我是马特奥根博士 I am Doctor Matt Ogden
西雅图太平洋大学 Assistant Professor of curriculum instruction
课程教育的副教授 at Seattle Pacific University
我们已经在这门课程中讲了很多问题 We've gotten this far in the course
但还没有开始讨论或阅读另一个重要内容 without discussing or reading about
即人文教学策略 what is often referred to as humanistic strategies
我尽量保证课程资料的实用性 I have attempted to make the course materials as practical as possible
不时调整 以确保你们的关注焦点 and constantly get you focused on more than
不仅仅是学习人文策略是什么 just learning about what the strategies are
你们的任务是把握如何将这些策略 Your task needs to be to figure out how to apply them
应用到当前和未来的课堂中去 in the classroom both now and in the future
但也存在这样的可能性 即我们研究了所有策略 But there is a potential that as we cover all these strategies
但却没有充分认识到 they are not paying enough attention to the fact
我们的学生是具有独特性的年轻人个体 that our students are unique individual young people
他们具有不同的能力 口才 they have a wide variety of abilities, fluency
学习风格 民族和种族背景 learning styles, ethnic and racial backgrounds
社会经济地位和生活经历 social economic status and life experiences
我想你们已经看过了很多例子 I would assume that you've seen many examples of the fact
万灵丹式的教学方法 that one side fits all, approaches to teaching
并不适用于21世纪的美国课堂 is not appropriate to the 21 Century American classroom
这一趋势要求教师学习相关的技能 This has led to the emphasis on having teachers
以便实施区分化教学 learn skills to differentiate their instruction
我相信你们在专业性会议 专业著作和研讨会上 I'm sure that you have run into the term "differentiation"
肯定听过"区分化"这个词 in professional conferences, readings and workshops
但很多时候 All too often though
区分化技巧只是空中楼阁 differentiation techniques are presented in a vacuum
你在课堂上可利用的策略非常的多 You get a list of strategies to use in your classroom
如果走运的话 and if you are lucky
你还可以得到一个在研讨会上实施策略的机会 a chance to practice them in a workshop setting
区分化策略是一个极为重要的工具 Differentiation strategies are enormously important tools
作为一名真实世界的教师 but based on my experience
以及培养教师的教师 我的经验是 as a real world teacher and teacher educator
必须确保开发和选择区分化策略时 I want to make sure that the human element is a factor
必须考虑到"人"的因素 in creating and choosing differentiation strategies
我认为教师最重要的一个目标是 I would add that our most important goal of the teacher needs to be
创造一种安全的 尊敬个体的 to create a safe respectful
有利于成长的课堂环境 nurturing classroom environment
要做到这点 To do that
我们必须考虑到学生的个体需求 we must take into consideration the individual needs of our students
为了帮助他们在课堂上发挥自己的潜力 to get them to reach their potential in our classroom
我们必须在每个课堂内 we do indeed need to have facilities with strategies
熟练的使用区分化教学方法 for differentiating instruction in every classroom
但如何才能创造一个 But how do we create a classroom
既尊重个体需求又有利于学生成长的课堂呢? that is both respectful and nurturing?
我认为我们必须思考 I think the steps must include consideration of
如何在提升学生学习动力的同时 how to enhance our students academic motivation
推进社会公正的实现 while simultaneously enforcing a social justice agenda
我们的第一个话题是动力 Our first topic will be motivation
我们的经验告诉我们 We all know from experience that simply presenting content
仅仅向学生灌输知识是不可能帮助学生成功的 doesn't guarantee students' success
所以我们一直不厌其烦的使用各种策略 So we all grapple with strategies
就是为了提高学生的学习动力 we can use to enhance students' motivation
这些是内在动力 有些属于外在动力 both intrinsic and extrinsic
如果学生受到了远期目标的激励 It's relatively easy to achieve success with our students
那么他们相对更容易取得成功 who are motivated by long-term goals
例如 进入高等学府深造 找个好工作 for example, higher education or career path
还有不辜负父母的希望和奖励等 as well as parent expectations and rewards
但在许多学校 But the student population in many schools
能够因此而获得进步的学生毕竟是少数 have far fewer students who fall into those categories
凯罗尔 汤姆森以及其他致力于区分化研究的专家 Karol and Thomson and other differentiation experts
建议将学生的投入和兴趣作为起点 lobby for reliance on students' input and interest as a jumping-off point
他们认为 They believe
