大家好 欢迎收看青少年心理学 Hello everyone, welocome to psychology of adolescence
今天的课题是成功 today's lesson is about achievement
著名的心理学家弗洛伊德说过 the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud, he said that
为了有幸福的生活 我们要学会两件事情 to have a happy life we need to learn two things
一个是爱 另一个就是工作 one is love and the other is work
所以目前为止 青少年心理学中 so for the psychology of adolescence so far
我们已经讲了爱 这种爱 we talked about the love, the meaning of
不是我所讲的性爱 the love is not I'm talking about the sexual love
而是一种更广义的爱 是一种关系 it's more expanded meaning of love is a relationship
所以目前为止我们讲到了家庭问题 同龄人 朋友 so we think about the family issue, and also peer and friends
和浪漫的关系 and romantic relationship so far
那种关系就是爱的关系 and that is about the relationship which is love relationship
所以为了有一个幸福的生活 你需要知道 so it's very important to have a happy life for you need to know
怎么去爱 怎么被别人所爱 how to love and you need to know how to loved by other peoples
但是今天有点不同 是讲工作 but today is a little bit different, it's work
工作意味着为了有一个幸福的生活你需要发展你的 and work meaning that to have a happy life you need to develop
发挥自己的最大潜能 your the potential to fulfill your all the maximum
那就是我们第十一章中要讲述的 so that is a achievement and the work the career issues
成功 工作和事业问题 covered by the chapter 11
看这幅图片：攀岩者 and look at the picture, the rock climber
你怎么看他们? and what do you think about them
也许有些学生认为 天哪，他们太疯狂了 maybe some students feel that oh, they are crazy
他们为什么那么做 那很危险 也没有意义 why they are doing that, that is too dangerous and there's no point
所以有些人也许永远也不会明白他们为什么那么做 so some people can never understand why they are doing it
也许有些人感觉 哦 那很有意思 or maybe some students feel that, oh, that's so fun
因为他们觉得有意思 所以他们才做这些 so that's why they are doing it because they enjoy the process
也许有些人感觉 哦 也许那是竞赛 maybe some people they feel that, oh, maybe that is a competition
有很大的奖品在在等着他们 there is a very big prize that waiting for them
那就是为什么他们冒着危险去做那些危险的事情 that why they take a risk to do thses very dangerous things
所以人们有不同的理由可以去工作 so there is different kinds of the reasons for the people to do work
去学习 去找份工作 当你想到这些问题的时候 or to study or to get a job, and when you are thinking of these issues
我希望你想想你自己 对你来讲 你学习的理由 I hope that you are think of yourself and what's the reason for you
是什么 上大学的理由是什么 to study and go to college and just stand out
来参加这个讲座的理由是什么 and compute to take this lecture
这是本章的大纲 成功 so the broad the outline for this the chapter is achievement
那是第一个主题 第二个主题是工作和职业发展 that is first topic and second topic is about work and career development
下周我们将讲述职业发展 and I'm going to talk about career development in next week
那涵盖了太多内容 it tells too much contents we have to cover
所以这周我们将讲述成就和工作 so this week we are going think about achievement and work
开始讲成就 首先告诉我们 start achievement, the first that shows us that
为什么青少年要讲述成就 why the adolescence think about the achievement
当我们说到青少年或成年人的成就时 and when we think of the criteria of the achievement the adolescence
我们的评判标准是 财政上和情绪上更加负责 and adult, we talk about that to be more responsible financially and emotionally
作为成人 那是一个很重要的领域 to be considered as adult, that's very important area
所以成就意味着你财政上必须准备好 必须负责 so achievement meaning that you have to be ready, to be responsible
必须支撑自己 你需要有自己的工作 to supporting yourself financially and you need to have your own job
那样你就可以支持自己的 and in that way you can support yourself
而工资不是完全必要的 and not necessarily dose making salary
你需要有一个有意义的生活 你需要做一些你能做的 but you have to have more meaningful life to do something you can do
比别人好的事情 或者某个你有天赋的领域 better than someone else or this's the area you can have a lot of the talent
所以成就是青少年必须学习的主要任务之一 so achievement that is one of the major task of the adolescence have to learn
是为了可以在经济上和情绪上不依赖 and to be ready to live outside without other person's the help
他人的帮助和支持 or the support of the financially or emotionally
