 limbs sight hearing things like that
就构造而言我们有很多共同点 There's a lot of commonality in terms of how we're built
想想我们 猩猩 跟岩石的差别 think of humans chimps and rocks
人类跟岩石之间的差别该用什么来解释呢 what explains the difference between humans and rocks
先天遗传还是后天影响 nature or nurture
先天因素明显的就是指基因遗传 Nature, obviously genes
所以我们一半是基因遗传 So we're a hundred percent genes
一半是后天环境影响的产物 and we're a hundred percent environment
在某种程度上可以这样讲 to some extent meaning it needs
这两种因素的完全结合造就了我们 It's the complete combination of the two that produces who we are
对大部分孩子来说 父母是最为关键的 Parents being the most critical environmental influence
后天影响因素 for most children
15岁的Miguel正在考虑是否要上大学 Fifteen-year-old Miguel is thinking about going to college
谁的话会更易于影响他的决定 Who is more likely to have an influence on this decision?
父母还是他的朋友 his parents or his friends
答案是他的父母 His parents yes
我把你们引向这个答案 I've set you up to say that answer
因为刚才我说了父母是起关键作用的 by saying that parents are critical
但是同辈朋友不断增加的影响也不容小觑 but we think of peers and friends as increasingly important
在整个初高中阶段 Through middle school high school
孩子可能都不会听父母的话 kids maybe are not listening to their parents
但事实上大多数孩子 But the truth is for most kids
在做大的人生规划决定时 for kind of big picture questions, life decisions
类似道德 宗教信仰的决定 the parents remain more influential
父母还是更具发言权和影响力 and when it comes to things like morality religion
像是音乐喜好 穿衣搭配 如何支配课余时间 You know friends are more influential on things like
在这些方面朋友的影响就多些了 music, style of dress, what you do with your free time
但总的来说孩子会和父母保持更多的关联 but now these kids will remain more related to their parents in general
这也不是绝对的 得因人而异 It's not true for everybody
但是在一些比较大的原则上的事情上 on kind of bigger pictures things
像你的个性培养和价值观取向 about who you are
父母是很关键的 and what you value
我记得自己高中时代的那些朋友 I mean when I think about that with my friends in high school
我乐于和他们泡在一起共享美好时光 I loved hanging out with them having a good time
但是有些朋友是毫无责任心可言的 but you know some of them they were just completely irresponsible
这不是重点 It wasn't an issue
他们是不是每个周二 都会旷工啊 什么的 I didn't care if they didn't show up for work that day
这我都不关心 every Tuesday or whatever
这无关紧要 我只是单纯的想和他们玩 it didn't matter to me I just wanted to hang out
这是说某个程度上 but at some level
也不是说我完全不关心他们啦 not like I'd ever really care
所以我不在乎他们的可靠性 So it wasn't an issue so
我只是想和他们泡在一起 I wanted to hang out with them
所以当涉及到类似价值取向这样的东西时 So it was like when it comes to values like that
你会和你的父母更为相似 you remain more similar to your parents
至于朋友的那些不同的影响 and you know friends different things influence
我们讲青春期时会讲到 We'll talk when we talk about adolescence
到时我们再逐一讲解 We'll talk more specifically about some of those things
很多方面 在美国成长的孩子更为艰难 In many ways it's become tougher to be a kid in America
我们读过 关于过去的三十年的材料 We read you read the thing on the last thirty years
对于美国的儿童 有积极的 也有消极的东西 how there are some positive and some negative things about
有改善的东西 things that have gotten better and things
也有恶化了的东西 that have gotten worse about in America for children
但是在很多方面 But there are many way
孩子在美国的成长比以前更艰难了 it's become tougher to be a kid in America
有社会的影响 有家庭的变故 influences in society , family changes in the family
我们对比了某些美国的情况 and certainly when we compare certain things
和其它国家的情况 about America versus other countries
我们看看下面这几个对比 and we'll look at a couple of these
可以看到 美国孩子 You'll see there are some kids in America
遭遇发展困境 or more high percentage of kids in America
或无法获取所需的培养 have a hard time kind of growing up
