谢谢你 琳达 Thanks, Linda
下午好 and good afternoon
看来午餐进行得很令人激动 I gathered the things are very exciting here during lunch
很遗憾我错过了 Sorry I missed it
其实我和50多名志愿者见了面 but I was actually meeting with volunteers who some 50 strong
他们一直在帮忙 使这次讲座得以实现 who have been helping to make the conference possible
但由于各种原因 but for various reasons
他们无法到讲座的现场来 were not actually present in this hall during the conference
所以我们刚才找到机会聊了一会儿 so we had a chance to chat a bit
然后我给几本书签了名 and I signed a few books
然后我会给今天抽奖的幸运儿签名送书 And I'm gonna signed a few more for the winners of the lottery
我定下的参观西雅图的时间是2:40 And if you catch me in the way out
如果你们在此之前拦截到了我 before I get my promised tour of Seattle at 2:40
那我会很高兴的再给大家签几个名 I will be happy to write my name a few more times
我们基本还是按照计划来的 这是好事 We are actually a little bit on schedule, which is good
如果我们能在2:15结束 and if we finish by 2:15
我想肯定不会有人会抱怨的 I'm sure there won't be a single complaint level
是这样吗? Is it correct?
所有人都噤声 All shut
我首先还是讲讲你们昨天交上来的问题 I want again to begin with questions that we submitted yesterday
大多数问题都与多元智能有关 and most questions were about multiple intelligences
有一些问题则和ATLAS计划和理解有关 though there were a couple of ATLAS and a couple of understanding
所以我会试着回答这些问题 so I will attempt to respond to those questions
大约会花去我们5到10分钟的时间 that shall take about 5 or 10 minutes
然后我们再接着讲创造力和领袖学 Then we will go on to creativity and leadership
在座的一些人还有一些志愿者 Both...some of you who are in the audience and some of the volunteers
感兴趣的是 were interested in the fact
我们强调语言和逻辑在这个社会中的重要地位 that we emphasize language and logic so much in this society
我们确实这样强调 It's truly we do
在学校中 语言和逻辑确实非常重要 and it's true they are very important in school
我不会指责学校 And I certainly will not expulse school which gave short swift
过分强调发展学生语言和逻辑方面的智能 to the development of linguistic and logical intelligence
我认为 But I think there is...
在我们完全抛弃这种观点之前 before we so to speak cavern totally to that mentality
我们需要强调两个重要的问题 I think there are two very important points to stress
首先 当我们考察学校外的世界时 The first point is that once we look outside of the school
这个社会中有很多很多不同的角色 there are many many different roles in the society
这些角色都很重要 非常有价值 which are very important and which are quite valued
而且也不依赖于语言和逻辑智能 which don't particularly rely on those intelligences
如果我们说 学校表现得好 and it's very short-sighted to say just because doing well in school
主要取决于语言和逻辑 depends heavily on language and logic
那么离开学校之后要表现得很好 that doing well when one leaves school
也需要这两种智能 这种说法是短视的 depends upon those areas
语言和逻辑智能都很重要 They are important
但还有很多其他方面的智能 but many other intelligences
至少和人有关系的智能都非常的重要 not least the personal intelligences are very important
另一点要强调的是 Another point
如果你们学打牌 and this is a trickier card to play
这是一张很难打出去的牌 when one has to learn how to play the card appropriately
这就是 我们不应将学校视为手段 It is that schools should not be viewed solely in instrumental terms
我的意思是 尽管职业世界证明了 by which I mean even if it could be proved that for the world of work
有两种最重要的智能 there were two intelligences which are most important
比如 我们选两种讨人喜欢的智能 Let's to say, to be cute about it
音乐和空间感是职业世界 musical and spatial were the two most important intelligences
最重要的两种智能 for the world of work
但我也不认为我们应该放弃学习其他知识 I scarcely think that would justify abandoning the rest of knowledge
放弃其他智能 而只集中学习音乐和空间 the rest of intelligences and just focusing on musical and spatial
我们作为教育工作者应该尊重社区 We as educators should respect the community once
但我们也不应该让其他人来设置教育议程 but we shouldn't allow other people to set the agenda for education
关于什么对受过教育的人有意义 We need to have our own vision of
我们应该做到心中有数 what it means to be an educated person
例如 受过教育的人应该了解艺术 For example, an educated person should know about the arts
应该参与艺术 whether or not, and should participate in the arts
无论艺术是否是当前的课程重点 whether or not that happens to be an academic priority at the present time
相应的 By the same token
受过教育的人应该懂得民主和公民权 educated people need to understand democracy and citizenship
知道民主投票和承担责任 and voting and responsibility
尽管这些知识和找工作没有什么关系 even though those may have nothing to do with getting a job
如果我们不站出来说教育应该教会人们什么 If we don't stand up for what we think an educated person knows
而让商业领域 but leave only the business community
政治领域或金融领域的人 or the political community
来帮我们设立标准 or the finance community to set the standards
我们就放弃了我们的职责 we're really abandoning our responsibility
我们应该考虑到这些领域的需求 So respectful engagement with the goals of those communities
但不能放弃自身的责任 but not abdication
然后是幽默感和智能 Moving right along is humor and intelligence
最后面一排 Came up back seat
我不想只有最后一排看见了我的幽默 I just never want the top floors see the humor
幽默的座次 the humor floor
我认为幽默不是智能 No, I don't think humor is intelligence
我认为幽默感的培养 I think that having the sense of humor involves
需要用到某些专业域的逻辑智能和个人智能 using logical and personal intelligences on some domain
之所以幽默具有逻辑性 Logical in a sense
是因为幽默总是出现在某个特定的事件之中 that humor is always a play on the usual state of fairs
幽默又具有个人性 personal in the sense
因为无论是笑话也好 还是卡通画也好 that the joke or cartoon or whatever
人们必须理解它的含义 has to be one which people can understand
否则就只有你一个人觉得有趣 otherwise, you are the only person who thinks it's funny
我经常都有这样的遭遇 The experience I often have
所以幽默很重要 我非常看重这一智能 So humor is important and I value it
但我认为它不是一种孤立的智能 but I don't think it's a separate intelligence
不是的 No
人们经常问我如何解决社会面临的问题 People often ask me about the troubles of the society
多元智能是否可以解决这些问题 and whether multiple intelligences can cure them
答案当然是否定的 and the answer of course is "no"
我认为 I mean it's not multiple intelligences
并不是因为多元智能教育是一种有用的教育方法 may be a useful educational adjunct
而是诸如毒品 暴力和家庭破裂等社会问题 but issues like drugs and violence and broken homes
无法通过 are not things that are going to be cured
某一种教育方法得以解决 by any particular educational approach
多元智能也不例外 including multiple intelligences
人们经常会提一些非常具体的问题 There was a particular question that was raised about
例如 你会如何对待搞破坏的孩子? "What do you do about kids who are very disruptive?"
我们都知道这是很痛苦的 We all know how painful that is
非常的棘手 当你想做点成绩时 how searing it can be when you try to accomplish something
一两个孩子总是给你捣乱 and one or two kids can really make it very very difficult
多元智能教育无法解决这些问题 Multiple intelligences know it's not gonna solve that problem
但我要就这个问题指出三点 but perhaps there are three things that I have to say in the topic
首先 孩子捣乱 One is that, you know, kids are disruptive
因为捣乱是他们的生活目标 because that's their goal in life
他们捣乱 因为他们不高兴 They are disruptive because they are unhappy
他们不高兴 and they are unhappy
是因为人们不知道如何和他们相处 because people haven't known how to deal with them
要和他们相处 One of the things of dealing with them is
你必须知道 you have to understand developmentally, they might be very
他们可能生理上已经成熟 physically they might be very big
但心理上仍非常的年幼 but developmentally, they might be very young
我们必须采用他们能理解的恰当的方式 and they need to be approached in the ways
来接触他们 that are appropriate to their ways of understanding
这是个复杂的过程 which may be very sophisticated
第二点 还是那句话 Second point is that while again
多元智能教育不是万精油 multiple intelligences isn't a cure-all
有时候 一些孩子非常的调皮 sometimes, kids are very disruptive
但当他们发现了他们感兴趣的事之后 when they find something that interests them a lot
让他们参与进去将是一种非常积极的方式 engages them can be a very positive thing
我来到儿童博物馆 Again, I fall back in children's museums
我们经常看到一个我们习以为常的孩子 which often take a kid who we think of as one way and turns out
在那种氛围下变成了一个完全不一样的人 to be a very different kind of kid under that atmosphere
第三点 The third point is that
懂礼貌应该是孩子上学的前提条件 civility ought to be a prerequisite before going to school
我经常批评媒体和家长 I blame the media as much as I blame parents
是他们造成了我们生活的社会如此的不懂礼貌 for the singular uncivil society in which we live
但如果我是老师 But if I'm a teacher
学生来上学时不懂礼貌 and kids who come to school are not civil
教他们礼貌就是我的首要责任 that's gonna be my first responsibility
我给大家讲两个故事 I just tell you two anecdotes
在日本 幼儿园课间休息时 In Japan, when it comes to recess in kindergarten
没有人不排队 nobody goes out to the lines
大家都很安静 absolutely quiet and silent
孩子们学习了一个秋天和一个冬天 If it takes the entire fall and winter for kids to learn
他们都没有课间休息 they don't have recess
孩子非常的聪明 当他们课间休息时 Kids are pretty smart when they come and go out to recess
不守秩序的孩子 and the pressures that are put on kids
将面临非常大的压力 who are disruptive can be very very compelling
另一个是中心东部学校的故事 The second anecdote is the Central Part East
这是纽约市的一所非常著名的公立高中 which is a very well-known public high school in New York City
如果学校发生了暴力事件 If there is an act of violence in school
无论是生理暴力 口头暴力还是心理暴力 whether it's physical, verbal or psychological
每个人都必须到中心大厅里讨论这个事件 everybody comes to the central room and talk about it
因为暴力对整个社区来说就是毒药 because that violence is a poison in the whole community
虽然这个方法不是万能的 It's not a panacea
但我认为起码让每个人都感受到这是个严肃的事件 but I think it impresses everybody by how serious this is taken
这是我有关学生破坏性行为的认识 So these are just some thoughts that I have about disruptiveness
这是一个问题 but it's problem
无可避免 it's not gonna go away
不是学校的错 and it has not to do with schools
是由我们社会中破坏性的基调造成的 but with the whole destructive tone of much of our society
上一场讲座还提出了一个问题 One question which was raised
而且已经得到了很好的回答 and really has been answered very well in the last session
这就是如何将这次讲座中可触及的精神 That is, how to take the palpable energy of this conference
应用到你所在的学校社群中去 and to bring it back to your school community
今天早上我们已经提出了很多观点 Many many ideas were given this morning
特别是刚刚过去的15至20分钟 particularly in the last 15 or 20 minutes
我要指出两点 Let me just make two points
首先 我花了很多时间 One thing is I spent a lot of my time
你们应该正确认识我的工作 you need to take this in the right way
我花了很多时间来制造"兴奋点" trying to create provocations
"兴奋点"不是让人们烦恼的事件 "provocations" doesn't mean things that annoy people
而是引起人们关注 注意 it means things that you get to take notice, to pay attention
换一个看问题的角度的事件 to think differently about things
我在这里的一项工作是 A lot of what I try to do here
我和教师团队亲密合作 and a lot of what I try to do
我想弄清楚的一件事是 when I work more intimately with teacher groups is to think about
我的目标是什么 where I want to go
然后思考什么是最好的"兴奋点" and then to think what the best kind of provocation is
兴奋点可以来源于你的阅读活动 Provocation can be reading something
来源于你参观某所学校的经历 it can be visiting the school
可以来源于检查学生的功课 it can be looking at some student's work
可以来源于共同对会议进行评估 it can be setting up the collaborative assessment conference
就像我前几天谈到的那样 I talked about the other day
对一个社区有用的兴奋点 And the provocation which will work
不一定在另一个社区也有用 in one community won't work in another one
你所选择的兴奋点必须适应于背景环境 It has to be suitable to the context
但是我认为 but I think if you want to try to bring some of this energy
如果你打算把这种活力带给你所在的学校 to school where you are
那么你必须思考你应该制造什么样的兴奋点 you should think about what kind of attention focusing provocation
以及如何制造 that you can create and then how to build upon that
另外 如果你想和更广泛的工作建立联系 The other thing is that if you want to deal with the wider public
如果你想告诉学校外面的公众 if you want to educate people outside of schools
你在做什么 about what you are doing
那么你必须准备好案例 you need to be prepared to have examples
给他们讲故事 展示学生的功课 to tell stories, to show student work
向他们明示你的打算 to indicate what you are trying to achieve
当我和志愿者见面时 When I was meeting with volunteers
我们采用了角色扮演的方式 we actually did some role playing of
如何让一个非常愤怒的来到学校的家长 how to take a parent who is very angry coming in
变成一只温顺的小羊羔 and turn him/her to a lamb
我的方法是要收钱的 Now I charged money for that
我不会免费告诉你们怎么做 I'm not gonna tell you for free how to do it
开玩笑的 That was a joke
但角色扮演是一个不错的主意 But some role playing is not a bad idea
当一个家长抱怨孩子在学校里玩拼图时 When the parent complained the kid was doing puzzles in school
我们会问他有没有亲眼看到他们玩拼图 we ask them if they had actually seen the puzzle
他们是否知道是什么样的拼图 等等 and did they know what it was like, and so on
然后是对话 角色扮演 And then the conversation, the role play
我问家长 I asked the parent
你希望在学校看到些什么? "What else would you like to see happen in school?"