所以在青春期过程中 成就在发展方面扮演了一个非常重要的角色 so achievement takes a very central role in development during adolescence
工作也成了生活的一个重要方面 and also work becomes a major aspect of the life, before you do as a hobby
但是对青少年来说 那是一个更严肃的问题 but it is more serious issue for adolescence
而事业在青春期里扮演一个越来越重要的角色 and careers play an increasing role during adolescence
我们将在下周讲述事业的问题 and we are going to thinking about the career issue next week
当提到成功动机过程的时候 when you think of the achievement motivation processes
那是一个对成就来讲很重要的概念 that is a major concept relate to the achievement
内部动机和外部动机 and intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation that is
是动机比较经典的分类 very classical classification of the motivation
来回答人们为什么那么做 to have an answer that why people do that
内部动机就是内部因素 and intrinsic motivation is internal factors
比如说自我决定 好奇 挑战 和努力 such as self-determination, curiosity and challenge and effort
比如说 你弹钢琴不是为了挣钱 for example you play the piano not just to make money
不是因为你妈妈的压力 也不是为了有一个好成绩 or because your mom's pressure or you want to have a good grade
而你只是享受练习弹奏钢琴的过程 but if you just enjoying the process of practicing the playing piano
那就是你做事的内部动机 that is intrinsic motivation you do something
相反 外部动机是外部诱因 on the contray, the extrinsic motivation is external incentives
比如说奖励 或者你想避免他人的惩罚 such as rewards or you want to avoid the punishment from other people's
如果那是你学习的原因 我们就可以说 你有外部动机 and that's why you do study then we can say that you have extrinsic motivation
如大家所料 内部动机有很多好处 so as you expect that intrinsic motivation get a lot of benefit
但是有时候我们做事情是因为外部动机 but sometimes we have to do something because of the extrinsic motivation
有时候 人们因为外部动机而学习 and some people study something based on the extrinsic motivation
但是在他们学习的过程中 他们很感兴趣 but when they are doing it they find it's really fun
并很享受 and there is a lots of enjoyment
那么动机就变成了内部动机 then the motivation change into the intrinsic motivation
这个表格表明 人们怎样参加或者 this graph shows that how the people participate in
进入一个具体的工作 or involve in the certain task
这一行是对自己技能的感知水平 shows that this criteria is perceived level of the own skills
这个表明我觉得我自己的技能很差 so this level feel that I'm very low level of skills I have
这个是技能很好 and this is high level
这是对挑战的感知水平 and this criteria shows that perceived level of the challenge
对具体的任务我感觉怎么样 how difficult I feel for the certain task
如果你能力很低 而你的任务很容易 and if you have low level of skills and you feel that that's too easy
那就是没兴趣 很烦躁 我没有任何兴趣 then apathy, so boredom or I don't have any interest
怎样我都不在乎 那种态度就是没兴趣 whatever do I don't care, that's kind of attitude that's apathy
但是如果你觉得那对你来说很难 but if you feel that is very difficult for you
你感觉你还没有准备好做那些 and you feel that you are not ready to do with
因为你能力很低 那你就会焦虑 because you have low level of skills then you have anxiety
那就是为什么有人觉得如果你不好好学习 and that why some people feel that if you don't study too much
去应对那些困难的工作 你就会感受到焦虑 to ready for the task which is very difficult then you have taste of anxiety
这个是你觉得你能力很高 and this is if you feel that you have high level of skills
但是任务很容易 你会觉得 but the task is too easy then you feel that
哦 我不需要准备 那太简单了 oh, I don't have to prepare that's too easy
所以我不想学习 准备 做出努力 and so I don't want to study or prepare or make any effort
来成功 因为那对我来说没有挑战 那太烦了 to succeed because that is no challenge for me, that is boredom
成就的这一阶段我们可以叫做心流 and this is a very idea state of achievement it's which we call the flow
Hale 契克森米哈是心理学家 社会心理学家 Csikszentmihalyi, he is psychologist, social psychologist
他提出了这个特别的概念来解释 he suggest particular the concept to explain
水平很高的人 that the people have high level of skills
他们很享受完成具有挑战性任务的过程 那就是心流阶段 and they enjoy the process to do very challenge task that is a flow state
所以他们完全在做事 他们很享受 so they're very much pre-occupied of doing things and they enjoy