比例更高 or getting the nurturing that they need
在美国不到18岁 生活在单亲家庭的孩子 American kids under 18 who live in single parent homes
46年前只有9% nine percent 46 years ago
而现这个比例上升了三倍 and it's tripled since then
这里我要讲的 So and what I'm going to be talking about here
今天剩下的课时里接下来的这些幻灯片 for the next bunch of slides and the rest of today probably
都属于所谓的风险因素 are what's called risk factors
单亲家庭本身并没有什么不对 Single parent homes there's nothing wrong with them
从道德层面讲 on a kind of moral level
或者其它什么衡量尺度都没有什么不对 or whatever you want to call it
甚至在孩子发展层面上也不是绝对的不好 Or even necessarily on a child development level
但是它仍然被认为是一个风险因素 But it is still what's called a risk factor
单亲家庭意味着在某些情形下 Meaning it is something that can in some situations
无论是父亲还是母亲 都难以保障孩子发展 make it harder to provide what's needed for a kid to develop
所需的供给 as well as she or he can
单亲抚养还意味着 Meaning well single parenthood
我们待会会看下相关的开销 might mean and we'll see an overhead on this in a little bit
单亲抚养意味着家庭经济收入减少 might mean less income for the family
这让你可能无法提供孩子需要的一切 so maybe you can't provide for everything that
除非是一个健全的家庭 You otherwise could if there were two parents in the home
当然这一点也可以通过父母 of course that can be made up
或其他人的援助得到弥补 by support from parents or whatever
单亲抚养不尽然就是坏事 So again it's not necessarily a bad thing
但是它仍然被认为是一个风险因素 But it's still considered a risk factor
因为没有一个备份的支撑系统 because those back-up support systems aren't there
放学后谁来照看孩子谁来监护 or who's taking care of the kid after school, who's watching the kid
这让单亲父母感到力不从心 It can become more difficult
一些单亲父母要花大量时间精力 And some single parents have a hard time kind of
才能找到合适的保姆 figuring out a babysitter
或者说祖父母啊 姨妈叔叔啊 or maybe don't have available grandparents
没有合适的人选 aunts and uncles
来照看放学后的孩子 to kind of watch the kid after school
这样单亲家庭的孩子 so for some kids
至少对比其他孩子 得不到适当的监护 at least there's less kind of monitoring than for other kids
这张表很难看清 我读给你们听 kind of hard to read I'll read it out for you
未婚妇女生子的比例 live births to unmarried women as a percent of all live births
黄色显示 的是1960年的 蓝色的是1992年 So the yellow is 1960 the blue is 1992
可以看到美国儿童 So you can see America
和一堆 大多数是欧洲的同龄儿童相比 with a bunch of other mostly western European peers
未婚妈妈急剧上升 you can see births to unmarried women has increased greatly
达到了30% up to about 30 percent
到2000年大约是30% and the number in 2000 was around 30 percent
我还没见过比这个更高的比例了 I haven't seen a more recent one
我们的排名是第四 but you can that see we're fourth it looks like
在我们前面一名的是英国 or about tied third with the UK
这就是就未婚妈妈的数据 in terms of births to unmarried women
再强调一下 风险因素并不尽然就是不好的 Again a risk factor not necessarily bad
只是在某些情况下 But in some situations makes
单亲父母更难以保障孩子的成长所需 it more difficult to provide for the kid
就美国而言 related to that we also in America, I don't know if you know this
总的来说是这样 看一下在美国的女人们 but we do overall if you look at all the women in America
她们更易于再婚 离婚 we do more marrying and divorcing,
而两性再婚比例都更高 both more marrying
和西班牙 法国等 There's a higher percentage of women
这样的国家比起来 who ever get married in America
美国女性的结婚比例更高 compared to say Spain or France or something like that
但是在美国 离婚的女性 but there's also a higher percentage of women
也有一个更高的比例 who ever get divorced
所以在美国 婚姻协议的 so we are kind of going in
变动会比其它国家更寻常 and out of the marriage agreement more often
无论是结婚 还是离婚 both on the into and out of it side
这会导致更多的美国孩子 So and it leads to our children being in
在不同家庭中流转 and out of more kind of family constellations
谁来监护孩子 and who are the adults watching the kid