因此可以激发学生的内在学习动力 that that is a path to tap into an enhancing intrinsic motivation
所以 你们需要有意识的决定 So, you will need to make some intentional decisions
应如何激励学生 about how to motivate your students
但我认为这个过程的第一步 But I would argue that one phase of that process
是让学生感到自己被别人欣赏 is to make them feel appreciated
也许最有价值的做法是 Perhaps the most valuable tool is that
向学生传达积极正面的强化讯息 of disseminating positive reinforcement
我认为付出永远没有止境 I truly do not believe that there is such thing as giving too much
每当学生举手发言 Every time a student raises a hand
或参与讨论 or has input to a discussion
作为教师的你都应抓住机会回应他们 you, as the teacher, have the opportunity to respond
最糟糕的结果是 你听完了他们的回答 The worst scenario is that you hear their answer
然后什么都不说 and say nothing
或者说 "不" "答错了" or you say "No" or "Wrong"
或者直接让别人来回答 or just call on someone else
认同学生最简单的方法是 The simplest kind acknowledgement is
使用一些手势或肢体语言 表达你对答案的接受 to use some gesture or body language to accept their answer
包括点头 抬起眉毛等等 This includes nodding your head, raising your eyebrows, etc
这些动作都肯定了他们的回答 This does affirm their answer
但仍然和说"啊哈" "是的"有所不同 but it's about the same as saying "Ah ha", or "yes"
更强的积极强化讯息是 A more powerful way to give a positive reinforcement is to say
"回答正确 谢谢" "答得好" "完全正确" "Correct, thank you", "Good answer", "Absolutely correct", etc.
这些都是有效且直接的肯定方式 these are efficient and direct ways
在恰当的条件下 When it's appropriate
你还可以告诉学生为什么表扬他们 you can add reasons for praise
包括你为什么重视他们的答案 which might include information about why the answer is so valued
我知道你们都能够应用这些概念 I can see that you are able to apply these concepts, etc.
另一种向学生传达正面强化讯息的有效方法是 another highly effective method of giving positive reinforcement
将学生的答案写在黑板上 is to write students' answers on the board
或者让学生自己到台上来 or even have them come up
将答案写在投影屏幕或电子展示板上 and write examples on overheads or smart boards
你给了他们非常明确清晰的讯息 You have given them the explicit message
即你非常重视他们的答案 that their input is so valued
你希望所有人都能听到和看到 that you want everyone to not just hear it, but to see it too
鼓励是另一种强大的 A powerful means of motivating struggling students
能激发学生学习动力的方法 is through encouragement
你可以简单的鼓励他们 That could be as simple as telling them
告诉他们 "我知道你能做到" "I know you can do this"
"你已经独自完成了第一步 to "you did the first step on your own
知道接下来应该怎么做吗?" Now would you...do you know what comes next?"
或者你甚至可以将这次的任务和另一个任务进行比较 Or you could even compare this task to another one
他们过去在完成那个任务时做得很好 that they complete satisfactorily in the past
你可能听说过 "脚手架方法" You may have heard the importance of scaffolding
也就是通过一步一步的解决任务或问题 It represents a process of leading a student or a group of students
对某个学生或一组学生进行引导 through a task or a problem step by step
这种方法的目的在于确保每一步的成效 It's meant to ensure small victories
或者确保学生能够经历成功的过程 or the experiences of success
在这个过程中 教师需要赞扬学生 during which the teacher is able to give praise
然后说一些鼓励的话 and say encouraging phrases like
如 "干得好"或者"接下来怎么做?" "Good job", "What will the next step be?" etc..
我们应给予贫困学生相应的权利 We will be paying rights in the children of poverty
许多孩子都能在学校学得很好 that many students are likely to perform well in school
唯一的原因就是他们希望能让你高兴 only because they are trying to please you
让他们的老师高兴起来 their teacher, personally
如果他们尊重你 If they respect you
那么他们就更可能成功 then they are more likely to achieve
要做到这点 To do this
你不需要让学生变得和你一样 you don't have to have them like you
你也不一定非要让他有这样的感觉 and you certainly don't have to have them make you feel
你是他们的朋友 to make them feel like you are their friend
事实上 In fact
很多教育工作者和学生的关系刚好相反 some educators find themselves on the opposite side of this spectrum
他们不断的给学生压力 where they challenge their students
让学生感觉教师严格 苛刻 甚至有时有点刻薄 by being firm, demanding and at times, harsh
所以我将这个问题交给了你们 So I pose this question to you
你们是好警察 还是坏警察? are you a "good cop" or a "bad cop"?