让家长产生一种融入感和参与感 and give the parent a sense of involvement and engagement
这就引发了一个问题 This leads to the question
即理解式教育 that was raised about education for understanding
他们说 提问者说 They said, the questioners said
你们不反对吗 "Wouldn't you have opposition to this
特别是从原教旨右翼的角度来说 particularly from the fundamentalist right, right wing."
你们知道我说的是什么 You know what I mean
我很高兴 我的大部分研究 I'm happy to say that most of my work has so far
已经没有再受到一些人的关注 escaped the attention of what we call
我们在坎布里奇称这些人为"疯子" in Cambridge "the crazies."
但对于泰德塞瑞来说 情况就不是这样了 But that's not true for people like Ted Cizer
很多对他的研究不感冒的人 whose work has been much criticized
对他进行了大肆批评 by people who are, made uncomfortable by
我谈到了"近右翼"和"远右翼" I introduced the distinction between
谈了两者之间的区别 what I call the near-right and the far-right
对于近右翼来说 For the near-right
我认为他们有同情心和耐心 I think they are the one who have a lot of sympathy and a lot of patience
他们会对他们工作的目标进行解释 and what really I ought to try to explain what one is trying to achieve
当我仔细倾听他们的顾虑时 When I listen very carefully to what the concerns are
我是有耐心的 愿意花时间 when I'm patient, spend time
愿意参与进去 involve and engage and so on
因为我认为很多人之所以被困扰 because I think many people are just troubled
原因正如我昨天所提到的那样 because as I said yesterday
因为他们不知道学校可以有所改变 they don't know the school can be different
他们应该看到这点 They need to see that, you know
没有人允许我们毁掉孩子 we are not allowed to destroy kids
我们应该帮助他们学习和理解 we ought to help them learn and understand
但还有一种我称之为"远右翼"的人 But there is something which I would call the far right
他们非常具有破坏性 which is really out to be destructive
不愿倾听 which has no desire to listen
因为别人的意见不在他们的政治议程当中 which is on its own political agenda
简单的说 我认为人们不应该对远右翼人士留情 To put it simply, I think one should show no mercy with the far-right
最后 人们应该找这些人对质 Ultimately, these people need to be confronted
如果他们是员工候选人 if they are staff candidates
那么他们应该将所有信息对外公开 they need to be blown out to the open
人们应该问他们钱从哪里来 and they need to be asked where the money comes from
他们想达成一个什么样的目标 and what they are trying to achieve
他们应该承担起相应的责任 and they need to be held accountable
就像我们在推行其他改革一样 just as those of us who are promoting other kinds of reforms
我们也应该交代我们从哪里得到的支持 should be prepared to say where we get our support
我们的奋斗方向是什么 目标是什么 and where we are trying to go and what our goals are
另一个问题是和ATLAS计划有关的 Ok, the only other questions have to do with ATLAS
问题很简单 One is very simple
如何才能找到有关ATLAS计划的更多信息 how do you find more about ATLAS
第一张幻灯片会告诉你们答案 the first slide will tell you
第二个问题是 The second question is
第二个问题实际来自于一位教科学的老师 it actually came from, I think from some science teachers
他说 我们愿意开展ATLAS计划 they said, "We'd like to do ATLAS
但要改变整个学校太难了 but we think it's too hard to change our schools
我们可不可以先在系里 在项目里做ATLAS计划呢 so could you do ATLAS within a department, within a program?"
我的回答是 and the answer is that any of the approaches
我所提到的很多方法都可以由教师个人完成 that I described could be done by teacher alone
或者由学校完成 or by a school within the school
或者是系上在没有学校参与的情况下完成 or by department without the school
但经验显示 要实现这点还是很难 but the experience shows it's very hard
要做到这点很难 It's very hard both
因为如果学校的其他部门没有传达同样的信息 because if the rest of the school isn't giving the same kind of message
那么学生就会感到无所适从 kids are confused
因为会出现很多倒退 还会出现很多冒进 because there is a lot of regression, and there's a lot of aggression
特别是如果孩子们想去上学 particularly if kids want to go to school
在学校里 within a school
其他人感到很愤怒和沮丧 other people get very angry and very upset
当我一开始研究ATLAS计划时 When I first began to work with ATLAS
我认为整个校区都应该有ATLAS计划 I thought ATLAS should exist without...throughout of district
如果你是在斯伯肯 So if you are in Spocan
你从一个学校到另一个学校 let's say, and you went from one school to another
你可以保留ATLAS计划 you could keep having ATLAS
但后来我改变了主意 but I really changed my mind about that
不是说我后面不会又改变主意 which doesn't mean I won't change my mind again
但我可以告诉你我这个星期的想法 but I tell you what I think this week
我认为在一定规模的社区里 What I think is any community which has a certain size
有5万或10万人口的社区里 which will certainly be a community of 50,000 or 100,000 population
应该有很多不同的路径 there ought to be a number of different pathways
不同的路径意味着 The different pathway means that
如果你去伊迪赫尔西 if you want to go to Edie Hersh
一种传统教育 a kind of traditional education
那么你应该可以选择 you ought to have an option
如果你要去泰德科学学校或接受更激进的教育 If you want to go to Ted Science or progressive education
那么你也可以选择 you ought to have that option
如果你要去上威尔学校 If you want to go to Will School
你也可以说因为你付得起学费 you should excuse the expression you can afford it
你应该可以选择 You ought to have that option
我认为学校中 I think that in fact a lot of the very tense
左派和右派之间发生的激烈且具有破坏性的冲突 and destructive fighting that occurs, let's say between the left and right
都是可以避免的 within a school, could be muted
前提是学校为不同的见解提供了相应的路径 if in fact, there was a school pathway for each of those approaches
所以我改变了观点 So that's a change in my mind
导致我改变观点的原因是 That comes about
这个国家具有强烈的多样性和多元化特质 because this country is so diverse and so pluralistic
我们无法建立一种一劳永逸的体制 that we would never find one best system
所以我们应该建立3个4个5个得体的体制 So may we ought to have 3 or 4 or 5 descent systems
以便人们进行选择 that people ought to have a choice
这不是投票给鹰派 This is not a vote in favor of vultures
鹰派对这个问题持怀疑态度 which have a very dim view of
我们是投票给一定规模的校区 but it is a vote in favor of within a district of some size
使这些校区的人们有更多的选择 there have been some choice
如果校区的规模太小 If the district is very small
那么情况就会变得很复杂 it becomes more complicated
因为可以选择的路径是有限的 because you can't have numerous pathways
在这些校区中只有一两所小学 There is only one elementary or two elementary
一所中学和一所高中 one middle and one high school
这时你只有自担风险 And then you really have to bite the bullet
不得不决定这个校区到底采取哪个体制 and decide what you want to have in that community
这就是 Ok, so those are my attempts
我对交上来的一些问题的回答 to answer a number of questions that were handed in
还有很多问题我现场没有回答 A lot of questions that I didn't answer will be ones
这些问题的答案要么可以在我的书中找到 that are either answered in my books
要么我也不知道答案 or that I don't have any answer to
所以我不想浪费大家的时间 So I, of course, don't want to waste your time
只有说"我不知道了" and say "I don't know."
下面我们将进入三场讲座的最后一场 Ok, we're now moving into the final of the three talks
也就是我受托在这个会议上演讲的主题 that I was commissioned to give at this conference
我一开始就谈到了 I have to say at the outset that
这对我而言是一次非凡的经历 this has been a very singular experience for me
因为我从未参加过 I have never been to a conference
针对多元智能教育的专题会议 which has been so focused on multiple intelligences
当人们谈起加德纳理论或加德纳观点时 I have been flattered
我感到非常的欣慰 when people talk about Gardener theories or Gardener ideas
但我认为有必要澄清一个事实 but I think it's very important to make it very clear
尽管从某种意义上来说 that even though in a certain sense
我在这个研究中扮演了核心角色 I am the focal point
但我在哈佛开展的大量研究还是集体的成果 that the most of the work I do at Harvard is collaborative
我要感谢那些和我共事的同事 I try to give credit to people who I work with
在我的很多著作中 and certainly in my writings
我的名字常常被列在作者栏的最后 I'm often the last author
不是第一作者 not the first author
很多手册和材料上根本没有我的名字 on pieces and handbooks and materials don't have my name on it
还要说明的是 我来到这里参加会议 It's also clear when I come to a place like this
我的同事不仅来自于坎布里奇 that my colleagues are not just in Cambridge
他们还来自华盛顿州 they are in places like Washington State
他们和其他人共事 and they are with people whose name
例如迪 琳达 布鲁斯和很多其他人 like Dee, Linda and Bruce and many others
所以这是个很大的集体 不是个人成果 So this is really much larger than any single individual
你们已经感受到多元智能不是加德纳的理论 and you can begin to feel that multiple intelligences is not Gardener's
任何人都可以将其应用到其思维和行为方式中去 but whoever wants to make it part of their own way of thinking and doing
星期四 我谈到了 On Thursday, I spoke about
实验室20世纪70和80年代的研究 the work of the 70s and early 80s from my lab
谈到了<心智的框架:多元智能理论> about Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences
昨天 也就是星期五 Yesterday, Friday
我谈到了80年代末90年代初的研究工作 I spoke about the work of late 80s and early 90s
<未受训练的心智>一书 the Unschooled Mind
理解力的教育 the education for understanding
今天 琳达已经在介绍中提到了 Today, as Linda said in introducing
我要讲的是我最近的研究 I'm gonna focus on very recent work
1993年出版的<创造性心智> Creating Mind, having been published in 1993
这是一本有关领袖学的新书 and a new work on leadership
我第一次在公开场合谈论这本书 which I have only begun to talk about publically
如果对我刚才提到的内容 If you want to have more information
你们想了解更多的信息 about any of the stuff I talked about
特别是想了解ATLAS计划 and particularly about the ATLAS
你们可以写信给我 you can write to me
机器终于可以用了 The technology is working
第一张幻灯片 焦距不对 The first slide, out of focus
但片子是对的 but it's the right slide
索尼娅 你在吗? Sonia, are you there?
能不能帮我 Can you
我看看能不能把这个调整好 let me see if I can do anything about this
好了 Ok, yah, good
你们需要测试一下视力 You need to have your eyes tested, so...
如果你们给"零号工程"写信 If you write to us at Project Zero
我们会给你们寄一些材料 we will send you something
我是认真的 I actually meant that
取决于你们要什么 It depends on what you asked for
如果不值钱 我们会免费给你们邮寄 and if it's inexpensive, we will send it for free
如果有一定的成本 我们会向你们收费 If it costs us something to make it, we charge for it
但都不是为了盈利 But we...none of it is for profit
收取的费用主要用于邮费和运送费 which is covered for postage and handling
向大家介绍一下零号工程 You might want to know about Project Zero
我们创立于27年前 We started 27 years ago
创始人是尼尔森古德曼 一位伟大的哲学家 by a very great philosopher named Nelson Goodman
他现在还健在 已经80多岁了 who is still alive in his late 80s
一开始 零号工程主要从事艺术教育 It began doing the work of in the area of arts education
我们的很多研究都是跟艺术有关的 and a lot of our work has been in arts
零号工程最早的两位研究助理 The two first research assistants on the program on Project Zero
是大卫帕金斯和我 were David Perkins and me
这是大卫帕金斯 This is David Perkins
在座的很多人都认识大卫 Many of you know David
他目前为一个关于教育领袖学的专栏写作 He's now writing a column in educational leadership
所以你们可以从专栏了解他的最新思想 so you can keep up in his latest thinking there
我们一起快乐工作了很长时间 We've worked together very comfortably for a long time
我们希望能继续快乐工作很长时间 and we expect to continue working together for a long time
一开始 零号工程的主要研究领域是艺术 The work in Project Zero was initially in the area of arts
但显然 后来关注的早已不再限于艺术领域 but clearly it has expanded beyond that
这是个有趣的现象 it's interesting
因为如果你研究艺术 because if you study the arts
很多人会认为你研究的是创造性 many people think you are studying creativity
这个词用在这里就很滑稽 If you think about how, oh that's a funny use of terms
因为有人虽然是艺术家 because just because somebody is artists
但却不具有创造性 it doesn't mean they are creative
唉 有那么多的艺术家根本没有任何的创造性 Alas, there are a lot of artists who are not creative at all
出于同样的原因 By the same token
商业人士 教育人士 many people who are in business, who are in education
从事医疗方面的人士却 who are in therapy, who are in...
我想这个问题可以从两个方面去看 I guess that could be taken in two ways
有创造性的人都在接受治疗 对吗 Everybody who is creative is in therapy, right?