他们忘了其他的事情 甚至有时候忘了自己错过了吃饭 and they forget about other things even sometimes they forget they missed meals
有时候 心流可能不是那么积极的事情 so sometimes a flow can be a not that the positive things
比如说沉迷游戏 青少年正好是心流阶段 like addict into a games, adolescence day are in the flow state
有时候 他们就坐在电脑前 玩网游 and sometimes they're just sitting at computer doing the intelgames
不吃饭 甚至根本感觉不到饥饿 and they forget about the meals and they don't feel that any hunger at all
所以那是一个很典型的情况 so that's a very kind of very involve this situation
而积极的一面是 你非常喜欢读书 and also the positively if you really like reading books
或者给处于心流状态的年轻人玩积木 or playing lego for the young people they're folw in a suitation
他们想做更有挑战性的工作 而且他们感觉很开心 and they want to do more challenge work and that's really fun for them
那就是心流阶段 so that's the flow the state
所以自我认定理论 与内部动机有关 so self-determination theory that's more relate to the intrinsic motivation
但是如今 自我认定理论 他们认为 but in these days self-determination theory they realize that
有很多内部动机而不止一个 there're different types of intrinsic motivation it's not just only one
比如说 如果你学习不是因为有意思 so for example if you study not just for fun
但是你说你平均成绩高的时候你妈妈很高兴 but if you say that your mother really please with you high GPA
而你选择让你妈妈开心不仅仅是因为她的 and if you choose to please your mother not just because you like her
奖励 或者你害怕被妈妈惩罚 complement as reward or you're afraid of getting punishment from your mother
所以如果你选择 自己决定去取悦你的妈妈 so if you choose, so self-determination to please your mother
而去获得一个好成绩 那是你刻苦学习的原因 to get a good GPA and that's why you study hard
我们可以说那是另一种形式的内部动机 then we can call that as a different type of intrinsic motivation
所以人们开始提出有多种形式的动机 so there're different types of motivation
多种形式的内部动机 intrinsic motivation people begin to suggest
自我决定 人们说那是因为他们自己的意志 and the self-determination the people say that just because of their own will
可以有不同的类型 对个人选择也会有影响 and the types can be different and that has impact on the personal choice
这与动机理论有关 that is also relate to the motivation theory
另一个概念就是兴趣 它与内部动机不是完全相同的 and another concept is interest, it's not just exactly same concept with
概念 但是很相似 the intrinsic motivation, it's very similar
我对某些事情感兴趣 那也是我做事的原因 I have interested in something and that's why I'm dong it
人们开始学会运用兴趣的概念 so people have begin to study using the concept of the interest
那是动机的另一方面 that's also another aspect of the motivation
归因是理解成功的另一个概念 and attribution that's another concept to understand achievement
人们为什么这么做 why the people doing it
归因的定义是 他们行为和表现的 attribution by definition is underlying causes of
潜在原因 their own performance and behavior
比如 如果你数学考试不及格 并知道 for example if you failed in the math test and to understand
为什么我考的不好 之后你假设 why I perform so badly in that test then you assume that
你的失败有一些潜在因素 there is some underlying causes of your failure
有人觉得 我考的不好使因为 some people maybe are you failed in the test because
我不是擅长数学的人 或者有些人说 I'm not capable people in a math or some people say that
老师出的题太难了 因为 the teachers give me a too difficult test because
考试太难 那是考的不好的原因 the levle of difficulty of the test that is the cause
或者有些人觉得 哦 我运气不好 得不到好的成绩 or some people feel that oh I don't have good luck to have a good GPA
所以我考的不好 that's why I failed in the math test
所以人们将他们的成败归于不同的 so different way the people attribute there failure or their success
特定原因 那就是归因 into the certain causes that is attribution
那是被认为的理由 不必是实际理由 so that is perceived causes unnecessary that is actual cause
所以得到更好成功水平的策略是 so best strategies to achieve in a more successful level
我们需要帮助青少年把他们表现不好的行为 we need to help the adolescence attribute their poor performance
归因于可变的内部因素 on changeable internal factors
例如 如果你把你的失败归因于外在因素 for example, if you attribute your the failure into external factor
比如说老师的错 或者老师讲的不好 like your teachers' fault or teachers' incapability to teach effectively
