大家好 Hello, everyone
欢迎来到青少年心理学的最后一章 Welcome to the last chapter to the Psychology of Adolescence
我们终于要学习青少年心理学的最后一章了 Finally we arrive at the last chapter of the Psychology of Adolescence
我希望大家庆祝下 这本厚教材要学完了 and I encourage you to celebrate this final wrap-up of this thick textbook
青少年心理学最后的话题 Our final, the topic of Adolescence Psychology
是青少年心理疾病和问题 is the Mental Illness and the Problems among the Adolescence
本周我们要讲大概的 This week we're gonna think about the general, the factors
影响青少年问题的因素和失调的分类 contributing to the problems among adolescence and classification of the disorder
最后一周我们要讲具体的青春期失调和问题 Last week we're gonna deal with more specific disorders and problems among the adolescence
来看下今天的框架 Let's go to the outlines of today
探索青春期及显现的成人问题 Exploring adolescence and the emerging adult problems
生物-心理-社会方法和发展精神病理学 Biopsychosocial Approach and Developmental Psychopathology
是用来理解青春期心理问题的两种主要方法 that is two major approaches to understanding adolescence, the mental illness
青春期的特点 问题 The characteristics of adolescent, the problems
与广义的病理学来比较 what kind of characteristics of the problems compared to
这些问题有什么特点 "general" psychopathology
压力 应对 及心理弹性 Stress and coping and resilience,
与青春期问题相关的具体话题 that is specific, the topics relate to adolescence, the problems
还有问题和失调 And then, the problems and disorders,
这些我下周再讲 I'm gonna talk about these the next week
更具体的失调表现有滥用毒品 少年犯罪 it's more specific disorder, including drug abuse, juvenile delinquency,
抑郁 自杀和饮食失调 depression and suicide and eating disorders
这些是下周的话题 that is the next week's topic
以及预防和干预 我们如何处理这些特定的失调 Also prevention and intervention, how can we deal with those specific disorders
这是这一章的最后几个话题 that is final topics of this chapter
从理解方式来开始 Start with the approaches to understand
因为通常我们遇到问题 'cause usually when we have some issues
干预或预防问题 我们要知道问题的起因 to intervene or to prevent issues, we need to know that what's the cause of the issues
这些问题由什么引起的 what's the cause of the problems
想一下青少年心理学的第一章 Thinking that very first chapter of the Science of Psychology of Adolescence
我说过心理学的第一要务是描述 I explained that first objective of the psychology is description
要描述这些问题 So just describe the problems
青少年心理学的第二个目标是解释 Second goal of the Science of the Adolescence Psychology is explanation
为了了解青春期的心理疾病和问题 To understand adolescence, the mental illness and their problems
我们需要解释 we need to explain
我说的解释的意思是指 what that mean is that "explain", what I mean by explanation is that
试着了解问题产生的原因 trying to understand the cause of the problems
是什么引起了这些问题 what causes problems and those problems
想要理解原因有不同的方式 There is different approaches to understand the cause
解释青春期问题的第一种方式 First approach to explain adolescence issues and adolescence problems
是生物-心理-社会方法 is the biopsychosocial approach
看到了吧？生物 心理 社会 See that? Bio, psycho, social
这个方法包含三个特殊的原因 so this approach includes three different specific causes
来理解和解释青春期问题 included to understand and to explain adolescence problems
首先 理解青春期问题需要生物因素 First of all, they say that there is some biological factors to understand the adolescence problems