或者我们希望如此 Or we wish they were
或者害怕如此 or are afraid of it
所以艺术和创造性并不是同一件事 So art and creativity are not the same thing
但大卫帕金斯确实创造性研究的专家 But Dave Perkins, in particular, is a great expert in creativity
他的专著<心智>一书 出版于1981年 His book, the Minds, best work, 1981
是创造性研究领域的一本巨作 is a really principal text in the area of creativity
我的书<艺术心智和大脑>出版于1982年 My book, Art Mind and Brain, 1982
副标题是"对创造性的认知性研究" is subtitled A Cognitive Approach to Creativity
所以尽管艺术和创造性不是同一回事 so even though art and creativity are not the same thing
但帕金斯和我对创造性都非常的感兴趣 both Perkins and I have P zeals, have been very interested in creativity
我曾经发布过多元智能理论 Once I promulgated the theory of multiple intelligences
还记得吗? Remember?
所谓智能 就是解决问题的能力 The intelligence is the ability to solve problems
或者至少在一种文化下赋予事物于价值的能力 or to make things that are valued in at least one culture
你们应该记得这点 You ought to remember that
这就是我对智能的定义 And once I actually is what the intelligences were
无声音 (No sound)
这里列出的例子是七种智能 This is the seven intelligences with examples
我们面临的问题是 The question arose
有没有创造性的智能? is there a creative intelligence?
有没有一种智能被称为"创造性智能"? Is there an intelligence called "creative intelligence"?
我可以不假思索的回答 "没有" I immediately knew the answer that was "No."
没有一种称为"创造性"的智能 there isn't an intelligence called creativity
如果智商测试成绩不好 If the intelligence tests are bad
那么创造性测试肯定不好 creativity tests are really bad
创造性测试考察的是 I mean the standard of creativity test is
你能想出"break"一词的多少种用法 how many uses you can come up for a "break"
我敢说 那种考试考得好的人 and I can conceive anybody who does well on that test
和我们社会中真正有创造力的人 has the slightest correlation with people
几乎搭不上边 who really do creative things in our society
可能他属于那种在鸡尾酒会上很八面玲珑的人 It might correlative with being able to be clever at the cocktail party
但这不是一个可以被忽视的目标 and that's not negligible goal
但是另一方面 but on the other hand
我的目标不是 my goal is not
要和鸡尾酒会上八面玲珑的人相处 to live in the side of people who are clever at cocktail parties
所以我认为没有第八种智能 So I knew that there wasn't an 8th intelligence
我认为创造性取决于具体的专业域 And I suspected that creativity was domain-specific
因为智能取决于某个具体的专业域 That is that just as intelligence is domain-specific
你可以在某个专业域展示你的智能 you can be an intelligence in one domain
在其他专业域则不行 but not in others
你可以在一个专业域显示出创造性 that you can be creative in one domain
但在其他专业域却不行 but not others
莫扎特是一个非常具有创造性的音乐家 I mean Mozart was the most creative musician
但如果他去从事科学研究 but if he become a scientist
没有理由相信他会成为一名有创造性的科学家 there is no reason to think he would have been a creative scientist
爱因斯坦是一位有创造性的科学家 Einstein was a creative scientist
但他的音乐却不那么有趣 but his music was quite uninteresting
他也拉小提琴 而且乐在其中 He played the violin, he enjoyed it
但听他拉琴的人却不这样认为 but not more than the people who had listen to him
所以我决定开始思考和研究创造性 So I decided to begin to think about creativity and try to study it
我一开始的假设是 I began to play with the notion that maybe
如果你在一个方面展示出智能 if you have an intelligence in an area
那么你可以选择展示你的创造性 then one of your options is to be creative
选择的意思是 你可以决定做一些新的事情 The option means that you may decide to try to do something new
具有原创性的事情 something original
你可以在某一方面显示出高度的智能 You can be highly intelligent in an area
当同时却没有创新的意愿 without having the desire to do anything new
很多具有很高智能的人都成为了某个方面的专家 Most people who are highly intelligent in an area are experts
他们是技师 They are technicians
可以把事情做得很出色 they do this stuff very well
但却对创新没有什么兴趣 but not really interested in doing things that are innovative
大卫帕金斯帮助我理解了一些问题 I think with Dave Perkins who helped me understand something
而且现在我已经接受了他的观点 which I now accept is true
也就是说 除非人们具有创造的意愿 namely, the people aren't creative
否则他们就没有创造性 unless they want to be
除非他们有很强的创新的动机 Unless there has to be very high motive
因为创新是一种非常危险的行为 That's because it's very dangerous risky kind of existence
很多想创新的人都以失败告终 and most people who wanted to create fail
他们可能很享受创新的过程 They may have a good time in the process
但要做到真正具有创造力却很难 but to be genuinely creative is very difficult
我记得在<心智>一书中讲了一个故事 I remember in Mind an anecdote
我研究了一位叫T.S.艾略特的诗人 one of the persons who I studied, T.S. Elliot
有一天他和一个他共进午餐 He was having lunch one day with somebody
这个人想巴结艾略特 he was trying to butter up
结果话题中提到的编辑出现了 Subject's editors came up
为了讨好艾略特 and in an effort to appreciate themselves with Elliot
这个人说 我们都知道编辑混得都很烂 this person said "We know, editors pooh
他们大多是失败的作家 Most of them just failed writers."
结果艾略特说 很多作家也很失败 Elliot said "Yes, so are most writers."
很多人在纽约发现了新事物 Any of us who sense staff in New York
但却被很快的拒绝 and got a rejection very quickly
要成为成功的有创造性的人真的很难 You know, it's hard to be a successful creator
总之 我决定研究生活在20世纪初的七个人 Anyway, I decide to study 7 people who lived around 1900
我之所以选择这一时间段 I deliberately picked the people from the same time
是因为这样我可以更好的对他们进行比较 because I wanted to be able to compare them with one another
如果他们生活在完全不同的时代 If they lived in very different times
那么我就无法做比较了 I wouldn't have been able to do that
同时他们都受到了西方文化的影响 Also they were all the people who were influenced by western culture
有些人是你们熟知的 Some of you know who they are
但我还是要向你们介绍他们 but I'm gonna show them to you anyway
这样你们就可以更好的了解我的研究对象 so you can see who I studied
我认为这些人创造了当代世界 These are all people who I believe created the modern era
他们和20世纪的其他人 They really are responsible along with other people
共同创造了我们所生活的这100年 for the century in which we live
这是爱因斯坦 This is Einstein whose views of time and space
他有关时空的观点改变了我们对物理现实的理解 changed our whole understanding of physical reality
我认为他的观点已经没有争议 I assume that's uncontroversial
这是毕加索 帕布罗毕加索 This is Picasso, Pablo Picasso
当代最重要的画家 probably the major painter of the modern era
他的立体感觉和特别的绘画方式 And his cubism and his particular style of representation
不仅对绘画艺术产生了不可比拟的影响 has had unequaled effect not only in painting
同时还影响了设计 广告艺术 but in design, commercial art
以及很多很多的图像艺术 and many many other graphic areas
我们现在要南希画一个毕加索 We have to ask Nancy to do a little Picasso for now
谢谢 Thank you
都是现场作画 That was unplanned
这是第三个创新者 This is the third creator
你们对他的模样可能并不熟悉 This person is probably less familiar to you by sight
这是斯特拉文斯基 This is Stravinsky
我认为 whose music was I think
他是20世纪最重要的严肃音乐家 the most important serious music in the 20th Century
你们认为比尔的音乐严不严肃? Do we want to call the Bills serious?
他们也很重要 They are pretty important too
但他们都是1900年之后的人了 but they were after 1900s
所以我没有研究他们 so I couldn't study them
很多人现在还在这里 Most of them are still around as I gather
斯特拉文斯基的"春之祭" But Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring
法语为Le Sacre du Printemps Le Sacre du Printemps
颠覆了整个当代音乐的定义 really changed the whole definition of contemporary music
这是艾略特 我刚才已经提到了 This is Elliot who I just mentioned
尽管很多人不喜欢艾略特 但我还是研究了他 I studied Elliot even though many people don't like him
我之所以研究艾略特 One of the reasons I studied Elliot is
其中一个原因是我认为他写于1923年的诗 because I think his poem The Wasteland, 1922, 23
<荒原>是现代的一个标识 is the signature of modern times
二战之后 So after the Second World War
对不起 是第一次世界大战之后 sorry, after the First World War
人们感觉一切都发生了改变 when people felt everything was different
他写了<荒原>这首诗 he wrote The Wasteland
这首诗就像是一个时代的定义 and it was like a definition of what the time was
所以这就是为什么我选择研究艾略特 So that's the reason for studying Elliot
我刚好也很喜欢他的诗 I also happen to like his poetry
这是玛莎葛兰姆 This is Martha Graham
她是现代舞蹈领域的 who was the equal of Elliot and Stravinsky and Picasso
艾略特 斯特拉文斯基和毕加索 but of course in the area of modern dance
玛莎葛兰姆开始跳舞时 当时还没有出现现代舞 There was no modern dance when Martha Graham began to dance
现在每个大学和每个国家都有了现代舞 Now every college and the country has dance too
如果没有玛莎葛兰姆 Many of them do dances which couldn't have been done
许多舞蹈演员就不可能跳现代舞了 without Martha Graham
我的孩子以为这是本 金斯利 Now, some of you know that my children think this Ben Kinsley
但他不是 but it's not
你们可能会问我为什么选择甘地 You might wonder why I would have Mahatma Gandhi
我确实认为即使他不是千年最重要的人物之一 I actually think he is one of the most important people of the century
也是20世纪最重要的人物之一 if of not the millennium
他创造了一种新的社会交往形式 He was a creator of a new form of social intercourse
人们可以在不杀死对方的前提下 of how people can confront one another about their differences
相互挑战对方的分歧 without killing one another
尽管每个人都有自己的诉求和目标 Even though people back to cries, had this goal
但甘地却创造了一种道德代数学 the particular algebra, the moral algebra
这是前所未有的壮举 that Gandhi worked out was unprecedented
我已经给大家看了六个人了 I've shown you six
到目前为止 还没有出现一位心理学家 So far, none of them was psychologists
所以我想我应该引进一位心理学家 So I figure out I have a psychologist
即使你们不是弗洛伊德的追随者 Even if you aren't a Freud fan
你们也认为他对心理学产生了最为重要的影响 you will probably agree he has the most important influence on psychology
不仅如此 他的研究还影响了文献研究 and even more so, on literary studies
以及其他的社会科学研究 and other social sciences
如果没有西格蒙德 弗洛伊德 Our whole notion of personality and motivation would be unthinkable
我们将无法想象人格和动机的研究 without Sigmund Freud
所以我在<创造力的心智>一书中 So the study I carried out in Creating Minds
主要研究了这7个人 was the study these seven people
每个人都有我所说的"突破" each of whom had what I call a "breakthrough"
所谓"突破"是指他们的创造性活动 A breakthrough was a time when they created something
改变了他们所研究或工作的专业域 which actually changed the domain in which they worked
这是非常困难的 That's a very hard thing to do
他们的工作改变了绘画 to do something that actually changes painting
诗歌 艺术 教育或数学的面貌 or poetry, or states craft or education or mathematics
改变一个专业域确实是一项成就 I mean it's really an achievement to change a domain
这7位人物都做到了这点 And that's what these seven people did
我如何认定创造性的要素? How do I define the element of creativity?
我认为具有创造力的个人 My definition of creative individual
这是一个临时性的定义 which is a provisional definition, as you will see...
无声音 (No sound)
如果你们和真正有创造力的人接触过 if you are ever gonna around a really creative person
你们就能明白我的意思 you will know what I mean
有创造力的人解决问题 People who are creative solve problems
创造新的事物 同时也提出新的问题 they make things, and they also raise new questions
至少爱因斯坦提出的新问题 The question Einstein raised were
和他给出的答案一样重要 at least as important as answers that he gave
弗洛伊德也是如此 It's the same with Freud
弗洛伊德说每个人都做梦 I mean Freud said everybody dreams
但梦有什么意义呢? but what do they mean?
爱因斯坦说我们已经对时间和空间习以为常 Einstein said, we take time and space for granted
但假如我们能够以光速运行 but let's say we are traveling as quickly as light
那么又有什么意义? what would that mean?