一个15岁的孩子有3个以上家长监护 Kids who by 15 live in three or more parental partnerships
90年代中期 大概就是十年前 mid 80s sorry mid 90s so about ten years ago
大概是15% that was about 15 percent
这里并不一定都是婚姻关系 Meaning this is not necessarily marriages
而是妈妈又交了一个新男朋友 but mom has a new boyfriend
类似这样的情况 or something like that
这样当孩子15岁时 so by the time of 15
孩子的父母关系多达三种不同类型的组合 So one in six that is about kids
这个比例是六分之一 have been three different kind of combinations of their parents
只有瑞典能跟我们相比 just one country to compare Sweden
所以美国这方面的水平是很高的 so we're high
1950年 有一个不到6岁的孩子的已婚妇女 In 1950 about 40 percent of married women
参加工作的比例是40% with a child under the age of six worked
对还是错 True or false
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
错 It's false
大概是13% 13 percent guesses for now
你们能清晰的看到 if you don't have the overhead in front of you
四分之三 three in four
妈妈工作不是坏事儿 Now again moms working is a great thing
但是它也仍然被考虑为风险因素 but it still is considered a risk factor
就一些妈妈或者说是某些家庭而言 in terms of for some moms, or for some families
这的确会引起更多的问题 it does lead to more questions
或更多的变动因素 or more inconsistencies
放学后谁来照看孩子 who's watching the kid after school
不幸的是 or unfortunately some of these
这74%中 包括单亲家庭的孩子 that 74 percent is because of single parenthood
妈妈不得不工作 where mom has to work
这就会导致我刚讲过 which can also cause like I was just saying a minute ago
家庭收入负担的加剧 increased stresses questions about how much money is there
面临着入不敷出的压力 to meet household needs
下面是参加学龄前教育的儿童人数增加 children in preschool has increased
这个 跟我们谈到的一些其他数据 I mean this kind of goes along with the other numbers
也是有关联的 We're talking about here
越来越多的妈妈要挣钱 more mothers women working
必然就意味着 is necessarily going to mean
越来越多的孩子被送到学龄前日托托儿所 more putting kids in day-care childcare preschool
事实上在瑞典 and it is true that in fact in like Sweden
孩子照顾的费用是国家负担的 where childcare is like nationalized
他们有一个相当好的体系 meaning they have a really good system for kids
美国这边也可以享受联邦政府津贴 over there the federal government subsidizes
我记不得具体的规定是什么了 So it goes down to I forget what the rules are
好像是1岁大的孩子有国家补贴 but even like first year of life you can get kids in childcare
有人做过一些研究 相关性研究 They've actually done studies, these are correlational studies
并不是实验性的研究 not experimental studies
孩子越早得到保育 but the earlier kids get into childcare
就有更多的指标 表示孩子的状况越好 the better they look on a lot of indicators
跟其他孩子的互动更好 Meaning getting along with other kids
尤其是学龄前的孩子 Especially if you think of preschool
大家知道 尤其是那种一个孩子的家庭 you know the kid especially if it's an only child
比起四岁了还呆在家里的孩子 being at home at four years of age
上幼稚园的孩子 versus being at preschool
会有更多的玩伴 跟其他孩子一起玩耍的时候 with a bunch of other kids there is a lot of learning that goes on
也造就了更多的学习机会 when you have to play with other kids
就社会能力领域而言 and so in terms of the social realm
比如与人相处 学会等待 like getting along well learning social skills
等社交技巧的习得 learning to kind of take turns
这就是为什么有必要 There's reasons
把孩子们送进幼稚园的原因 why going to preschool
如果有一个优质的学前教育 If it's a quality preschool
对孩子的发展就更好了 and a good preschool can be a good thing
在2000年大约有半数的在职美国妈妈们 In 2000 about half of American mothers who were working
生完孩子后不到3个月就又回来上班了 at the time of their newborn's birth returned to work within 3 months
对还是错 True or false
正确 是的 True. Sure, right
下面还有一个选项 对还是错 I think that's the next thing, true or false
美国通过国家产假政策的时间 the United States passed a national parental leave policy
要比大多数欧洲国家早 earlier than most western European countries?