生物因素包括大脑和遗传因素 Biological factors including the brain and genetic factors
如果有人认为起主要作用的是生物因素 If the people feel that there's a biological factors have a big play, role
他们很可能解决问题会采用药物治疗 in the problems, then probably they're using the drug therapy
例如 抑郁 For example, the depression,
如果人们认为青春期抑郁是由于遗传导致的 if the people feel that those depression among adolescence because of the genetic factors,
他们可能就会给出抗抑郁药物 then probably they prescribe annti-depression, the drug
来治疗抑郁 to deal with those depression
这就是生物因素 So that is biological factors
同时还有心理因素 But at the same time, there is the psychological factors
我说的心理因素是 When I say the psychological factors
心理因素包括认知 情感和行为因子 it's cognitive, emotional and behavioral factors included in the psychological factors
有时扭曲的想法 Sometimes, distorted thoughts,
即如果你的自我概念扭曲 meaning that if you have a distorted self-concept,
具体就是我必须完美 否则我就是傻瓜 specifically I have to perfect, otherwise I'm the dumb
如果你有这种扭曲的想法 If you have those distortion in your thoughts
很容易会导致抑郁问题 it can cause the problems, very easily depression
还有情绪混乱 Also emotional turmoil
如果情绪上有过多的大起大落 if there's too much up-and-down emotionally
它也会产生问题 then it can cause the problems
还有不当学习以及混乱的关系 And you know, inappropriate learning and also troubled relationship
以及家人和同龄人的影响 and also family and peer influences
也许我们在前几章已经讲过这些话题了 Probably we already thought about these all the issues in previous chapters
最后 社会因素 Finally, social factors
之前我们讲了文化 包括种族划分 Previous, right before we thought about the culture including ethnicity
及社会经济地位 and SES
这是证明社会因素导致青春期问题的很好案例 that is one very good example of the social factors contributing to the adolescence problems
社会经济地位 So SES
比如说贫穷的环境 So low SES, poor environment
很容易导致青春期抑郁 those environments can be very important roles of the adolescence depression
或反社会行为 or anti-social behaviors, that is an example
邻里质量 即社区 Neighborhood quality, that's a community
青少年处于何种社区之中 what kind of community adolescents they're exposed to
这是理解青春期问题的一个非常重要的因素 that is one of the also very important factors to understand adolescence problems
不仅仅是心理-生物-社会因素 另一种方法是 Another approach is that, not just the psycho, bio and social factors
这种方法是更为发展的 this approach thinking that more developmental
即理解青春期问题的纵向思考 So longitudinal thinking to understand adolescence problems
人们认为心理病理学在人生开始就逐渐发展 They believe the developmentally psychopathology developed in the beginning of their life
就有一些症状 随着进入青春期 症状也更加明显 there is some symptoms and then as the adolescents, they grow
而心理病理学也随之发展 those psychopathology, they grow also
这是以发展的视角来理解和解释青春期问题 This is a developmental perspective to understand and to explain adolescence problems
这一方法关注的是描述和解释发展的路径 So this approach focus on describing and exploring the developmental path
问题的发展路径 developmental path of the problems
因为通常很多失调都在早期就会显现 'Cause usually all the many disorders, they have a routine in very early ages
但只有在青春期之后这些症状才可见 but visually we can see those symptoms after adolescence
抑郁 反社会醒悟和其他心理路径（听不出） depression, anti-social behaviors and other psychical paths, (unclear)schedule freney???