无声音 (No sound)
存在了一段时间 ...existed for a while
无论是软件编程 whether software programming
还是箭术 花样滑冰 or archery or figure skating
进行理论研究 还是召开会议 or doing numbers of theories or running meetings
任何需要一定程度的胜任能力 anything which is a level of competence
以及对人们进行评判的事物都是一个专业域 and which you can rate people is a domain
专业域并不是智能 A domain is not an intelligence
智能也不是专业域 and the intelligence is not a domain
尽管我感觉到在我的<心智的框架>一书中 Even though I sense that in writing Frames of Mind
我的论述比较含糊 my discussion was confused
而且给他人造成了很多麻烦 and it's caused me and others much trouble
智能是一种生物学和心理学上的潜能 Intelligences are bio-psychological potentials
如果我们对大脑和神经系统有了充分的了解 If we understood a lot of about brain and nerve system
我们就知道大脑和神经系统参与了 we would know that it evolved in order to be able to
以某种方式分析世界的活动 analyze the world in certain kinds of ways
也就是思考世界的方式 It's the way of thinking about the world
都是大脑的意识在负责 It's in the mind of brain
"专业域"指的是文化中的一系列实践活动 A domain is a set of practices in a culture
象棋是一个专业域 Chess is a domain
如果你生活在一个有象棋的专业域中 If you live in a domain where chess exists
你可以参加那个专业域 you can participate in that domain
如果你的大脑有一部分特别擅长下象棋 if you have the kind of mind brain that's good at the game of chess
那么你的象棋就会下得很好 you will be very smart in chess
有的人在象棋 箭术 绘画 People are regularly creative and not creative in chess
雕塑等专业域表现出或没有表现出创造性 archery, painting, sculpture and the likes
所以人们在某些专业域具有创造性 So people are creative in the domains
哪怕是达芬奇 Even Leonardo Da Vinci
他已经是文艺复兴时期的典型人物 who is our prototype of the Renaissance man or woman
在一些专业域都展示出了创造性 was creative in few domains
他在发明和绘画领域表现出创造性 He was creative in invention, in painting
而且精通解剖学 knew a lot about anatomy
但也有很多专业域是他不擅长的 But there are many domains in which he wasn't creative at all
大多数人只在一个专业域表现出创造力 Most people, if they are creative, are creative in one domain
这个定义的最后一部分令人鼓舞 但却是假象 The last part of the definition is deceptively comforting
是的 如果有人具有创造性 Yes, sure, if somebody is creative
他们一开始的行为都是奇怪的 what they initially do is strange
奇异的或反常的 or exotic or novel
但最后还是会被人们所接受 but eventually it has to be accepted
大多数有关创造性的定义都承认这点 In the sense that most definitions of creativity acknowledge this
原因的可靠性有待商榷 The reason is deceptively reassuring
因为如果你下一个定义 because actually if you conceive my definition
你必须承认一点 you conceding
就是你必须将创新内容告知他人 that judgments about creativity always need to be made
人们才能对创新做出判断 by informing other individuals
也就引出了"实地"的概念 or call in the meaning of "the field"
所谓"实地"就是裁判 The field, which is the judges
由他们来决定有没有创造性 decide what's creative and what's not
你想得越多 The more you think about that
你就会变得越愤怒 the more angry that should make you
我的所有学生都感到很愤怒 It makes all of my students angry
因为我们都相信 because we all would like to believe that
如果我们知道某人脑子里装的是什么 if we knew exactly what is locked in somebody's head
我们就知道他们具有多少创造力了 we could know how creative they were
或者如果有人真的感觉某人具有创造力 Or somebody really feels that he/she is creative
那么他/她就有创造力 then they are
如果你认为你的爱人或孩子有创造力 Or if you really think that your spouse or your child is creative
那么他们就是有创造力的 then they are
我的回答是 你不知道某个人是否有创造力 My answer is you just don't know whether somebody is creative
或者他的工作是否具有创造性 or somebody's work is creative
除非有相关专业能力的人来判断 unless you have a set of competent people look at it
教师就是有专业能力的人 The teachers are competent people
可能当时评判你成果的"实地"还不存在 They may not be a field for looking at your work
那么你就需要创造一个实地 and then you have to develop a field
我认为下面这个例子是没有意义的 It makes no sense to me to make
例如 说我画的卡通是全世界最具创造力的 say, my cartoons are the most creative in the world
但是看了你画的卡通的人不认为你画得好 if no people who look the cartoons think you are good
我唯一的选择是创造一群新的裁判 My only option is to create a new set of judges
一群喜欢我的卡通画的裁判 who are like my cartoons
不是那种给钱就夸我画得好的人 not just gonna pay them a lot of money for saying that they are good
所以这是有关创造力定义最难的地方 So that's the tricky part of the definition
必须有一个充分掌握了各种信息的实地 There has to be an informed field
才能对一项工作是否具有创造性进行评判 that makes judgments about creative work
我已经想清楚了这些问题 This all became much clear to me
我认为有关创造力的整个研究领域 and I think to the whole area of creativity studies
我要感谢我的好朋友兼同事查克斯马海 thanks to the work of my close friend and colleague Chics Mahey
也就是你们知道的"流动人" but known to you as the "flow man"
查克斯马海几年前说 Chics Mahey said several years ago
我们不应该问谁有创造力 或什么具有创造性 "We should ask not who is creative or what is creative
我们应该问创造力在哪里 we should ask where is creativity?"
他说这才是正确的问题 he said that's the right question
还记得吗 Remember creative people are people
有创造力的人是提出正确问题的人 who ask the right question
创造力在哪里? And the answer to the question "where is creativity"
这个问题的答案在三个独立的存在之间 is that it exists in the dialectic, in the triolog if you will
发生的互动之中 between three separate entities or notes
首先 第一种存在是个人 First of all, the individual
有其独立的心智和人格 with his or her mind brain and personality
其次 专业域 Second of all, the domain
即这个人所参与的得到文化认可的活动 the culturally approved activity in which that person is engaged
第三 实地 And three, the field
即对专业域中的成果进行评判的人们 the people who make judgments about products in that domain
创造力并不单独存在于某个个人 Creativity isn't in a person alone
并不单独存在于某个专业域或裁判 or in the domain alone, or in the judges alone
创造力存在于三者的互动 It's in the dynamics among them
为了便于讨论 So let's say for the sake of argument
比方说 我们都是画家 we are all painters
贫困潦倒的生活在纽约的某个地方 living and no money in lots in New York City
祝你好运 Good luck
我们的教育都来自于专业域 We are all being instructed by the domain
尽管我们讨厌当代绘画 even if we hate contemporary paintings
但我们别无选择 只能看着这些画 we have no choice but look at it
所有绘画都由前面的绘画决定 All paintings are determined by previous paintings
而不是由这个世界决定 not by the world
这是另一个话题了 That's a separate topic
但请记住我的话 but take my word for it
人们的学习活动就是学习这个专业域的过程 People learn by studying the domain
是专业域在教育人们 The domain instructs the individual
所有个人又需要得到实地的承认 All the individuals address the field
作为一名画家 as painters
你希望被艺术院校录取的学生 you want those admitted in the arts school
希望那些开美术馆的人 those who have galleries
购买作品的人 those who buy works
为报纸写评论的人 those who write criticism for the newspaper
你希望所有人都喜爱你的作品 you want those people to like your work
这件屋子坐着的500个人中 Of the 500 people of this room
可能只有7个人可以以绘画为生 there probably only 7 will make a living painting
而实地认为已经画得相当好的7个人当中 And of the 7 people who are picked out by the field as being good enough
只有一个人 南希玛格利斯 only one of them, Nancy Margulies
只有一个人能够真的改变这个专业域 only one of them is actually going to change the domain
毕加索改变了一个专业域 Picasso changed the domain
这意味着在毕加索之后 which means that after Picasso painted
后面的人开始研究一个全新的专业域 the next generations study a different domain
在艾略特写了诗之后 After Elliot wrote poetry
在爱因斯坦研究了物理学之后 after Einstein did physics
在葛兰姆跳了舞之后 after Graham danced
人们开始研究一个新的专业域 people were studying a new domain
所以我是这样看待创造性的 So that's my way of thinking about creativity
很多来自查克斯马海的分析结论 It relies heavily on Chics Mahey's analysis
以及我的<创造性心智>一书 and my book Creating Minds
我对智能 人格 I use this analysis, in terms of intelligences, personality
专业域和实地进行了分析 domain and field
目的是为了理解这7个人在20世纪早期 in order to understand the breakthroughs
所达到的突破性进展 which these seven people had earlier in the century
我对他们的传记进行了研究 My general approach was biographical
我对这七个人进行了非常仔细的研究 I studied the seven people very very intensively
特别研究了他们的突破 I studied particularly the time of the breakthrough
你们都看过了他们的照片 So you all saw the photographs of these people
当时他们都上了年纪 就像车模照相一样 when they were old and posed for cars, right?
这是他们年轻时候的照片 This is what they looked like when they were young
这是爱因斯坦 很可爱 对吗? This was Einstein, cutie, wasn't he
你们再看看毕加索 Wait until you see Picasso
这是毕加索 This is Picasso
现在你们明白为什么他能摆脱 Now you understand why he got away
被他摆脱的约束了吧 with what he got away with, right?
这是斯特拉文斯基 This is Stravinsky
他年轻是真的是个贵公子 He was actually a bon vivant as a young man
这是艾略特 他从哈佛学院毕业时的照片 This was Elliot, his graduating picture from Harvard College
大概同一时期 他写了首诗 He wrote the poem
"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" at about the same time
这是玛莎葛兰姆早期的舞蹈 叫"哀悼" This is an early dance, Lamentations, Martha Graham
这是芭芭拉摩根最出名的一幅肖像图 one of the famous Barbara Morgan portraits
这是甘地 This was Gandhi
他当时刚刚结束了在南非8年的生活 just about the time they developed satyagraha
即将回到印度展开"非暴力不合作运动" at the eve of his return to India from his eight years in South Africa
这是弗洛伊德刚刚创造了"无意识"时的照片 And this is Freud when he was working out his ideas about the unconscious
我现在来谈谈我的研究给了我哪些惊喜 Now I'm gonna talk about how I was surprised by my study
因为尽管预测是好事 because even though it's nice to have predictions
如果你预测对了 and if your predictions are correct
你会感觉很好 it makes you feel good
如果你对自己的发现感到吃惊 Actually you learn a lot more and you ultimately get more flow
那么你最终可以学到很多东西 if you are surprised by what you discovered
在我的研究过程中 我得到了很多惊喜 I had a lot of surprises in my study
我将向大家陈述这些惊喜 My description is gonna focus on a lot of surprises
第一个让我吃惊的是 The first surprise was that
他们年轻的时候有着相似的生活经历 they really had quite similar lives as young people
他们没有我曾经猜想过的那种生活 And they did not have a kind of lives as I suspected
他们都生于19世纪晚期 They all grew up in the latter part of the 19th Century
出生在小镇里 不是大城市 They were born in little towns, not in big cities
他们是小池塘里的大鱼 and they grew up as a big fish in the little pond
他们有一个温馨的家庭 但却都不富裕 They had intact families who were comfortable but not wealthy
他们的父母爱他们 Their parents loved them
但他们的爱着眼于他们的功课 but love was focused on their work
他们都是非常有纪律的年轻人 and they all became very disciplined young folks
他们是中产阶级 They were very bourgeois
他们的父母具有中产阶级的气质 Their families were very bourgeois
他们也养成了中产阶级的气质 and they were very bourgeois
有些人认为创造力意味着 For those of us who think creativity means
你生长在一个疯人院里 you came from madhouse
这种看法总体上来说是错误的 by and large it's not true
你来自于纪律非常严明的家庭 you come from a house where there was a lot of discipline
尽管家长并不十分关注 Though the parents didn't care that much
孩子们具体在做什么 with one exception exactly what the children did
但他们都希望孩子能够踏实的工作 but they wanted them to be steady workers
通常这些孩子都爱他们的保姆 Often these kids loved their nannies
对他们的看守人的爱胜过了对父母的爱 or the governance more than their did their parents
这显然是当时特有的现象 That's clearly a time related kind of things
等他们到了18岁 When they were about 18
他们都离开了家来到了大城市 they all left home and went to the big cities
大城市就像磁铁一样的吸引着他们 almost this was magnetized
不仅如此 当他们来到大城市之后 Moreover, once in the big city
尽管他们孑然一身 even if they were kind of lonely kids
但他们找到了和他们一样的人 they found other people like them
他们结识了其他年轻的画家 They smoked out the other young painters
年轻的作家和年轻的科学家 the other young writers, the other young scientists
就像动物发现了同类一样 It was sort of like animals sniffing out conspecifics
他们花了10年的时间才把握了一个专业域 It took them ten years to master the domain
没有人可以在10年之内做到 Nobody did less than ten years
然后又花了10年时间才有了突破 And it often took another decade for a breakthrough
所以要有突破 就需要花费20年的时间 So the breakthrough could take 20 years
这是个很长的时间 It's a long time
周末的研讨会是不可能实现的 can't do in a weekend in a workshop
不管别人怎么告诉你 no matter what they tell you
在他们即将取得突破性进展时 As they moved towards their breakthrough
他们变得越来越封闭 they became more and more isolated
他们开始使用前人从未使用过的符号和方法 They were using symbols and ways that nobody had ever used before
创造了一个新的符号体系 They were creating new symbol systems
这是个激动人心 同事又让人畏惧的经历 It's very exciting, very frightening experience
如果你开始观察这个世界 If you begin to see the world
无论南希正在画什么 I mean whatever Nancy is drawing
人们通过过去的镜头看见了他们从未见过的东西 through a lens, nobody had seen it before
这是非常令人鼓舞的 It's a very bracing kind of thing
在他们最孤独的时候 At the time when they were the most alone
他们需要别人的支持 they needed to have support from other people
否则他们将会崩溃 otherwise they would have a breakdown
一些人也确实崩溃了 and a number of them actually had breakdowns
所以突破和崩溃是紧密联系的 So breakthroughs and breakdowns are closely linked
即使在你非常孤立无援的时候 Even when you are very isolated
特别是在你封闭的时候 especially when you are very isolated
你需要别人的支持 you need support from other people
然后他们就能继续取得突破 They continued to have breakthroughs
没有人在遇到第一个困难是就停下脚步 None of them stopped that for the first one
他们继续向前推进 They pushed themselves
最后在我看来 and towards the end to one of my points
他们成为了非常难于相处的人 They became very difficult people
所以尽管我刚才提到的 So even though, not everything I just said applies
不一定完全适用于这七个人中的每一个人 in equal measure to all of my seven people
但我给大家展示的他们的面貌 the portrait which I have just given you
也就是我所称为的"榜样式的创造者" what I call EC for Exemplary Creator
却准确显示了他们的真实情况 is surprisingly robust portrait
至少适用于1900年前后 It at least applies to highly creative people
西方世界中出现的具有高度创造力的人 in the western world around the year 1900
我想在要谈谈我们的其他研究结论 What I want to do now is to talk about some other findings
也就是查克斯马海的三角形 which I'm gonna do in terms of Chics Mahey's triangle
个人指的是有天分的个体的人 The individual as a person, an individual talent
然后是专业域 然后是实地 then domain, and then field
你们可能认为 如果我有没有提到 You probably suspected if I didn't mention it to you
选择这些人 that each of the people was selected
是因为他们都是具有某种特殊智能的榜样 because he/she was supposed both to exemplify a particular intelligence
爱因斯坦 逻辑数学智能 Einstein, logical mathematical
毕加索 空间感 Picasso, spatial
斯特拉文斯基 音乐 Stravinsky, musical
艾略特 语言 Elliot, verbal and linguistic
葛兰姆 身体协调 Graham, bodily static
甘地 人际交往 Gandhi, interpersonal
弗洛伊德 内心传播 Freud, intrapersonal
然后 However,
他们每个人至少具有一项智能 it turns out each of them were strong in more than one intelligence
在那个专业域很难看到他们的那种智能 And it was probably as much, sometimes unusual for that domain
而这种智能正是他们创新的源泉 set of intelligences, which was the source of their...