那么你就无法控制你的平均成绩 then actually you can't control over you GPA
所以内部因素是你更好的归因失败的方式 so internal factor is more better way for you to attribute your failure
虽然有内部因素 but also even though there is internal factors
但是有些因素你无法改变 比如说IQ some factor you can not change it, so just as the IQ,
如果你把自己考试表现不好 if you attribute your the poor performance on the test
归因于IQ比较低 那么很可能你会很沮丧 attribute to your low IQ, then probable you're going easily depressed
因为你无法改变你的IQ 所以并不推荐那样 because you can't change your IQ, so it's not really recommendable
如果你把你考试表现不好归因于 but if you attribute your low performance of the test
可变的内部因素 缺乏努力 into you lack of effort that is changeable it's a internal factor
那么也许为了下一次考试你可以更努力一些 so maybe you can do more effort for the next test
所以你可以更努力的学习 你可以更有希望 so you can be more motivated to study, you can have more hope for that
这就是最好的策略 不是外部因素 而是内部因素 so this is best strategies, so instead of external factors more internal
另一点就是 可变因素强于不可变因素 and another criteria it's rather the fix factor more changeable factor
那是更灵活的思想 所以那是归因理论中 it's more flexible ideas, so that's a best strategies
最好的策略 可以让青少年更加成功 using the attribution theory to help the adolescence achieve better
我想解释的另一个概念是 and another the concept that I want to explain is
我们所说的掌握方向 所以有些人做某些事情 the mastery orientation we call that, so some people do something
掌握什么事情 有三个不同的方向 the mastery something, there're three different types of orientation
第一个是掌握方向 we can say, so first mastery orientation
第二个是无助方向 表现方向等不同类型 and second helpless orientation, performance orientation different types
当我们说方向的时候 是指最基本的态度 when I say that orientation is the basic attitude
的另一种说法 in a different words I can say
在你开始意向特定的任务之前 你有某个方向 so even before studying certain task you have a certain orientation
从第一个方向开始讲起 掌握方向 so start with the first orientation, mastery orientation
人们暗示他们自己集中精神做任务 these people instruct themselves to pay attention to the task
他们记得 自己以前表现出色时所用的策略 and they remember that the strategy they have very good performance before
所以他们努力记住我在先前的项目中是如何成功的 so they try to remember how can I succeed in a previous project
并努力把先前的成功经验应用到现在的 and trying to apply those their successful experience before into the current
项目中 因为他们有很大的动机 the project, because they're very highly motivated
他们对掌握事情很感兴趣 那是很重要的事情 and they're interested in mastery things, that's very important things
他们感觉很兴奋 他们感到被困难的任务 so they the feeling very excited and also they're feeling very challenged
挑战 而不是被吓到 by difficult tasks, rather than being threatened by them
所以他们很享受 更专注于掌握事情 so they enjoy the things and more focus on the mastery things
所以我们说那是一种任务导向 so we say that is a task-oriented
我可以把任务导向和自我导向或者 this is I can compare task-oriented into the self-oriented
自我意识相比较 有人有项目 or self-consciousness, so some people have the project
有人认为这只是一个任务 但是其他人可能想 some people think of just a task, but other people can think of
我怎么能把项目做好 how can I do the project well or not
所以他们持续自己的表现水准 so they just endure into their own performance level
所以这一类型的人持续关注任务 so this mastery oriented people sustain more focus on task
而不是他们的自我意识 他们的执行力度和表现水平 rather than their self-consciousness, their fulfillment and their performance level
会非常好 而在这个过程中他们很享受这个过程 can be very good, and also during the process they enjoy the process
所以这是导向类型做事的一种思想 so this is very idea type of oriented to do something
第二种方向和掌握方向很不同 second orientation is very different from mastery oriented
无助方向 那些人在开始某些项目之前 helpless orientation, these people even before start any kind of the project
他们就认为我做不到 我做不到 they feel that I'm not going to do that and I can't do that
很无助 也很无力 那是对待任务的一种方式 and helpless and powerless, that's very approach to the task
即使实际水平很好 so even though there's actual level of performance is really good
但是他们却感觉很疲劳 很容易筋疲力尽 but they feeling that very exhaust and burnout very easily