你们需要对自我进行定位 You need to figure out where you want to place yourself
在一连串角色中 一头是朋友 where you want to place yourself on that continuum
另一头是虐待学生的教练 你的位置在哪里 from friend on one extreme to abusive coach on the other
思考一个真实世界的例子 Think of an example you've seen in the real world
一位足球教练告诉他的球员 他们今天的表现很糟 maybe a soccer coach who tells the players that they stunk today
以此方法来鼓励他们下次踢得更好 to get them to play better next time
很多学生认为这种方法 Many of our students believe that kind of treatment
确实有助于激发出他们的动力 Actually does work to motivate them
我个人认为 I have to admit that I personally of the opinion
鼓励和正面的肯定 that encouragement and positive reinforcement
具有强大而持久的影响力 are much more powerful and lasting
但这只是我作为学生和教育工作者 But that is partially a function of my own personality and experience
的一些个人经验和感受 as a student and as an educator
利用竞争来激励学生 The topic of the use of competition as a motivator isn't an area
并不是你应该研究和决定的内容 which you should explore and make personal decisions
尽管竞争在课堂上也很重要 about in terms of its relative importance in your classroom
我要讲的最后一个话题是 The final topic I want to cover concerns
什么是平等教学法 what is often referred to as equity pedagogy
也就是如何营造一种 That is how do you create an environment
有利于公平的课堂环境? which fosters and models equity in your classroom?
我们都注意到许多老师中间存在一种被证实的趋势 We all need to be aware of the documented tendency among most teachers
也就是给成绩好的白人男生 which has been to give more response opportunities
更多表达自己的机会 给他们更多的表扬 and praise to high achieving white male students
所以我们作为老师的第一步工作是倡导公平 So that might be our first step as teachers advocating equity
以确保采用了各种方法 to make sure that we use a variety of methods to a least responses
让所有学生都能参与到回答中来 and input from our students, from all of our students
包括在冰棒签上写学生的名字 That may include everything from using popsicle sticks with names on them
以及强制要求学生参与活动 to requiring student participation
我在这里不想对方法进行一一列举 I'm not gonna take the time to list the variety of methods
你们可以自己回去试验 you might want to experiment with
可以肯定的是 很多教师发现 It suffices to say that most teachers would find
如果教师在某个学生身上多花一点时间 that if someone time the amount of input that each student has
那么一天之后 一周或一个月之后 over a day, or a week or a month
受到教师关注最多的学生和最少的学生之间 that there will be a wide disparity between those
就出现了天壤之别的差距 who have the most and those who have the least
为了消除这种不平等 We could offset some of that inequity
我们还可以给一些学生更多的个人帮助 by giving some students more individual assistance
理想状况下 可以有意图的 Ideally, that should be done in some sort of intentional
以可证实的方式来实施一些合理的平等举措 and documented fashion to ensure a reasonable measure of equity
另一个需要考虑的问题是 Another consideration is
如何在你的课堂上创造一种民主的氛围 how to create a sense of democracy in your classroom
这就不仅限于让学生自主选课 That should be more than just having student's choice built in curriculum
当然这也是一种可接受的第一步工作 although that is an acceptable first step
理想状态下 教师应该营造一种社群参与感 Ideally, the teacher should incorporate a sense of community participation
让大多数人来做出 in the form of letting the majority make certain decisions
那些可能对集体造成影响的决策 affecting the entire group
重视课堂上的民主参与 An emphasis on the democratic practices in the classroom
意味着每个学生都有机会 can include a variety of leadership opportunities
成为学生干部 for every one of your students
而不是只给成绩好的学生当学生干部的机会 not just the highest achievers
詹姆斯 班克斯是多文化教育方面的专家 James Banks, the expert on multi-cultural education perspectives
他提出我们应该创造公平的环境 advocates that we create equity
然后从三个方面关注学生的多样性 and focus our efforts in diversity on three fronts
首先是内容本身 The first is the content itself
需要教师回答的问题是 The question to ask yourself as a teacher is
我们在提供信息时有没有考虑到文化和视角的多样性? are we presenting information from a variety of cultures and perspectives?
华盛顿州所使用的官方用语是 Terms that the State of Washington uses are
"有必要关注文化和性别差异 "the necessity of being culturally and gender responsive
必须满足来自弱势群体 and the importance of serving the needs of our low status
和传统边缘化人群的学生的需求 historically marginalized students."