无声音 (No sound)
弗洛伊德向他的父母抱怨 Freud complained to his parents
说钢琴声让他心烦 that the piano disturbed him
结果呢? Guess what?
他的父母拿走了钢琴 The parents got rid of the piano
有人问我为什么我选择的七个人当中 When people ask why of my seven people
六个人都是男性 six of them men
答案是 当时 the answer is that most of the people
具有很高创造力的人都是男性 who are highly creative of that time were men
主要的原因 and the major reason
从我对专业域的观察来看 at least in the domains I looked at
之所以大多数是男性 the reason that they were was
是因为资源都集中到了男性身上 because the resources were devoted primarily to the man
我认为这种情况正在发生变化 I think it's changing
但变化的速度很慢 but changing slowly
上个星期纽约时报上有一篇很有趣的文章 There was a very interesting article in New York Times last week
文章说儿科医生马医生是个音乐天才 about Dr. Ma, a pediatrician, who was a prodigy in music
结果后来他的兄弟优优开始学习音乐了 until her brother Yoyo came along
结果她就去当儿科医生了 That's why she is a pediatrician
她的父亲是一位很好的音乐老师 The father was pushing, father was a very good music teacher
父亲决定把所有的资源投入到优优身上 and decided to really invest all of the energy in Yoyo
而不是姐姐身上 not his sister
所有具有很多智能是一件好事 So it's great to have a lot of intelligence
但如果你的家人打算把所有资源都投在你身上 but it is also great if your family decides
那也是好事 to put all of its resources in you
另外一个让我吃惊的事实是 Another thing which surprised me is
我称之为"十年法则" what I came to call the "Ten-Year Law"
在我的研究领域 It was well-known in my fields
我们都知道要掌握一个专业域 你需要花10年的时间 that it takes about 10 years to master a domain
你想想你擅长什么 If you think about anything that you are good at
那么你要花上10年的时间 you can figure out it took you about 10 years
才能成为一名优秀的作家 if you are a good writer
一名优秀的演讲家 优秀的教师 or good speaker, good teacher
优秀的技师和优秀的管理者 good technician, good administrator
你的成就不能一蹴而就 You don't get to be right away
但我们没有预料到的是 What was not expected was
要做出突破性的成就还需要再花10年时间 that it takes about 10 years for subsequent breakthroughs
如果你有很高的创造力 If you are highly creative
那么你会努力做出突破 you push for further breakthroughs
但却不一定总是成果 not always successfully
为什么实现突破需要10年时间 Why breakthroughs take 10 years is a fascinating question
我对这个问题还没有答案 to which I do not know the answer
可能重新组织你的思维模式 It might have something to do with
就需要这么长的时间吧 what it takes to reorganize your own brain mind
同时也和受众 But it might equally have to do with
需要多长时间接受创新有关 how many changes the audience can take
受众可能需要10年才能接受一项重大突破 The audience may only be able to take a major breakthrough every ten years
所以大多数突破都被我们放进了抽屉 in which case we have more of them just sort of put them in the drawer
我有个朋友在听了我的分析后 Actually I have a friend who got rather upset
感到非常的沮丧 when he heard my analysis
因为他现在每五年就会有一个突破 because now he have breakthroughs every five years
我很快想到他是和他的妻子一道工作 So I thought quickly he works with his wife
所以我说 因为你和汉娜一起工作 I said "I know why, because you and Hannah work together
所以你们每个人都花了5年才有突破 and it takes each of you five years."
这张图显示了十年法则 This is to show you the Ten-Year rule
对每个人都适用 applied to everybody
我没有时间详细讲这个内容 but I know there's no way of running through this
如果你们想了解更多情况 but chart exist in Creating Minds
<创造性心智>一书中有这张演示图 if you want to study it
无声音 (No sound)
他们愿意推崇他们的成果 ...who was willing to advocate his work
如果没有他人的支持 but absent from that
那么这些人就必须自我推销 these people have to be self-promoters
爱因斯坦在自我推销方面的表现一般 Range from Einstein, he was sort of ordinary degree self-promoter
而弗洛伊德和甘地 to people like Freud and Gandhi
似乎花了相对来说更多的时间 who seemed to have spent in comparison larger amount of time
用于推销自己 promoting themselves
我认为不是因为他们更自负 not I think for personal ego
而是因为他们想让更多的人了解他们的工作 as much as they wanted their work to be known
自我推销的重要性大得让我吃惊 I was surprised by how important self-promotion is
只有自我推销似乎是不够的 It's probably not sufficient
但却是必要的 but I think it's necessary
麦当娜可以告诉你事情会越变越糟 and things only got worse as Madonna could tell you
下面要谈到最让人难过的一部分研究发现 This is one of the less happy discoveries
即这些人都不是很好相处的人 was these people are not nice people
无声音 (No sound)
媒体的评价 Comments from the press
毕加索就是个混蛋 Picasso was a really bastard
他们有的人不被别人认同 有的人甚至是残暴 People sort of enraged from disregard to really being cruel
一年前我在英国发表演讲 When I talked about this in England a year ago
当时报纸上有一个标题是 they had a headline in newspaper
"像爱因斯坦一样不友善的天才" saying "Genius Equals Einstein Minus Niceness"
我有时很愤怒 为什么这些人如此的不友善 I used to be very angry these people for being such not nice people
我同情他们是因为我理解他们 I think I have some sympathy for them in the sense of understanding
但却不认同他们的做法 though not approval
我认为他们生活在风口浪尖 that I think to sort of living the edge
然后看到的都是常人没有看到过的东西 and to be looking at things that no one's ever looked before
他们已经生成了一种固定的处事原则 and have developed a kind of fix scheme
他们必须能够忍受批评 you need to withstand criticism
他们没有多余的精力去回电话 it doesn't give you a lot of excess energy to return phone calls
或者对自己无法忍受的人和颜悦色 就是这样 and be nice to relatives who you can't stand and things like that
我对负面传记不感兴趣 I was not interested in pathography
也就是关注负面信息的那种人物传记 which is a biography that focuses on the negative
很多人喜欢 我不喜欢 there's plenty of that without me
但我注意到 自<创造性心智>出版以来 but I couldn't help noticing that since Creating Mind was published
出现了两本真正的负面传记 two genuine pathographies have appeared
这本书的书名叫做<死亡博士弗洛伊德> This is called Deadly Doctor Freud
围绕弗洛伊德 It talks about 14 murders and homicides and suicides
讲了14起谋杀和自杀事件 that took place around Freud
还有20起谋杀和自杀式列车等故事 20 murders and homicidal trains and all those kind of things
我不确定这是否是本严肃传记 This is...I'm not even if this is a serious book
但你们可以买来看看 but it's a book you can buy
另一本书 The next one
是一本严肃的学术著作 which is actually a serious work of scholarship
书名是<艾尔伯特爱因斯坦的私生活> It's called The Private Lives of Albert Einstein
书的出版地是英国 which was published in England
讲了很多故事 and it goes a great length about talking
总体上都是说爱因斯坦不是一个讨人喜欢的人 about what an unattractive human being Dr. Einstein was
所以和有创造力的人在一起是很刺激的 So it's very exciting to be around creative people
但你得做好保护措施 But you should wear some protection
特别是和毕加索在一起时 especially around Picasso
我马上讲到的是让我吃惊的五个现象 I'm about to come to the five things which surprise me the most
但我首先要讲一下专业域和实地 But I want to first say the word about domain and field
有一些专业域 Domain, some creators like Picasso and Elliot
毕加索和艾略特这样的创新者接受已有的专业域 took the domain as given
绘画领域早已有之 诗歌领域早已有之 Painting existed and poetry existed
然后他们作画和写诗 and they produced paintings and poems
他们乐在其中 and they were perfectly happy to do that
但其他人 如甘地和弗洛伊德 But other people like Gandhi, like Freud
他们所做的工作并不存在现成的专业域 there were no domains for what they wanted to do
弗洛伊德一开始是神经学家 Freud started out as a neurologist
后来成为了一名精神病医生 and became a psychiatrist
但他最后成为了精神分析家 but ultimately he became a psychoanalyst
精神分析的专业域还不存在 There was no domain of psychoanalysis
所以他必须创造一个专业域 He had to create it
同样的 甘地组织了他的团队 Similarly, Gandhi had formed these groups
和他一道工作 并组织了和平抵抗运动 that worked with him and organized kinds of peaceful resistance
所以一些创新者进入某个专业域 然后进行改革 So some creative people enter in domains and change it
但有的人却创造了新的专业域 but some people actually create new domains
对于实地来说 As for fields
不同实地之间的区别在于裁判的不同 the interesting distinction between and among fields is the judges
还记得吗? remember?
也就是实地当中的人不同 Is the smallness of the field
我区别了精英实地和大众实地 I distinguish between elite fields and mass fields
爱因斯坦的实地就是精英实地 Einstein was dealing within elite field
只要有5个人理解爱因斯坦正在做什么 As long as five people understood what Einstein was trying to do
认为他的工作很有意义 and thought it was good
那么他就可以在物理学生成功 he had it made in physics
事实上 当大众取笑 读懂和喜欢上爱因斯坦时 In fact when mass prank, read and liked Einstein
爱因斯坦需要他们 that's all that he really needed
他被人们奉为领袖 And he was received...
我在后面会讲到领袖学 later when I talk about leadership
事实上精英认可了爱因斯坦 the very fact that elite approved Einstein
爱因斯坦就成为了这个实地的领袖 made Einstein a leader in the field
即使你从未和他的儿子谈过话 even if you never talk to your son
也没有关系 it doesn't matter
他仍然是领袖 He was a leader
另一方面 On the other hand
如果你是搞艺术的 if you are dealing in the art form
有三个人喜欢你的作品当然是好事 Well it's nice to have three people like your work
但真正决定你是否成功的关键 would really determines whether you are creative is
在于有没有人欣赏你的作品和观看你的表演 whether people go to look at your work and see you perform
只有当玛莎葛兰姆开始吸引到观众时 It was only when Martha Graham began to have audiences
你才会推崇她的舞蹈 that you can continue to mount her dances
斯特拉文斯基的音乐也是如此 Similarly with Stravinsky for his music
艾略特的诗歌也是如此 and Elliot for his poetry
这些都是更为大众的实地 So those are more mass fields
当然进入电视和电影时代 Of course not with television and movies
实地指的是上百万的观众 the fields are really millions of people
我刚才提到了麦当娜 I mentioned Madonna before
我可能是地球上 I'm probably the only human being in the world
唯一一个没有见过麦当娜的人了 who have never seen Madonna
但我读了有关她的很多信息 but I do read all about her
因为她的信息无孔不入 since it was hard to avoid doing that
麦当娜的成功不取决于三个评论家怎么说 Madonna's success doesn't depend upon what three critiques say
而取决于上百万的人去不去看她的电影 it depends on whether millions of people go to her movies
看不看她的表演 买不买她的专辑 go to her shows and buy her records
你可能会问 Now you might say
麦当娜有创造力吗? is Madonna creative?