尽管很多 大多数失调是在很早就开始了 Many, most of the disorders, even though it starts in a very early age
而青春期则是我们可以观察到这些症状的重要时期 the adolescence, that is a very critical time we can observe, the visible symptoms
人们认为这是纵向的路径 This, people believe that is the kind of longitudinal path
不仅是因为一次的心理 生物 或社会因素 not just because of the one-time psychological, or the bio or social factors
而是某些失调和问题是逐渐发展的 but also there is a developmental path of the certain disorders and certain problems
这些问题被分类为内化问题和外化问题 They categorize the problems: internalizing problems and externalizing problems
通常来讲 这些问题是 Usually these problems are one of the
内化问题的一个例子就是抑郁 a good example of internalizing problems is depression
这群人将所有的问题内化 These groups of people internalize all the problems
有点像他们自己跟自己对话 so kind of, they're just talkative to themselves
而相反 外化问题是反社会的 On the contrary, externalize problems is anti-social
即传导性失调 so conductive disorder
这些人自己有问题 These people have issues inside
但将这些问题外化给他人 but they externalize all the problems to other people
从青春期特点和显现的成人问题来看 In terms of characteristics of adolescent and emerging adult problems
他们有何种特点和独特之处 what kind of characteristics and uniqueness they have
宽频谱 Wide spectrum
无论是内化还是外化 我们能看到问题种类繁多 Either internalize and externalize, very wide range of the problems we can see that
跟青少年做咨询时 我们会遇到各种问题 when we have consulting with the adolescents, it's wide range of the problems we can see
从问题的严重程度来看 有很轻微的症状 Also, in terms of the severity of the problems, it can be very minor and very light symptoms
也有很严重的 会导致人格失常的那种 and also it can be very serious and start to show personality disorder
这种问题也出现于青少年之间 that is the problems we also see that among the adolescents
问题有一次性的 随着时间推移症状消失 Also the problems, it's just one-time short-lived, and as time goes on the symptoms are gone
但有些问题是持续的 but some problems are persistent problems and later life
青春期出现 会持续下去 still, it's on-site once adolescence, but persistent
我们可以看到这类的症状 those symptoms we can see that
问题也有很多类型 These are also the wide range of the problems
某些问题出现在某一特定发展阶段 Some problems appear at one developmental, level then another
所以这些特点有些彼此相关 so kind of relate to each other, these characteristics
我们可以看到有些问题是一直存在的 We see that the prevalence of certain problems
也可以看出从社会经济地位角度来讲有一些不同 differences we can see that there are differences in terms of the SES background
通常从低社会经济地位中出来的人更容易 Usually low SES background, people they are more vulnerable
受到这些因素的影响 容易抑郁 反社会 to most of the issues and depression and anti-social
这些问题也 the problems also
我们看这些问题的同时也要考虑优势 When we think of those all the issues, we also need to pay attention to assets.
防止这类问题的发生有内部和外部的优势 There is internal and external asset to prevent issues
我们需要思考青少年有何种内部及外部的优势 we need to think of what kind of internal, what kind of external asset the adolescents have
我说过 青春期是关键时期 Adolescence, I told you this is a critical period of time
通常在这一时期 大多数失调症状都开始显现 usually most of the disorders start to show, the very vivid symptoms among adolescents
因为青春期的时候要经历不同的压力 because adolescence is the time, it's gone through different kinds of stresses
可以看出压力源会产生压力 We see that the stresses response to the stressors,
压力源可以指环境或事件 stressors meaning that it can be the circumstances, or events
威胁青春期 that threaten the adolescence and kind of
也会干涉常规的应对系统 interfere the coping system, regular coping system
想想之前的章节 什么样的环境和事件 So thinking that the previous chapters, what kind of circumstances and events
压力源 以及青少年需要经历 stressors and adolescencts have gone through
他们需要应对内部环境 they have to deal with internal circumstances
由于荷尔蒙的变化和学业压力 它也在变化 It is changing because hormones change, and also academic pressure
他们需要发展新的关系模式 They have to develop new relationship patterns
他们要发展自己的 选择职业路径 They have to develop their own, the career choice
所有不同的环境事件都能成为青春期的压力刺激 So all different kinds of the environmental events can be stressors for the adolescents
有些青少年可以应付这些压力 Some adolescents, they can deal with those stressors
可有些人应付不来 but some adolescents, they overwhelmed
认为自己的应对能力不能应对这些压力 feeling that their coping system, coping abilities cannot work with these new stressors
这会引起问题的 是吧？ It can cause the problems, alright?