很容易疲劳 因为他们已经没有力气了 and they feel that very tired very easily because they exhaust out
因为他们感觉他们很无助 没有动力 没有能量 because they feel that they're helpless and no motivation and no energy
去做事情 to perform the things
所以无助方向有时候我们称之为习得性无助 so helpless orientation somentimes we say that learned helplessness
意思是这些人积累他们的方向 那就是习得 meaning that these people accumulated their orientation that is learned
那不是实际上的无助 只是一种感觉 it's not actually helplessness it's a given thing
所以如果你不改变你的方向 那些无助方向 so if you don't change your orientation, those helpless orientation
积累下来之后你就成了习得性无助 it's accumulated and you can a learned helplessness
那是对表现成功水平的埋没 and that's a really fate of the burial to perform successful level
第三个方向是表现定向 and third orientation is performance orientation
他们与掌握定向的人很相似 they appear to be very similar with the mastery orientation people
但是表现定向的人是另一种完全不同的态度 but performance orientation people is this very different attitude
那些人很有竞争性 these people are very competive
他们很讲结果 那对他们来讲很重要 and there are rivalry issues, that's very important to them
所以成功对他们来讲很关键 so winning is one matter for them rather than task-orientation
他们更关注成功 有竞争性和挑战性的事情 they focus is more winning thing so competition and rivalry things
所以他们的表现非常好 so it's even though their performance is really good
他们的策略水平非常高 但是研究表明 their level of strategies can be really high, but the research shows
把掌握定向和表现定向相结合 that there're many benefits that combining mastery orientation with
有好多好处 那是一个很好的结合 the performance orientation, it can be really a good match
因为掌握定向的人属于内部导向 because mastery orientation people is more internal oriented people
但是表现定向的人属于外部导向 but performance orientation people is more external oriented people
但是表现水平非常好 but the performance level is really good
但是如果你将这两种定向结合 那你的满意度就会 so if you combine this orientation together then your satisfaction
很高 同时你的表现也会很好 is high also the level of your performance is really good
所以那是一个很好的策略 so that is a good strategy
与成功相关的另一个概念是自我效能感 and another the concept that relate to achievement is self-efficacy
Bandura 一个社会心理学家 and you know that the Bandura, he is a social psychologist
班杜拉提出了自我效能感的概念 and Bandura developed the idea self-efficacy
实际上 这个理论是社会 认知理论 and actually here is the theory, the social, the cognitive theory
来理解人们的行为 to understand the people's behavior
自我效能感是我们的认知 相信我们可以掌控某个环境 self-efficacy is our cognitive believe that I can master a situation
并有满意的结果 and produce favorable the outcomes
在你做某些事情之前 so even before you performance something
你有一定水平的自我效能感 you have a certain level of self-efficacy
你认为你怎样才能做好这项任务 so how do you think that you're going do well in this task
某些时候那与你实际的表现水平没有关系 that is sometimes unnecessary relate to the actual level of your performance
所以如果你的自我效能感水平比较高 so if you have a high level of self-efficacy
如果你相信你的能力 and if you trust in your level of the capability
那对实际做好一件事很有益处 that is really a good plus to do well in that actual work
那在成功中是一个很zhongyao 的因素 那基于信任系统 so that is a critical factor in achievement that adores believe system
与掌握动机有相似的地方 所以有些有 and has much common with in mastery motivation, so somebody have
掌握动机的人他们很可能有很高水平的自我效能感 a mastery motivation probably they have a high level of self-efficacy
他们相信自己的能力 they trust in their own capability
另一方面是他们青春期后的 and another thing is there's gender difference
性别区分 女性青少年研究表明 after the adolescence, the female adolescence state shows
跟青少年时期的男孩和男性相比 女性的自我效能感明显要低 significant lower level of self-efficacy compare to boy, male adolescence
女孩认为我不够好 我做不好 so girls feel that I'm not good enough and I can't do well
尽管她们的实际表现很好 even though their actual performance is really good
我可以用一天的时间来解释为什么会有性别上的区别 it's I can take a whole day to explain why those gender differences
想想第五章我们讲的性别问题 think of that our gender topics in chapter 5 and they explain