我的回答是 她有创造力 The answer is she is creative
因为她的工作改变了这个专业域 to the extent that the work that she does changes domains
她相当成功 She's pretty successful
但我不研究成果学 but I'm not studying success
我研究创造力 I'm studying creativity
就我所知 As I understand
粗略的讲 她的专业域算是表演艺术吧 her domain is in roughly speaking a performance art
我没有开玩笑 I didn't mean that is a joke
如果麦当娜改变了表演艺术 If performance art was changed by Madonna
那么她就有创造力 then she would be creative
从我有限的有关麦当娜的知识来看 I actually suspect from little I know about Madonna that probably
我认为她可能改变的专业域是名人界 she's most likely to change the domain of publicity
和自我推销 and self-promotion
由于麦当娜的影响 and you know people would do things differently
人们可能改变自己的行为方式 as the result of Madonna
这可能就是她出名后带来的改变 so that's her, may be her creative claim to fame
我谈到了心智 So I said something about the minds
谈到了这些人的智能 谈到了专业域 the intelligences of these people, about the domains
有些人接受了原有的专业域 Some of them accept domains
有些人创造了新的专业域 some create new ones, and about the fields
有些人的基础是精英实地 Some work in elite fields
而有些人的基础是大众实地 some work in more mass fields
我现在讲讲研究中让我吃惊的五个现象 I now want to talk about five things which surprise me from my study
首先 当我开始研究时 The first thing is when I began the study
我认为人们通过解决问题就能培养创造力 I thought people were all creative by solving problems
当让我高兴的是 But happily
由于我研究了这七个人 because of people who I decided to study
我发现了至少五种培养创造力的方法 I found at least five ways of being creative
如果你们对教育感兴趣 For those of you who are interested in education
对应用我的研究成果感兴趣 and implication of my work
这就是关键点 this is very key
如果你们只让人们去很好的解决问题 If you only let people who solve problems well
那么这只是一种创造力 that's only one kind of creativity
第二种 A second kind
也就是对弗洛伊德和爱因斯坦来说更重要的方法是 and one was much more important for Freud and Einstein
创造一个新的理论或概念框架 was the ability to create a new kind of theory or conceptual scheme
一种新的思维方式的能力 a new way of thinking about things
例如创建了相对论和无意识等 about relativity, about unconscious and so on
第三种创造力 A third kind of creativity
大多和艺术家有关 which pertains largely to the artists is the production of work
实在一种既定的流派或传统中去创造 within an established genre, a tradition
许多人很有创造力 Many people are creative
因为他们创造了诗歌 绘画或舞蹈 because they create poems or paintings or dances
影响了未来跳舞 which really affect the way that other people
写诗的人们 will dance or write poetry in the future
如果把这种能力也成为解决问题的能力 To call that "problem-solving"
那么就会犯分类性错误 seems to be a category mistake
<春之祭>想解决一个什么问题? I mean what was the problem of The Rite of Spring was trying to solve?
艾略特想在<荒原>中 What was the problem that Mademoiselle
解决一个什么问题? was trying to solve with The Wasteland?
我认为这不是一种弗洛伊德式的 I think that was not a Freudist way
看待成果的方式 of thinking about that work
最后一个工具我认为非常有趣 The last tool even more interesting I think
就是表演艺术中的创造性 and that's creativity in performance...
无声音 (No sound)
一切都想死了一样 Everything else was like being dead
当她年龄大了 不再跳舞 As soon as you had stopped dancing when she was quite old
她认为她的生命也结束了 she felt she no longer was alive
尽管她在未来的20到25年 even though she choreographed well
编排了很多很好的舞蹈 for 20 or 25 years
我研究葛兰姆时 很难理解 And it was hard for me to understand as I studied her
一个人的创造力只存在于她的表演生涯 what it could mean for somebody's creativity to exist
无论别人喜欢她还是不喜欢她 in her online kind of performance without wanting to
这对她们来说意味着什么 cause anybody here to feel good or feel bad
如果你认为在过去的三天里 If you think of 20 or 25 people
有20至25个人喜欢你 who have been fond of you in the last three days
有些人和我一样 Some of them are sort of like me
有些人则是纯粹刷嘴皮子的 and the people who I think basically talkers
我们尽可能的讲得很好 and we try to talk as well as we can
但我们仍然不是表演家 but we are not primarily performers
我喜欢和你们说话 I enjoy talking to you
但如果我这辈子都不能在和我的听众讲话了 but if I never address the audience in my life
也不会对我造成根本性的影响 it wouldn't fundamentally affect how I am
但我们这里看到的其他一些人 But other people who we've seen up here
他们的生命在于他们的表演 are people who really come alive in their performing
表演是他们生命的本质 That's very very important part of their essence
也是其创造性的来源 That's what creativity inheres
最后 我称之为"豪赌"创造性表现 The final one is what I call "high-stake" creative performance
在这种表现中 This is the performance
你将一些非常重要的事物作为赌注 when you really put something very great stake
当甘地绝世时 When Gandhi fasted
他命悬一线 he was putting his life on the line
如果英国人不采取措施 If the British didn't do certain things
他就会死掉 he would be dead
当甘地手无寸铁的面对全副武装的英国人时 When Gandhi faced armed Britishers without any weapons
这又是一次豪赌式的表现 again, this was a high-stake performance
我们无法预知结果 In part you couldn't predict what happen
但玛莎葛兰姆大概知道最后的结果 and Martha Graham sort of knew what's gonna happen
最糟的结果就是观众离场 The worst would happen is people walk out
没有人再看她的表演 nobody's gonna shoot her
但对甘地来说 But with Gandhi
他的行为就是豪赌 it was really a high-stake performance
是世俗层面上的 in a sum at a more mundane level
但又不完全世俗 but not the one that's totally mundane
大家可以思考一下 Think about what it meant
阿尔戈尔和罗斯佩罗特有关北美自由贸易区的辩论 when Al Gore decided to debate Ross Perot about NAFTA
那就是一场豪赌式的表现 That was a very high stake performance
事实上 从戈尔的角度去看 是有回报的 In fact, from Gore's point of view, it paid off
因为辩论会改变人们在那个法案上的投票 because it changed the voting on that particular bill
所以这些都属于豪赌式表现 So those are high-stake performances
有很多方法可以培养创造力 There are lots of ways of being creative
不是只有解决问题才可以培养创造力 not just solving problems
第二个问题是 The second issue is
童年的天份和成年的创造力之间有什么关系 what's the relationship between prodigiousness, being a prodigy
也就是小时候的时候非常的有天赋 being terrific when you are young, and being an adult creator
我在开始做研究的时候以为 I expected when I began my study that
这些人从小就具有过人的天份 all these people would be prodigious
但实际情况是只有毕加索是天才 In fact, only one of them, Picasso, was prodigy
其他人小时候都很能干 All of them were quite competent kids
但除了毕加索之外 But if you run into any of them except Picasso
你遇到20岁以前的他们 before the age of 20
你都不知道他们长大后会从事什么职业 you wouldn't even know what they were gonna do professionally
所以实际上有四种可能性 So there are actually four possibilities
第一类人的数量最少 There's the smallest category
也就是毕加索和莫扎特等少数天才 which is Picasso and Mozart and one or two others
他们童年时就展现了天份 where prodigies as kids
成年以后仍然显示出创造力 and go on to be creative as adults
也就是说他们改变了专业域 It means they changed the domain
我研究的对象中有些人童年时并没有表现出天份 Then there are people I studied who were not prodigious kids
他们是当代具有创造力的人 most creative in modern era
但是成年之后才成为了创新者 but became creative adults
比如甘地和葛兰姆等人 the Gandhis and Grahams and so on
还有就是 有的人童年时期展现出了 Then there is that interesting population of kids
音乐 数学或象棋方面的天赋 were prodigies in music, math or chess
但是他们长大之后 most of whom never do anything particularly remarkable
却没有做出多么突出的成就 when they grow up
他们没有做出任何具有创新性的成果 They don't anything creative
他们的能力不容置疑 They are perfectly competent
他们是西雅图交响乐团的后备演员 They fill the back benches of Seattle symphony
在大学和高中教数学 and they teach math in college and high school
但他们从来没有真正做过任何突破性的成果 but they don't go on to do really breakthrough kinds of things
最后一类 就是剩下的我们 Then the last line is the most of rest of us
童年时期也没有什么天份 who are not particularly prodigious
没有特别突出的创造力 who are not particularly creative
但我们组成了受众 but we do form an audience for the people who are
所以我们成为了裁判 So we are a great field, we can make a break you
我分析的结论是 天份是天赐的专业域 My analysis is the prodigy is giving him/her domain by God
莫扎特必须成为音乐家 I mean Mozart had to be musician
他去做其他什么都不行 He were never gonna be anything else
但要成为一个有创造力的人 But to become a creative person
你不能完全听从你的老师和其他传统的教诲 you have to turn your back on your teachers and other traditions
你必须做一些有新意的事 You've got to do something new
你必须抛弃原有的传统 You have to reject what went before
这就要求你成为一个不同寻常的人 That requires becoming a different kind of person
一个不去模仿的人 a person who isn't a good mimic
一个态度强硬到 but rather a person who is tough enough
可能伤害爱他的人的人 to risk hurting the people who love them
毕加索和莫扎特 Both Picasso and Mozart
在进入青春期后 had absolutely terrible relations with their fathers
和他们的父亲的关系都非常糟糕 once they became adolescents
对于没有与生俱来的天份的人来说 For the none-prodigy
他们首先要努力工作 they first have to become a hardworking
要非常的坚强 tough-skinned kind of person
显然他们是努力工作的中产阶级 Obviously, a hardworking bourgeois
他们都非常坚强 能够承受得住批评 and they all were tough, they could withstand criticism
他们选择了自己的专业域 Then they selected the domain
但不是随机的选择 but they didn't select the domain randomly
爱因斯坦不会选择 I mean Einstein didn't take the...
不会说 我要当一位芭蕾舞演员 and said "I'll become a ballet dancer."
因为芭蕾不适合他 That's not how it worked
他们选择自己的专业域是有严格的限制的 They selected the domain from fairly constrained options
艾略特可能成为一名哲学教授 Elliot could probably have been a professor of philosophy
弗洛伊德可能在很多其他专业域 Freud could probably have been a successful academic
成为非常成功的学者 in number of different domains
可以想到的是 斯特拉文斯基可能成为一位设计师 It's conceivable that Stravinsky could have been a designer
但他当不了伟大的科学家 but he couldn't have been a great scientist
他们并不是随机的选择自己的专业域 They don't pick the domains randomly
他们选择适合自己智能的专业域 They picked them from ones which match their particular intelligences
这就是智能的重要性所在 That's where the intelligences are important
最后 也是最重要的是 Finally, and most briefly
我还要谈谈给我留下深刻印象的其他三个问题 I want to talk about three other things which impress me
他们是相互联系的 They are related
第一 One is at this time
当这些人取得了最为重要的突破时 at the time when these people had the most important breakthroughs...
无声音 (No sound)
做出突破性成果时 to do breakthrough things
这对非常具有教育意义 That's, again, very important educational implication
如果你的孩子 爱人或同事 If you have a kid or spouse or an associate
即将成功的实现创造性的突破时 who is at the verge of doing something very creative
即使他们对你不够友好 even if they are not very nice to you
他们也需要你的支持 they need your support
如果你想他们成功 If you want them to succeed
那么你应该给予他们支持 you should give them that support
相应的 当你年轻时 Relatedly, when you are young
有人 多数情况下是你的母亲 somebody, in most cases, your mother
教会了你有关这个世界的知识 teaches you about the world
你的母亲教会了你这个世界的符号体系 Your mother teaches you the symbol system of the world
教会了你语言和文化规则 the language and the rules of the culture
我认为这就是一个模板 That, I believe, is the template against
有创造力的人试图用自己的发现去打破的模板 which the creative person tries out his/her discovery
他们看到了其他人没有看见过的世界 He/she has seen the world which other people haven't seen yet
他们有责任用别人听的懂的方式 and it's their job to communicate it in such way
去传播他们所看到的世界 that other people will understand it
有趣的是 What's interesting
我不是想把自己置身于这些人的阵营之中 and I actually without in any sense of putting myself in these people camp
我感觉到 I have a sense of that
由于一旦世界上的其他人理解了 because once the rest of the world understands it
他们就会有自己的主意 they then take the ideas
打算任意的对待这些主意 and do what they want with them
多元智能就是一个例子 Multiple intelligence is an example of idea
即一个观点成为了一个中介 which becomes a mean
就像基因一样 会产生自己的后代 a mean is like a gene, it has its own progeny
多元智能的观点一旦被世界所接受 And the idea of multiple intelligences is once released in the world
就会具有自己的生命力 takes on its own life
这么多的人 他们的观点 So with all these people, their ideas
他们的生产都会被赋予生命力 their productions took on the life of their own
最后一点 The final point, again
是总结性的 a somewhat settling one
但也需要我们重点讲述的是 but one that's worth underscoring
这些人最终都和魔鬼达成了协议 is these people ultimately make a deal, a deal with devil
也就是只要让他们继续工作 which is they are gonna do everything
他们什么都愿意干 if they can continue their work
工作成为了他们最重要的一部分 And the work becomes all important
他们的生活就是围绕工作而展开的 They lived around their work
他们也是死在工作时的 they died around their work
他们之所以没有多少时间用在别人身上 That in a sense is that they don't have a lot of time for other people
是因为他们在工作上投入得太多 is because they are so involved in their work
甘地和别人可以亲密的工作 Gandhi who is intimately working with other people
但和他的子女的关系却非常的糟糕 had the most terrible relationships with his own kids
他曾经很露骨的讲过这样的话 And he once made a very revealing statement
我想他当时并没有经过深思熟虑 I'm sure he didn't think it through
他对别人说 He said of somebody else
为什么人们要关心自己的孩子呢? "Why does that person care about his children?"