这些压力可以是急性的 也可以是慢性的 The stressors, it can be acute stressors and chronic stressors
急性的压力是一次性的 Acute stressors is that very sharp and one-time
但比起慢性来讲强度很大 but the intensity is very high compared to the chronic stressors
压力来源也有很多种 来自 Stress may come from many different sources, coming from
家庭冲突 跟父母的冲突 family conflict, conflict with the parents
或是学业失败 或是被同龄人拒绝 Or it can be failure of academics, or sometimes rejection of the peers
对青少年来讲 有很多不同的压力源 Many different sources can be stressors for the adolescents
人生事件也可能 甚至日常生活也有可能 Life events, can be possible, or even daily hassles
比如说检查作业 时间管理 like checking the homework, time management
这些对青少年来说也可能产生压力 they can be also stressors for adolescents
我们也要想 还有些社会-文化因素 We also think there're some socio-cultural factors to
来评估压力的程度 他们起了什么作用 evaluate the level of stressors, they have played a role
特定的环境下 So in certain environment, or certain situation
这可以帮助青少年应对会缓解压力 can be very assets and help adolescents to deal with or to decrease the level of stresses
我们说的压力并不指单纯的压力 When we say the stresses, it's not kind of the pure level of stresses, we cannot say
有社会-文化因素 There is a socio-cultural factor
如果你的家庭十分支持你 so if you have a good support from your family
尽管你需要面对学业压力 even though you have to deal with academic pressure
比起那些没有家人支持的青少年来说 the level of stresses can be less
你的压力较小 than the adolescents living in the situation without any parental support
社会-文化因素可以决定压力的程度和性质 Socio-cultural factors can be determine the level of stresses and the nature of stresses
我们说起压力 大家试图去应对 When we say the stress, people try to cope
重要的不是摆脱这些压力 因为这是不可能的 It's important not to get rid of the stresses, 'cause it's impossible
人生不可能一点压力都没有 We cannot live the life without any stresses
压力是一直存在的 尤其青春期是第一次 Always there're stresses, especially adolescence, there's the first time
你需要应对这些压力 you have to deal with and you have to cope stresses
与其坐下来想如何摆脱所有压力 Rather than just sit down, how can I get rid of all the stresses?
也许这种想法并不明智 并不现实 Maybe that is unwise or that is unrealistic way of thinking
也许我们要想我的应对系统 Maybe we need to think of that what kind of coping system I have
应对策略是什么 what kind of coping strategies I have
也许你的应对策略效率很低 Maybe you have very unproductive coping strategies and
所以你的压力很大 that's why you suffer from many stresses
你不能有效地应对这些压力 and cannot deal with all the stressors in a more effective way
成功的应对需要这些特定的因子 Success in coping has linked these particular, certain factors
思考你自己的应对方式 看你是否具备这些 and think your own coping, whether you have all these kind of things
首先 要成功应对压力 First of all, to cope stress successfully
你需要有一定的自我控制 you need to have a sense of personal control
即 面对压力 如果我觉得我能应对 我能控制 meaning that oh, there's the stresses, if I feel I can handle, I can control these things
也许你就能成功应对压力 then maybe you can cope more successfully
积极情绪 并不是说要一直开心 Positive emotions, meaning that not always be happy,
但面对压力的同时 but there is stresses, but also at the same time
你会焦虑 可同时也会感受到新挑战的兴奋 you feel anxious, but at the same time you feel the excitement of the new challenges
研究表明压力不仅会让人有消极的情绪 Stresses, the research they show that stress brings not just all the time the negative emotions
可同时 也可能会有积极的情绪 but at the same time, there is the positive emotions also, it's possible
问题就是人们面对压力时更关注消极的情绪 The problem is that people focus on more negative emotions when they have the stresses, that's the problems
但如果你想成功地应对自己的压力 But if you want to cope successfully to your own stresses
那就多加关注自己的积极情绪 then pay attention to your positive emotions
当你面对压力时 你有何种积极情绪 what kind of positive emotions you have when you have stressors coming to your life