错 False
就社会福利政策而言 US is pretty slow and considered
和其它很多欧洲国家相比 in terms of social policy is considered more conservative
美国行动是相当迟缓而保守的 than a lot of European countries .We were relatively slow
家庭医疗休假法案93年才通过 1993 the family medical leave act was passed
这里我是想凸显 and so you know I was just describing Sweden
瑞典的育儿体制 it's like childcare system
它对儿童的成长发育有一个良好的影响 which seems like it has a good impact on kids
美国似乎没照顾到这点 US is not considering that
要美国采取类似下面这种 and it would be relatively likely to be slow to
产假政策 adopt something like that
可能还要花相当长的时间 we're gonna talk about the parental leave policy
也就是说孩子出生后 that means that after the child is born
能够保证有多少产假 how much guaranteed time
让妈妈或者爸爸在家陪孩子 does the mom or dad have away from work
美国对这项政策的考量要比其它国家慢得多 and we were much slower than other countries to guarantee that
十年前才得以通过 Only about ten years ago was that passed
下面讲暴力 Violence although
尽管我们读过的那篇文章明确指出 that article we read said accurately that
美国青年暴力指数 indicators of violence is down for youth in America
在过去的30年下降了 in the last thirty years
但情况仍不容乐观 It is still the case
对比其它工业化国家而言 很多方面上 that America remains a more violent country
美国仍然是一个相对更加暴力的国家 In a lot of ways that other kind of industrialized nations
这张图做得真差 读起来真不容易 that's a terrible graphic, difficult to read
这里展示的是工业化国家的青少年中 and what it's saying is firearm-related deaths
枪支犯罪导致的死亡率 among children in industrialized countries
可以看到枪支犯罪引起的儿童死亡率 So you can see the US is at the top
美国位居榜首 in terms of percentage of kids dying from firearm related deaths
这仅仅是暴力指数之一 that is just one indicator of violence
现在情况好转了一些 So it's gotten better
但是和其它国家相比 But US compared to other countries
从很多角度 美国人仍然被视为是牛仔 It still is in a lot of ways, we're perceived as cowboys
是爱挑衅 好争斗的人 and kind of like rough and tumble kind of people, here in America
即使可能你们自己还没有意识到 Even though you probably don't feel like it
对还是错 True or false
半数的美国家庭都拥有一支枪支 Approximately half of American homes have a gun
对的 True right
在美国有着高水平的枪支携带率 high levels of guns in America
尽管存在所有这些我刚描述的 despite all these things you know
不断增长的风险因素 these increased risk factors I'm describing
大多数孩子还是 most kids persevere
锲而不舍的坚守着人性和精神 in the face of the human spirit
进化将我们塑造成了具弹性和适应力的人类 We're built evolutionarily as humans to be resilient
上次我们做过一个 and so in fact we read that's kind of the quiz question last time
关于生命初期阶段的小测试 about like early on in life
就是人体内的特定细胞 主要是干细胞 that you know certain cells, stem cells being the main one
可以代替 can replace
可以扮演其它不同功能细胞的角色 can kind of take the role of different functions of different cells
这些细胞可能是分布在身体某个特定部位 that were maybe intended to be specialized
起着特定作用的细胞 and be certain parts of the body
但是这里不仅是指心理学层面 but not just that kind of physiological level
果你想的话可以延伸到 on also on kind of an ego or self or soul level
如自我或者灵魂层面 if you want to call it that
人类孩子有着自然的适应能力 the human child is a resilient kind of person
当他们长大成人后 and it doesn't necessarily just become
并不是必然就会变成 the product of the negative influences on them
附加在他们身上的负面影响的产物 So when they later grow up
被虐待的孩子长大后 about what percentage of child abuse survivors
也会虐待他们自己的孩子的比例是 will become abusive towards their own children
就身体虐待而言是30% 30 percent in terms of like physical abuse