显然 It's so obvious
他的工作重于一切 that his work is so much more important , that kind of side
罗马人有一句谚语 要书籍还是要孩子? The Romans had a phrase: books or children
你们决定是和你的孩子生活在一起 You make the decision to live through your kids
还是和工作生活在一起 or through your works
这些人都有孩子 These people have kids
有些人有私生子 Some of them had illegitimate kids
但他们的生活中基本上只有工作 but basically they lived through their work
简而言之 So in a nutshell
这就是我400页的<创造性心智>的全部内容 that's what 400 pages of Creating Minds is all about
如果你们想思考我讲的内容和 If you want to think about how this relate to
被我学生称作"大C" "中C"的关系 what my students call "little C" or "middle C" creativity
也就是高级创造力和中级创造力 rather than "capital C"
首先 不要抨击中产阶级 first of all, don't attack the bourgeois
因为中产阶级都知道 because bourgeois understand you've got to work at stuff
如果你要做得好 你就要努力去做 if you want to be good at it
如果一个人想掌握一门技能 Everybody who wants to gain some skill
那么他就要在上面花时间进行磨练 has to be prepared to spend time on it and drill
当你到了一定年龄之后 You probably can't do much about your person
你就失去了进取心 after you reach a certain age
但理解专业域 理解实地都是非常重要的 But understanding domain and understanding the field is very important
但人们经常忽略这点 and that's neglected
在研究生学院 In graduate school
我发现教授喜欢那些 I discovered that people who did exactly what the professors did
教授说什么就做什么的学生 were loved by the professors
但这些学生永远也不会创新 but they never really did anything very new
有些人研究了专业域的发展趋势 It was people who try to figure out where's the domain is gonna go
但教授因为太老而不懂得欣赏他们 but the professor is too senior to appreciate it
这些人能够看到未来五年的发展趋势 who could project it five years ahead, that was the...
这些人才具有更大的创造力 those were the people who were more creative
相应的 你还需要懂得实地 Similarly, you need to understand the field
你必须了解如何才能让人们知道你的工作 You need to understand how is it that your work is known
谁在做决策 who are the people that make the decisions
谁在裁判比赛结果 who judges the competition
谁是出版商 谁是编辑 who are the publishers, who are the editors
如果你不喜欢 你也不能抱怨 If you don't like, you can't just complain
你需要创建自己的实地 You've got to create your own field
很多人确实创造了自己的实地 and many people do create their own fields
他们创造了新的裁判 They create a new set of judges
我在这里举两个例子 And if I can use two examples here
南希画的思维地图 what Nancy does in her mind mapping
迪和琳达在他们的组织中开展的工作 what people like Dee and Linda do in their organization
他们所从事的工作 they are really creating something for
都没有先例可以参考 which there's no particular precedent
所以他们的受众并不明显 So their audiences aren't obvious
他们必须寻找自己的实地 They have to find their field
如果他们找不到 那就自己创建一个 If they don't find it, they have to make it
所以我给大家有关创造力的三个总结 So I would say three watch words for creativity
纪律 冒险的能力 以及对支持的需要 discipline, ability to take risks, and the need for support
无论你所开展的是大创新 Whether you want to do "big C" creativity
中创新 还是小创新 "middle C" creativity, or "little C" creativity
你必须遵守纪律 you need to have discipline
你必须做好冒险的准备 You need to be prepared to take risks
你需要寻求别人的支持 and you need to find some support
如果你对人友善 你可以对那些人表示感谢 If you are very nice, you thank those people
但如果你的创造力实在太高 But if you are highly creative
你也不需要道谢 you probably won't
这太糟了 that's too bad
当我研究这七位创新者时 When I studied my seven creators
甘地在很多方面都是个异类 Gandhi in many ways was a nominalist
他和别人不太一样 He didn't quite fit in
当然 如果七个人中有一个人违反常理 Of course, if you have one person out of seven who doesn't fit in
你也不知道为什么 you don't really know why
可能的原因有 例如 It could be, for example
他是唯一一个非西方人 that he was the only non-westerner
他来自印度 他信仰印度教 After all, he did come from India, and his religion was Hinduism
差异可能是这样造成的 The differences could have been due to that
我的第二个想法是 My next thought was, well
可能甘地是一位领袖 而不是创新者 you know maybe Gandhi is the leader rather than the creator
如果你问别人 Probably, if you ask the individuals
这七个人当中谁是领袖 which of these seven people is the leader
可能大多数人都会说甘地 probably most of them would say Gandhi
但我不这样认为 But I didn't realize, I didn't believe that
因为正如我前面提到的 because I believe Einstein was a leader
爱因斯坦是物理学领域的领袖 in the area of physics as I just said
弗洛伊德也是领袖 That Freud was the leader
是心理学领域的领袖 very much of a leader in the area of psychology and so on
所以我开始思索 So I began to ponder
创造力和专业域之间的差别 what's the difference between creativity and domain
宏观意义上的创造力包括甘地这样的人 and creativity in a broader sense that someone like Gandhi
他们在更大的政治或社会领域表现出了创造力 has creativity for a larger political or social unit
这就有引出了我的研究 This led me to the study
我简单的讲一下这方面的研究 which I'm gonna describe much more briefly
以及如何思考这些问题 and the way of thinking about things
我的这项研究目前还处于测试阶段 which is very much in progress and in process
我给大家讲到的多元智能和创造性 So why most of the things I told you about in the area
已经经过了很多年的历练 of intelligence and creativity have a number of years of stew, stewing
而领袖学的观点则是我刚刚提出的 The ideas about leadership are new
还处于测试过程当中 and I'm still very much in the process of testing them out
这是我对领袖的定义 Here is my definition of leader
和其他的定义不一样 Not like the other ones have to turn around to read this
我必须逐字的念 因为我记不住 I don't know this by heart
领袖是指对他人思想和行为 A leader is an individual who affects the thoughts
产生影响力的人 and behaviors of other people
这是领袖的关键概念 That's the key notion of leader
对他人的思维和行为产生重大影响的人 Anybody who affects how other people think and behave
就是领袖 in a significant way is a leader
领袖主要在两方面发挥领导作用 Leaders provide leadership in two primary ways
一是通过他们讲述的故事 through the stories that they tell
二是他们所过的生活 and through the lives that they lead and embody
我应该讲得更清楚些 Now I should make it clear
有一种领袖不在我的研究范围 我这里不讲 There's one kind of leader I'm not talking about here
这就是集权主义领袖 That's totalitarian leader
你可以杀死所有和你意见不一致的人实现领导 You can lead by killing everybody who disagrees with you
通常人们不会通过这样的方式来领导 Usually you don't get to be a leader that way
所以即使像希特勒和斯大林 That's why leaders to totalitarianism even
也是在他们上台之后 in cases like Hitler and Stalin only become clear
才变成了集权主义者的 after they come to power
但基本上来说 非集权统治的领导 But basically, leaders who do not lead in totalitarian way
则通过讲述活动来实现领导 lead by narrating
通过讲故事和过生活来实现领导 by telling stories and by the kinds of lives that they lead
我特别感兴趣的是领导的两个维度 Now the two dimensions of leadership that I'm particularly interested in
我知道这张幻灯片很难读懂 I know this slide is hard to read
首先是故事的新颖性 The first one has to do with the innovativeness of the story
普通的领导 The ordinary leader
只是讲述别人都讲的故事 basically tells the story that everybody else around tells
只是他们可能讲得更好些 but maybe a little bit better
大多数校长 大多数主管 Most principals, most superintendents
大多数议员和大多数总统 most senators, most presidents
所有的国王都是普通的领导 all kings are basically ordinary leaders
他们讲述着和别人一样的故事 They tell the same stories that other people told
可能只是比别人讲得更好些 maybe a little bit better
有创造力的领袖 An innovative leader
从现存的文化中选取故事 is the one who takes the story which existed in the culture
这些故事几乎被人们遗忘 but has been sort of forgotten
或者变得模糊不清 or has become obscure
然后领袖给予这些故事新的生命和智慧 and gives a new life and a new light
富兰克林罗斯福无疑就是一位有创造力的领袖 Franklin Delano Roosevelt was certainly an innovative leader
20世纪80年代 In the 80s
我们可以说撒切尔和里根 I would say both Margret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan
都是有创造力的领袖 were innovative leaders
他们没有编造新的故事 They didn't come up with a new story
而是选择了 but took a story
人们最近没有关注的故事 which is sort of say hasn't been given much attention recently
然后赋予这些故事新的智慧 and they gave it new light
他们的故事讲得也很好 They told it very well
尽管撒切尔以身作则 In the case that Thatcher sort of embodied
而里根本身也是演员出生 and in the case that Reagan was a good enough actor
所以似乎他也以身作则了 so it looked like he embodied it
我希望没有得罪到他们的崇拜者 I hope I didn't offend too many their fans
最后是眼界 Finally, the visionary
一个真正有创造力的领袖能够创造新的故事 the truly creative leader is a person who invents a new story
并且以有说服力的方式向别人传达 and is able to convey it in a convincing way
我认为甘地就是一个真正有创造力的领袖 Gandhi, I believe, was a truly creative leader
一个创造了新故事的有眼界的领袖 a visionary leader who really had a new story
这种情况很少见 而且发生在社会层面 Those are very very rare and this is at a societal level
但在一个专业域中却并不少见 That are much less rare within a domain
所以第一个维度是故事是否新颖 Now, so one dimension is how innovative
是否具有原创性 how original the story is
另一个维度我已经提到 The other dimension which I've already alluded to
我接下来会花几分钟来讲解这个维度 in which I'm gonna talk about now for the next few minutes
也就是领导一个专业域 is the difference between leading within a domain
和领导许多专业域之间的区别 and leading across domains
如果你在一个专业域中处于领导地位 If you lead within a domain
无论是绘画 音乐还是历史 whether it's painting or music or history
或者历史研究 绘画研究 or I mean the study of history, or painting
数学研究或滑翔运动 or mathematics or gliding
无论什么专业域 whatever the domain is
最重要的都是在这个专业域 你很好的完成了你的工作 it's most important that you do very good work in that domain
如果你在一个专业域中做得很好 If you do very good work in that domain
那么你成为了领导 that will constitute a leadership
因为人们会审视你工作中出现的故事 because people will look at the story that's told in your work
以及你在工作中所体现出的某种工作方式 and the way your work embodies a certain way of working
那么这些都会形成一种领导 And that will be what causes a leadership
再说一次 Again
爱因斯坦之所以能成为领袖 it's Einstein's work rather than his person
是因为他的工作 而不是因为他这个人 which is provided in the leadership
尽管在相对论发表后 Even if Einstein had died
爱因斯坦就去世了 after the general theory of relativity was promulgated
但在一定时期内 他仍然是这个专业域的领袖 he still would be leading the domain for certain period of time
而跨专业域的领袖 People who lead across domains
如政治领袖 甘地等人 like political leaders, Gandhi and so on
他们的任务更需要技巧 have a much more tricky task
他们也有成果 也创造了符号系统 They may produce works, they may produce symbol systems
但他们的领导并不表现在这些文字性材料中 but their leadership doesn't inhere in those documents
他们的领导体现在故事中 Their leadership inheres in the stories
他们亲自或通过媒体向受众直接讲述故事 which they tell directly to the audiences in person or through the media
还通过他们的生活 and in the kinds of lives that they lead to the extent
他们向受众展示他们的生活情况 that the audience knows about the lives that they lead
这点非常重要 The reason that's important is
因为如果你向别人进行说教 because if you preach one thing
如果你向别人讲了一个故事 if you tell one story
但你的生活情况却和这个故事完全不符 but that story is neglected by the kind of live you lead
那么你的故事就不具有说服力 then the story is not convincing
那么你就是个骗子 或伪君子 because you sound like a phony or hypocrite
正如我提到的 我们需要成为一个好的演员 So as I said, you need to be a very good actor
或者成为真品 or be the real McCoy, be the genuine item
克林顿政府现在正在快速的垮台 You see what's happening with Clintons now
你们注意到正在发生的事件了吗 in this unfortunately rapid meltdown of their administration
就是因为他们试图讲述一些文化方面的故事 is they are trying to tell certain stories about the culture
我们可能都有要倾听这些故事 which the story may well need to hear
他们的故事可能不是特别有想象力 and their perhaps not tremendously visionary stories
但却具有新意 but the new ones
但他们的生活却动摇了这些故事 but in their own lives, they seem to unfirm those stories
所以他们成为了没有说服力的领导人 then they become very unconvincing leaders
所以这个事业会以失败而告终 It's a very perilous kind of business
领袖通过自身工作品德来激发某个专业域的专家 Leaders inspire experts within domain by the virtue of the work...
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还记得"未受训练的心智"吗? remember the unschooled mind?