成功应对的另一个标准是个人资源 Another criteria of success coping is personal resources
如果你的个人资源完善 包括你的关系网络 If you develop fully your personal resources, including your relationship network
或你的智力资源 或时间管理技能 or your intellectual resources or you have the management skills in your time
这些都可以是个人资源的组成部分 that can be all the examples of personal resources
对于成功应对压力来说十分有用 It's very helpful for, to cope your stresses more successfully
还有策略 如果你有意地去运用某些策略 And strategies, if you use certain strategies more intentionally
也能更有效地应对压力 that is also very helpful to cope stresses more successfully
以及特定的环境 如果有人支持你 And certain context, if you have the supportive context
对于成功应对压力来说会有很大帮助 that is very helpful for you to cope the stresses successfully
应对策略的分类十分宽泛 These are kind of a very broad classification of the coping strategies
有问题指向型应对 有些人会用这种方式 There's the problem-focused coping, sometimes people using that
或情绪指向型应对 or emotional-focused coping
大家觉得哪种策略更能有效地应对压力呢？ What do you think, which one, which strategy is more effective to deal with the stresses
我来逐一解释下 Let me just explain that each by each
问题指向型应对是指面对问题时直接解决它们 Problem-focused coping is that facing troubles and trying to solve them more directly
与其说逃避问题 回避问题 So rather than escape from the problems or deny the problems
或者假装自己没遇到任何问题 or just pretend you don't have any problems
这种应对策略是我要解决它 This coping strategy is that I'm gonna deal with that,
直面难题 confront problems and face problems
如此解决问题更有效 It's more active way to deal with the problems
这很有用 因为如果你想尝试某事 This is very powerful, because when you try something,
如果你足够勇敢去直面问题 when you're brave enough to confront problems
也许你会学到什么 会收获特定的问题解决技能 maybe you learn something, you have to develop certain problem-solving skills
你需要应对 需要从周围人那里获取支持 and you need to deal with, have to get some support from your relationship
如果人们采用的是问题指向型的应对策略 So if people have this problem-focused coping,
通常这种压力管理都会取得成功 usually this result in successful the result of the stress management
相反的是 有些人使用情绪指向型应对 On the contrary to the problem-focused coping, some people use emotion-focused coping
即并不直接解决问题 meaning that rather than deal with the problems directly
而只是通过情绪的方式来应对 they just deal with an emotional manner
尤其是使用防御机制 especially by using defensive mechanism
如果学业上的持续失败让你沮丧 If you feel that very disappointed about your consistent failure in your academics
与其说尝试分析你的学习或考试技能是否出错 rather than trying to analyze what's the problems of your study skills or test skills
他们选择了情绪指向型应对策略 These people using emotion-focused coping
他们只是应对自己的悲观和失望 they just deal with their sadness and disappointment
而不是解决问题本身 rather than dealing with the problem itself
导致压力的情绪 Sometimes we have to deal with emotions resulted in our stresses
有时我们不能应对压力 sometimes we cannot deal with stressors,
我们不能解决问题 we cannot get rid of the problems
有时不能直面问题 Sometimes it's impossible to confront problems,
他们需要应对情绪 they have to deal with emotions
但如果面对压力你只使用情绪指向型策略 But if you use only emotion-focused coping when you have stresses
而不是直面压力 rather than facing problems
可能以后还会遇到这个问题 it can be a problem later on
我鼓励大家多使用这种应对策略 So I encourage you using this coping more
这是应对问题和压力的更积极有效的方法 it's a more effective and more active way to deal with the problems and stresses
但你还要知道如何应对情绪 But also you need to know that how to deal with emotions
如果你不能解决问题 只能选择接受 If the problems cannot be get rid of your way, have to take it
你会需要去应对相应产生的情绪 then you need to deal with your resulting, the emotions
另一种应对压力的好办法是 Another tip for dealing with the stresses in a better way
积极思考 Think Positively
我已经说过 压力并不只会带来悲观的情绪 I already told you that stresses not just bring all negative feelings,
也可能是机会 对吧？ it can be the chance, alright?