第二个领域是对内容进行评估 The second area is the assessment of that content
许多教师仍然顽固的奉行着过时的评估方法 Many teachers are guilty of obscuring our evaluation and process
过份强调课堂笔记 with a heavy emphasis on traditional paper and pencil in class
以期末考试对学生进行总结性的评估 final exam type summative assessments
过分强调这些方面的表现 That overemphasis tends to
有可能造成成绩欠佳的学生 perpetuate a lack of success in our lower achieving
低收入家庭和非英语母语的学生永无成功的机会 lower SES and ELL student populations
班克斯对内容评估问题的研究提出了很好的观点 Banks is right about the importance of content assessment
我们刚才已经讲到 as we have just covered
最重要的是第三点 即多样性 Perhaps the most importantly, the third focus of diversity
即课堂上所使用的方法和策略如何保障多样性 to be the actual techniques or strategies that we use in the classroom
他在这个问题上写了很多文章 He has written prolifically
华盛顿州要求我们必须具备相应的条件 and the State of Washington requires that we all have facility
能够创造 with creating
适合多种文化相互交融的学习和学习活动 transformative multi-cultural learning environments and experiences
这包括公平的答问机会 This includes the idea of equity of response opportunities
还包括以潜移默化的方法 but also of instilling the value of embracing diversity
让学生接受课堂和社群多样性的事实 in our classrooms and our community
对于教师来说 For teachers
我认为这就要求 I believe that intreats us to demand respectful behavior
学生随时随地都能尊重教师 from our students at all times, all students at all times
所有学生都能够使用礼貌的正确语言 for everyone to use politely correct language
并且正如我们在前面讨论到的 and to include ethnically diverse activities, and of course
还应在课程中融入少数裔的多样性活动 as we discussed earlier, multi-cultural content in our curricula
班克斯认为这些方法 Banks advocates for these techniques as a way
能够培养学生的民族/文化自豪感 of instilling ethnic and/or cultural pride in every students
无论他们属于哪个种族 regardless of their race
信仰什么宗教 来自哪个民族 their religion, their ethnicity, etc..
这包括为家族遗产设定学习单元 This might include having unit on family heritage
学习名字的演变 突出课程的全球化特性 name derivation, global emphasis in our curricula
呈现出多样性的视角 等等 and presentation of variety of perspectives
还包括 It would also include
让学生思考社会公正问题 having students grapple with issues of social justice
例如种族歧视和种族隔离 such as segregation, apartheid
种族屠杀 世界饥荒 移民损失 holocaust, world hunger, emigration loss
战俘问题 等等 treatment of POWs, etc..
作为教师 我们可以采取很多有力的措施 As teachers, we can employ a number of powerful strategies
提升学生对多样性的接受程度 for enhancing the process of embracing diversity
这些方法包括让学生接触各种各样的文化 This should include exposing students to a variety of cultures
具体来说 我们可以安排学生实地考察 We can do this by arranging specific field trips
观看影片 邀请嘉宾来做演讲 video presentations and guest speakers
这些展示文化的人可以是社区成员 Often those prevail of culture can be members of community
甚至是学生的家人 or even of the students' families
美国的学校曾经是一个大熔炉 There was a time in American schools with a melting pot model
鼓励教师和学生忽视自己的文化 encourage teachers to get students to ignore
甚至掩盖自己的文化和身份 and even shed their home cultures and identities
到了21世纪 In the 21 Century
我们给教师提出的要求恰恰相反 we are advocating and even requiring teachers to do opposite
所以我认为课堂上的人文主义策略应该是 So my assessment of humanistic approaches to your classroom has
教师应想办法提升学生的动力 and then to get you to consider means of embracing motivation...
提升学生的学习动力 sorry, enhancing motivation in your students
创造一个有利于社会正义的环境 and creating an environment of social justice
所有学生都是有着特殊背景的独特个体 All students are unique individuals with unique backgrounds
同质化的课堂已经不复存在 There is no longer such thing as a homogeneous classroom
区分化教学要求我们 Differentiation reminds us to respond
对学生的个体需求做出回应 to the individual needs of our students
努力创造一种公平 and to strive for equity
安全 适宜成长的课堂环境 security and thus a nurturing environment in our classrooms
而为了真正创造出适宜学生成长的环境 and to truly create a nurturing environment
学生首先需要认同自己是对社会有用的年轻人 students should continue to develop a sense of individual identity
在此基础上强化自身的个性和自豪感 and pride based on their individual worth as a young people in our society
我们作为教师 辅导者 We as teachers, facilitators
最重要的是 我们是学生的榜样 and most of all, as role models
我们将给学生创造一个不同的人生 can help to make a difference in our students' lives
谢谢 Thank you