我们每个人体内都有个5岁的小孩想冲出来 It's that five-year-old inside all of us struggling to get out
这是一个微妙的技巧 The tricky thing here is
如果你想实现跨专业域的领导 if you are trying to lead across domains
那么你就不能有专业技能 you cannot assume expertise
你必须具备和不同的人们交谈的能力 So you have to be able to talk to people
这些人来自不同的专业域 who come from different kinds of domains
有着不同的背景 with different kinds of backgrounds
领袖能够讲述故事 并且过上一种生活 and have to be able to arrive at the story and a way of living
使那些相互之间存在很大差异的人能够理解 that will be clear to people who are very different from one another
尽管我们很多人都喜欢讲故事 Even though many of us would like to tell stories
喜欢讲一些非常复杂的故事 would like to have stories told that it was very complicated
但如果未经教化的人们无法理解这些故事 If those stories cannot be apprehended by the unschooled mind
那么他们成功的可能性也非常的小 they are very unlikely to be successful
所以当你离开了那个专业域之后 So that's problematic of trying to vie leadership
你要想成为领导就会非常的困难 once you go outside of a domain
这又是一种纽约专栏的文体 So this is...here is again in the column New York style
评判科学家和艺术家的标准是他们的工作 Scientists and artists are judged by the work
以及其符号成果所体现出的故事 by the story embedded in their symbol product
但评判政治领袖的标准 but political leaders are judged
则是他们讲述的故事是否站得住脚 by the tenability of the story that they tell
以及他们在生活中如何诠释这些故事 and by the extent to which they embody that story in their own lives
我研究了些什么呢 Now what I'm actually doing in my study
我只能告诉你们我的研究对象是谁 but all I can do is tell you whom I'm studying
因为到目前为止 我只研究了几个人 because I've only studied a few of them so far
我提出了"领导连续谱"的概念 is just study what I would call "the leadership continuum"
一头是只在一个专业域中具有领导地位的人 beginning with people who lead primarily within a domain
另一端是截然相反的人 and going all the way over the people
假定是可以领导全世界的人 who actually presume to lead the entire world
所以这个序列非常的长 so it's a pretty big spectrum
我先从玛格丽特米德 人类学家 I begin with Margret Mead, the anthropologist
然后到罗伯特 哈钦斯 to Robert Hutchins...
对不起 是物理学家J.R.奥本海默 sorry, J.R. Oppenheimer, the physicist
每个人都从一个专业域开始 each of whom started with a domain
通过优秀的工作来实现对这个专业域的领导 and led that domain by the quality work they did
然后再对更多的受众实施影响 but then aspire to address a large audience
他们的讲话要被未教化的人们所理解 So had to begin to speak in the less schooled
必须选择非经典的方法 the less classical kind of way
我没有解释第一行的内容 Then, I didn't mention the first line
因为我们已经讲过他们了 because we've already talked about
他们都是经典专业域中的领袖 that people who lead in classical domains
然后我将了一些在经典机构中处于领导地位的人 Then I talked about somebody who leads classical institution
这些机构非常的受局限 也就是大学 that's very circumscribed, namely university
这个人就是罗伯特 哈钦斯 is Robert Hutchins
20世纪初期 他担任芝加哥大学的领导职务 who was the leader of the University of Chicago early in the century
他是一位非常成功 非常具有影响力的领袖 was a very successful, very influential leader
在很多方面 In many ways
和他最接近的人 he would be the closest to somebody
是在教育组织中担任领导地位的人 who leads in the educational organization
也就是实务层面 the practical level
哈钦斯可以对着教职工谈话 Hutchins had to be able to talk across faculties
这是一种不太一样的专业能力 which would somewhat different kind of expertise
但却不能对着普通大众讲话 but didn't have to talk to the general public
然后我研究了跨专业域领袖 Then I look at people who are leading across...
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最后 我要讲的是民族领袖 ...finally, and I will talk about one national leader
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简而言之 ...so in a nutshell
我在<创造性心智>一书中研究了11个人 what I'm doing in my study Creating Minds is studying 11 people
从有局限的专业域中的领袖人物 who ranging from providing leadership in fairly circumscribed domain
一直到可以领导全世界的人 all the way to people who try to lead the whole world
每个案例都有一个故事的讲述人 In each case, there's a narrator of the story
然后还有故事的具体呈现 and there is an embodiment
但区别在于我试图领导你们 But the difference is I'm trying to lead you
你们都在我的专业域之中了 and you are all in my domain
我没有必要站在这里 I don't have to be here
只给你们发放拷贝好的文本就好了 I can just send you my reprints
如果你们足够好 我会领导你们 If you are good enough, I'll provide leadership
但如果我打算将你们领入不同的专业域 If I'm trying to lead you into different domains
这种方法就不奏效了 that don't work
我必须能够讲述故事 I have to be able to tell a story
然后用我的生活来说服你们 and to live a life which is convincing to you
这是个很大的挑战 That's a big challenge
那么我们如何看待在学校中 Now, how can we think about this
这一现象和教育中的领导之间的关系呢? in relationship to leadership within education, within schools?
我确实认为 I actually think that almost anybody
任何一个想在教育领域承担领导任务的人 who aspires to provide leadership in education
都必须关心这两种行为 has to worry both of those acts
因为作为教育工作者 Because part of our doing in being educators
我们部分的工作是成为教育领域的领袖 is providing leadership in the domain of education
所以如果你要领导一个教育机构 So if you are going to lead in an institution of education
在我看来 你必须成为一个好老师 you should be, in my view, a very good teacher
因为无论如何 Because after all
如果在教育机构中你想说服别人 if you want to be convincing within an educational institution
你就必须具有更高层次的技能 you need to be able to have those skills to a higher degree
而这个教育机构中的其他人会用到这些技能 which other people in that institution are trying to use
然而 与此同时 在每个教育机构中 However, at the same time, in every educational institution
你应对的是某些专业域中的成年专业人士 you are dealing with people who are adult experts in the particular area
而你也是这个专业域的专家 that you happen to be an expert
无论是数学还是管理一个组织 whether it's mathematics, or running an organization
所以你必须能够讲故事 so you also need to be able to tell a story
从而赢得更多的支持者 which makes sense to the wider constituency
至少得到学校中教师和学生的支持 which at least are the faculty and students in your school
或者学校理事会 主管 but may well be at the school board, the superintendent
选民 公共官员 商业人士等的支持 the voters, the public officials, business people and the like
所以那些迫切渴望 So those of us who are aspired to leadership
成为教育领域领袖的人 in the educational world
必须得到某个专业域专业人士的认同 really need to take a leaf both of those people
无论是教师还是作家 或者其他行业 who provide leadership in a domain
他们都要是这个专业域的领袖 by doing their work as teachers or writers or whatever they do
同时 他们还要得到其他多元化群体的支持 but also those people who try to deal with a much more varied population
当我们谈到学校的使命 When we talk about schools having missions
对使命进行描述 and mission statements
之所以要有使命 one of the serious reasons for doing that is
是因为如果你要建立一个有效的学校 if you want to have an effective school
或具有学术性的组织 or scholastic organization
那么你必须会讲故事 you have to be able to tell a story
告诉别人你要做什么 about what it is and what you are trying to do
鉴于我们今天早上讲了那么多 With all due respect to some of the overhead we sell this morning
幻灯片里列举了很多不同的目标和预期 which listed many many different goals and expectations and so on
我在这个领域研究的时间越长 the longer I am in this business
我就越认为我们的目标应该又少又简单 the more I think we ought to have a few very simple goals
我前两次的研究就是两个目标 That's why my goals were the ones from my first two talks
即 "为了理解而教育" namely, Educate for Understanding
研究的是表演 Look for Performances
然后是"充分了解你的孩子 实施个性化教育" and Personalized Education by Knowing Your Kids Very Well
这样你可以帮助每个孩子理解 so you can help each of them understand
我认为如果学校能够做到我提出的这两个目标 I think the school could succeed in those
我们再加一些目标也无妨 and we can add other goals
但如果你一次性给人们设立23或300个目标 but when you give people 23 or 300 goals
他们就丧失了工作的动力 it just demobilizes them
因为太多了 It's too much
总之 我演讲的时间比我想象的要长 Anyway, I went on a bit longer than I was hoping to
但快结束了 but I am at my end
我给大家做一个快速的总结 Let me give you a very quick summary
然后就结束今天的演讲 and then actually end with the presentation
星期四 我们讲了智能 On Thursday, I spoke to you about intelligences
我对智能的观点是 and my story about intelligences was
首先你必须使智能实现多元化 first you need to pluralize them
因为智能不止一个 because this is more than one
我们必须将智能放在一定的背景下 We need to contextualize them
因为人们只有在他们生活的世界中 because people only have the intelligences
才能发挥他们的智能 which exist in the world in which they live
然后我们必须推销智能 We need to distribute them
因为智能不能仅存在于头脑中 because intelligences are not just in the head
最重要的是 我们必须使智能人格化 And above all, we need to personalize them
我们必须让我们的教育惠及每个孩子 We need to teach in such a way that we reach every kid
星期五 我们关注了教育的目标 On Friday, we turned our attention to the goal of education
也是我所推崇的目标 which I promote
理解世界 理解你自己 Understanding the world, yourself
理解过去 理解未来 the past, the future
如果你要人们理解 And I said it if you want understanding to take place
那么我们必须关注孩子的理解情况 we have to look at the performances of understanding in our kids
我们需要理解目标 丰富的观点 We need understanding goals, rich ideas
以及进行中的评估活动 assessment that's ongoing
研究理解表现情况的最好方法是 The best way to think about performances of understanding is
思考艺术和体育 to think about the arts, athletics
几百年来 人们在艺术和体育方面取得了巨大的成功 which have been done successfully for hundreds of years
想一想我们希望孩子们在学校里展现些什么 To think about the exhibition if we want our kids to have in schools
我们希望看到的是什么 the exhibitions we want
这样我们多少就能理解了 then we will have some understandings
今天我讲了我的最新研究成果 Today, I talked about my most recent work
创造力的研究 work in creativity
我仍然认为创造力应放在一定的背景下 Again, I argued that creativity must be contextualized
我们不应该只看到个人 We have to think about not just the individual
而且还应该看到他/她工作的专业域 but the domain in which he/she works
以及做出评判的实地 and about the field that makes judgment
我谈到 要培养创造力 必须具备以下条件 And I said that we would not have creativity
在遵守纪律的情况下长时间工作 unless we have disciplined work for a long period of time
愿意承担风险 willingness to take risks
最后 从事挑战性工作的人 and finally support from those individuals
从别人那里获得了支持 who engage in that very challenging endeavor
然后我讲述了领袖学 I then narratorized leadership
我认为领袖学和权力 权威 等级没有关系 I said leadership is not about power, authority, hierarchy
领袖学的内涵是讲述有说服力的故事 Nearly, it is as much as about telling convincing stories
然后身体力行的去表现这些故事 and embodying those stories in the way that you are
教育工作者面临艰巨的挑战 And educators have a difficult challenge
因为一方面他们需要成为某个专业域的专家 because we need to be able to be both domain experts
我们必须懂得一些东西 We need to know something
知道如何去教学生 and we need to know how to teach
但同时另一方面 But at the same time
我们经常面对的又是一群未经教化的人群 we are always dealing with the unschooled population
一个异质化程度相当高的群体 a very varied kind of population
要做到这两点 To do that successfully
我们必须学会对待未受训练的心智 we have to be able to deal with the unschooled mind
我们不应该简单的接受未受训练的心智 But rather than accepting the unschooled mind
而应该试着去教化他们 we have to a special challenge to try to school it
对于教育界的校长来说 When people are educational presidents
我希望他们少自吹自擂 多进行教化 I wish they would do less bragging and more educating
这才是更好的选择 I think it would be a better state of affairs
我今天的创造力和领袖学 I've talked about creativity and leadership
讲得比较的抽象 pretty much in the abstract today
最后 But I want to close
我想感谢今天的会议组织者 by thanking the folks who organized this conference
你们展示了这两方面的美德 who really showed a great deal of both of those virtues
我本来打算把我的领袖学的书 I wish I could present two very special people
送给两位非常特殊的朋友 with my leadership book
但遗憾的是 书还没有出版 but unfortunately, it doesn't exit yet
但我还是要单独感谢这两位 But I want to single out two people
这是因为他们 这本书才得以成形 who in very very different ways have made this endeavor possible
我要把我的创造力的书送给他们 and present each of my creativity book
他们是D.迪克森和拉尔夫卡斯特 That is D. Dickson and Ralph Castor
请到台上来 So I hope you will come up here
演讲人 霍华德 加德纳博士 Featured Speaker: Dr. Howard Gardner
教育学教授 Professor of education
哈佛大学心理学兼职教授 adjunct professor of psychology, Harvard University
波士顿大学医学院神经学兼职教授 Adjunct professor of neurology, Boston University School of Medicine
哈佛零号工程主任 Co-director of Harvard Project Zero
心境绘画: 南希 玛格莱斯 Mindscapes drawn by Nancy Marguilies
本次演讲的举行时间为1994年3月19日 This presentation was given on March 19, 1994
是1994年3月17日至19日 as part of the conference
华盛顿州西雅图市召开的 "Of Many Intelligences
"多种智能:多元智能理论及其在21世纪的应用" Multiple Intelligences Theory and 21st Century Applications"
系列讲座的一部分 held in Seattle, Washington, March, 17-19, 1994