当你积极地去思考压力的情况 So when you think the situation, and stressful situation positively
很可能还会有希望 then probably there is some hope there
即积极思考 避免悲观情绪是个好策略 So thinking positively and avoiding negative thoughts, it's a good strategy
当尝试在任何情况下应对压力时 When trying to handle stresses in just about any circumstances
有很多好处 有时你需要接受特定的压力 So there're many benefits, sometimes even you need to accept certain stressors
但如果你积极思考 but if you think positively, then
在应对这些压力时你会有所收获 you can get some benefits of dealing with those stressors
因此积极思考很重要 So thinking positively is very important
研究表明积极情绪会让你更有效地处理信息 Research shows that positive mood itself that improve your ability to process information more effectively
你可能意识得到 如果你学习的时候心情不好 焦虑 Probably you know that if you study in a very negative mood, like too much anxious mood
也许你的精力很难集中在你所阅读的信息上 then maybe you, it's very difficult for you to concentrate on the information you are reading in a textbook
但如果你心怀希望或是很积极的情绪 But if you feel that some like hopeful or positive emotions
这会让你更有效地理解和吸收教科书里的信息 then it really help you to understand and digest information you read in a textbook
因此积极思考 积极的心情会让你 So think positively, it brings a positive mood that helps you
帮你解决问题 是吧？ the problem solving situation, right?
因此积极的态度十分重要 So optimistic, the attitude is very important
当前一个主流的积极心理学就是 In these days and positive psychology, one of the trending psychology
与其说重视消极思维和情绪 they emphasize that rather than negative side of our thinking and emotions
我们需要更重视其积极地方面 but we need to pay attention to the positive side of it
因为当我们重视思考和情绪的积极方面 Because when we pay attention to the positive side of our thinking and emotions,
会有很多益处 there are lots of benefits
但我们也知道不仅有积极的事情 But we also know that not just positive thing is possible
我们也要承认生活还有消极的一面 We also admit that there's a negative side of our, the life
但同时也有积极的一面 but also there is some positive side of it
另一个重要的问题 支持 Another important issue - Support
人是社会型动物 We know that we are social animals, all the human beings
尽管你很聪明很有智慧很有资源 Even though you are very smart and intelligent and you are very resourceful individual
但如果没有他人的支持和帮助也是不行的 but you cannot live your life without any support and help from other people
试着跟他人建立起积极的关系 Trying to develop close and positive attachment to other people
当你有压力的时候 不要怕跟朋友说 when you have stresses, don't be ashamed to talk to your friends
别怕告诉他们你的压力 你是怎么想的 don't be ashamed to open up your stresses and what's going on in your mind
这样你会得到精神上的支持 有时还会有物质上的支持 In that way, you can get emotional support and sometimes you can get physical support
这真的会帮你更有效地应对压力 that's really helpful you to cope the stresses in a more constructive way
心理弹性 我觉得这是理解压力的一个很好的概念 Resilience, I think this is a very attractive, the concept understand the stresses
心理弹性是指 Resilience meaning that
当人们面对压力的时候 自然的反应是 people when we're exposed to the stresses and the natural reaction to stresses is that
我们失去了我们平时的调节能力 所以很难 we lose our, the average level of adjustment, so have a difficult
我们的调节能力降低了 We kind of, our level of adjustment decreased
但心理弹性强的人 他们内在或关系中有保护性因素 but resilient people, they have some protective factors inside or in their relationship context
因此保护性因素可以起到缓冲的作用 So those protective factors can be a buffer
除了这些风险因素 这些消极的影响 In spite of the risk factors, those negative influences
人们能更有效地利用保护性因素 the people using the protective factors more effective way
有时我们不能摆脱风险因素 Sometimes we cannot get rid of the risk factors
我可以说这是压力源 I can say that this is the stressors
有时我们只能面对自己的问题 Sometimes we use just the problems in our life
也许你不能摆脱贫穷 So maybe you cannot get rid of your poverty
也许你出身贫寒 你要接受这点 maybe you live, you were born into a very poor family and you have to deal with that
与其坐下抱怨这些不利的情况 压力源 Rather than just sit down and disappointment complaining of those bad situation stressors
利用并关注保护性因素 using and focus on protective factors
你自己有什么 What do you have inside
也许你很聪明 maybe you have good intellectual functions, you're smart people
那么不要抱怨没有家庭的支持 then rather than complaining of lack of support from your family
去利用你的才智或任何能力 but using your good intelligence or your any kind of the capabilities
或密切的关系 父母长辈 Or close relationship, the parenting figure
尽管你的父母没有钱支持你的事业 even though your parents are not rich enough to support your career
但如果你们关系很好 but if you have a good relationship
如经常沟通互相理解 like good communication, understanding relationship
可以是你父亲或你母亲 it can be your father or your mother
或者你跟你祖父的关系很好 or it can be a good relationship with your grandfather
也并不一定是要家庭成员才行 or sometimes it's not necessarily the family relationship
其他成年人 如宗教领袖或牧师 or other prosocial adults, if you have a religious leader or pastors
或者你有很棒的人生导师 or you have good mentors in your life
他们也可以成为你的保护性因素 对吧？ they can be protective factors, alright?