这里并不是Drew博士认为的那样 So it's not unlike you might hear Dr Drew say
你们可能听说过 that most people
大多数受虐者长大后自己就成了施虐者 who've been abused become abusers themselves
自然大多数人都认为虐待不好 that most people recognize that abuse is not a good thing
所以长大后 and don't necessarily repeat that behavior themselves
他们也不想再重蹈覆辙 when they get older
重点是 这是有相关性的 the point is and this is correlational
它并不能证明收入会导致差异 So it doesn't prove that income is causing the differences
经济收入 如果你的理论是 but it suggests that if your theory is that income
这也是很多心理学家所相信的 and this is how most psychologists think and believe
经济收入会影响儿童的发展 is that income influences the development of...
待会儿我会讲到这点 I mean so we're talking about this later
尽管智力测试听着像 but intelligence tests even though they sound like
它们测量的是孩子们与生俱来的一些东西 they're measuring something innate about the kid
但其实不是的 它们总是...... But they don't , they're always...
改善了 for children is better
美国儿童的贫困水平在20%和25%之间波动 But it's actually fluctuated between 20 and 25 percent
对比其它国家算高的了 so compared to other countries it's still very high
在过去30年里还有所好转 It has gotten better in the last thirty years
降到了20% down to around 20 percent
但这仍意味着在美国五个中有一个孩子 but meaning one in five of our children in America
是被认为生活在贫困家庭里的 are living in homes considered in poverty
跳过这点 skip over that
关于贫困有趣的一点是 This kind of interesting thing about poverty
公共住房政策 使得人们能够负担得起 public housing policies that have provided affordable housing
居住在高层公寓中的房租 这种政策通常会对 in large high-rise apartment buildings have generally lead to what
低收入家庭中的青年暴力有着什么样的影响 in youth violence among lower-income families
大型的公共住宅建筑群的 让住房 so building large complexes that made the housing
对一些家庭来说更具经济适用性了 more economically feasible for some families
这意味着可以腾出点钱来干其它的事儿 meaning more money slightly more money for other things
这会使得青年暴力怎么样 has lead to what it youth violence
增加 不变 还是减少 Increases, no change or decreases
猜一下 是增加 为什么是增加呢 Guesses? increases, increases why?
(听不清) (INAUDIBLE)
这个政策让低收入家庭聚在一起...... Yeah exactly, putting families together that have...
再次强调 低收入家庭并不一定就是坏事儿 and again not that low income families are bad certainly
但是事实的确是低收入家庭的孩子 but there are more higher percentage of kids in low income families
误入歧途的比例更高 that do become disruptive
其实有一种模型 and so then there's a kind of modelling that occurs
会发生在大型公共住房项目小区 in large public housing projects
就像芝加哥的Cabrini Green聚居区 like Cabrini Green out in Chicago the movie Candyman
电影Candyman有演过的 you say Candyman three times
你叫三声 Candyman 的名字 the Candyman shows up
杀手就会出现 was in Cabrini Green
在60年代末70年代初期 Well-intentioned like early later 60s early 70s
这本是一项政府善意的政策 well-intentioned idea governmental idea by
修建这些大型的便宜的公共住房 oh let's make these big complexes
让更多家庭都能支付得起房租 to make it even cheaper for families to live there
这是非常有意思的一种作为 you know so it's an interesting way
一项帮扶政策 and with the research kind of helping inform
本意很好的一个想法 you know well-intentioned people in terms of their ideas
结果却证明是好心办了坏事 the outcomes weren't as good as they had hoped
鉴于所有这些不良行为模型的出现 Because of all the modelling of bad behavior that occurred
自然人们就想着 So it's definitely become more the case that
要试着把低收入家庭摊开分散 trying to spread out little income
在城市周围建一些低收入家庭的小区 pockets of little income around the city
是更加有益的 is more beneficial
接着看...... Let's see...
可以看到美国的少女怀孕率 Yeah so you can see that our adolescent pregnancy rate
对比其它西欧国家的同龄青年要更高 is higher than other kind of western European peers
尽管出生率 这儿如果你们还记得 although the birth rate this was in the thing you read
读物上说的 if you remember
美国的出生率在过去30年有所下降 has been going down for America in the last thirty years
用黑色线标注的是少女妈妈的生育水平 with the black line the birth rate of teenage moms
但是这里还有一点值得提及的是 But what the thing doesn't talk about is that
少女未婚妈妈的 the percentage of those teens that are having the kids
百分比却是增加了 that are unmarried has increased
刚才我讲风险因素的时候也有讲过 So and again I was talking about risk factors last time
青少年怀孕 可能本不是太大的坏事儿 Teen pregnancy there's nothing wrong with that
我是说在大家都一窝蜂 I mean before everyone
上大学和研究生院之前 was going to college and grad school
现在在很多文化里 即使是在美国农村地区 you know and still in many cultures and even in America
也有很多早婚的孩子 more rural areas kids get married very young
可能在十几岁的年纪就结婚了 you know in their teens, late teens or whatever
这并不全然就是一件坏事 It's not necessarily a bad thing
但是如果你是一个怀了孕的青少年 but if you are a pregnant teen
然后还想进大学 and trying to go to school or trying to go to college
你的生活就很难兼顾了 then things can become more difficult to juggle
很多时候这会让你的生活雪上加霜 and in some cases it makes it more difficult
难以兼顾到孩子的正常需要 to kind of meet the needs of the child
我所讲的就是在这些情况里 So you know I've been talking about ways
在各种家庭里 因为各种家庭的变故 in which there's pressures that make it more difficult
在美国成长的儿童所面临的压力和困难 to be a kid in terms of family, and changes to the family in America
但是同时 but at the same time
我本不想这样悲观的 you know I don't want to be too negative
我们读过的这篇文章 I mean in that article we read
指出了一些很好的重点 you know raised I think a pretty lot of good points
美国儿童在过去30年里 positive and negative things
既有积极的 也有消极的东西 over the last thirty years
有改观的也有变得糟糕的情况 have gotten good or bad for children in America
但是美国仍然是一片充满机遇的领土 America still remains the land of opportunity
像是我们已经说过的经济机会 Economic opportunity and as we've talked about already
一点点的经济却意味深刻 a little bit economics means a lot
但是有时也是 but it is also kind of a place
会让儿童和人们容易迷失的地方 where sometimes kids and people get lost
对比其它国家 我们只有较少的社会支撑 meaning we don't have social support as much as other countries do
就像瑞典的日托育儿政策 talking about like Sweden and day-care
瑞典有这方面的国家规划 Sweden with this kind of national program
我们没有类似这样的好运 It's opportunities like that aren't there to kind of
国家帮助赡养孩子 for supporting our kids
而美国 仅是一个产假政策的通过都那么缓慢 talked about America was slower to develop a parental leave policy
不过这的确意味着 某些情况下 But so it does mean that in some cases
在美国长大的孩子 会有更高几率 higher percentage of kids in America
最后出现适应能力的问题 end up with what look like adjustment problems
的确也存在适应能力的问题 and there are adjustment problems
但是对大多数孩子而言 but for most kids
美国仍然是一个不错的成长打拼的地方 it remains a great place
成功的机遇 会领向经济上的成功 for opportunity success and economic success
这的确能缓解家庭生活的压力 does tend to lead to less stress in family life
这些都是孩子成长的有利因素 which is a good thing and good for kid's development