有时我们试图降低风险因素的影响程度 So sometimes we try to decrease the level of influences of risk factors
但在实际生活中 我们并不能摆脱所有的问题 but in our life, in our real life, it's sometimes we cannot get rid of all the problems
即风险因素 which is risk factors
那样 我们需要优化并找出人们的保护性因素是什么 In that situation, we need to maximize and try to identify what kind of protective factors people have
如果你有 好好利用保护性因素 If you have, using protective factors more effectively
尽管你需要面对压力 你生活中还有压力 then even though there's the stressor, it's still there in your life
你也会有心理弹性 就是这个概念 you can have resilience, that is the concept
抛去危险因子的负面影响 In spite of the negative influences of risk factors
如果你利用保护性因素作为缓冲 if you're using the protective factors as the buffer
你就可以展现心理弹性 then you can show the resilience
这就是解释 that is the explanation
这差不多就是有心理弹性的青少年的特点 This is kind of the characteristics of resilient children and adolescents
鲁特 他是英国的社会学家和社会心理学家 Rutter, he was the socialist and socio-psychologist in England
他发现 如果在一个很差的家庭环境和很差很穷的社区 He found that in a, from the very bad, the family situation and very bad and poor community
一些青少年 他们是很有心理弹性的 certain adolescents, they are identified as the resilient adolescents
他划分了个人特点 家庭特点 He classified individual characteristics and family characteristics
还有家庭之外的特点 and extra familial context, certain characteristics
在我们看来还有希望 this can be a hope for us
尽管实际上风险因素仍然存在 Even though there is realistically, an objective risk factor still exists
但我们可以更有效地利用某些保护性因素 but we can have certain protective factors, we can use that more effective way
这可以成为你的缓冲 then it can be a buffer in our life
今天的课程就讲到这里 I'm gonna just finish today's lecture here
我们先讲了青春期问题 We think about adolescence problems
然后是更详细的失调和问题 before going to the more detail disorders and problems
我想给大家一个框架 I wanna just give you some framework
解决青春期问题的方法 the approach to the adolescence problems
我们要想心理 社会 还有生物因素 psycho, social, biological factors we need to think about that
还有发展性的 理解青春期问题的方法 and also developmental, the pathways to understand adolescence problems
以及压力 理解青春期问题的非常重要的概念 And also the stresses, that is a very important concept to understand adolescence problems
因为青春期充斥着各种压力 because adolescence, that's a time full of stresses as you understand
因此压力本身并不是问题 So stresses itself is not a problem
但如何应对是更重要的问题 but how to cope, that's more important issues
希望你们学到了点东西 Hopefully you can learn something
评估自己的压力应对系统和心理弹性值 and you can evaluate your stress coping system and level of resilience
也许你们可以更有效地应对压力 and then maybe have a challenge yourself to cope to the stresses more effective way
我下周会更具体的讲一下失调和青春期问题 OK, so I'm gonna continue next week more specific disorders and adolescence problems
包括抑郁 反社会行为 including depression, anti-social behavior
还有预防和干涉 and also we're gonna think about prevention and intervention next week
谢谢 Thank you!