为什么青春期之后 女性更加脆弱 that why after adolescence the female more vulnerable with the poor
他们对自己的能力很不肯定 performance and they have a negative believe in their own capability
尽管那不是事实 但是研究表明 even though that is not true, but research shows that
整体自我效能感或者学术上自我效能感决定 self-efficacy in general or academia self-efficacy career determine
自我效能感大体上平均的不同区域 the self-efficacy different area of the self-efficacy in general on average
少年时期女性要比男性的效能感低 the female's adolescence shows that low level than the male adolescence
另一个事情是期望 也许期望有点与 another thing is expetation, probably expetation a little similar with
自我效能感相似 期望是基于你的自我功效智商的 the self-efficacy, expetation is that based on your self-efficacy
如果你有积极的自我效能感 那么有很能 if you have the positive self-efficacy then probably
你设定很高的目标 you set up the high expectation on your achievement
所以这是很重要的事情 如果你的期望很高 so that's very important things, if you have high expectation
那你很容易做出努力 probably it's easier for you to make an effort
还有价值 它不同于期望的概念 and another thing is value is different concept from the expectation
如果你相信这是很有价值的事情 很有价值的任务 so if you believe that thsi is very valuable thing, valuable task
你可以在成功完成这项特别工作或特别任务中 and if you can have some meaning to a success this particular job
获得意义 or particular task
那有可能你会有更多的动力 then probably it's another the way you can have high motivation
所以这就是价值问题 和目的有关 so that value issue is really releat to the purpose
总体上 如果你对你的生活有特定的目标 so if you have a certain purpose of your life in general
很广泛的目标 甚至是你的专业 that is very broad purpose, and also even your major
我不知道你的专业 你的详细专业 但是如果你的思想里 I don't know your major, specific major, but if your have a certain purpose
有特定的目的 那一定近于你的生活价值 in your mind, that is very closed to your life value
那有可能你很容易找到学习的动机 then probably it's easier for you to find a motivation to study
去上课 学习 并有更有意义的学习 and to involve in a class and readings and have more meaningful study
另一个重要问题是家长和老师的 and also another thing is that importance of the parents' or teachers'
期望 高期望是很重要的 expectation, high expectation is important
但是记住不仅仅是他们支持的高期望 but remember that not just purely high expectation they have support
他们也需要提供支持 精神支持 they also have to provide the support, emotional support
所以有可能老师 父母 教授说 so maybe teachers and the parents and professors say
我对你有很高的期望 that I have a certain level of high expectation for you
那么有可能你感觉 哦 我很自豪 then probably you feel that, oh, I'm very proud of
能够从我的老师 教授 父母那得到这么高的期望 getting this high expectation from my teachers, from professors and parents
如果他们给你特定的称赞或者精神支持 and also if they give you a certain compliment and emotional support
那你会更有力量 更有理由好好学习 then you can have high energy and you have a reason for you to study
所以收到那些在你生命中很重要的人的期望 so those expecation from other people's who are very significant in your life
可能是你做好的另一种动机 it can be another side of your motivation to do well
目前为止我们讲述了一些因素和价值 对有较多的 so far we talked about the factors and valuables very important to
动机和较高的成功水平都很重要 have the high motivation or to high level of achievement
这是我们成功做事的进程 and this is process how can we achieve something
首先 你需要设置目标 so first you have to set up the goal and paln to achieve the goals
之后你要监视自己 哪个领域表现的不好 and then you have to monitor yourself which area you're poorly perform
哪个是你很独特的领域 哪个是你比较强的领域 and what's your unique area and what's your strong area
所以那就是自我监视 so that is your slef- monitoring
这也是很重要的事情 成功过程 that is another important thing, the achievement process
如果你准备好了 你知道设置目标 计划事情 if you're ready and you know that set up the goals and plan the things
督促自己 同样你需要他人的 and monitor yourselves, also you need to support from
支持和社会关系 来自父母的 同龄人的 老师的 other people and social relations from parents and peers and teachers
指导者的 那样你可以有信息 并得到鼓励 and mentors, in that way you can have the information and encouragement
那对达到高水平的成功很重要 that is a very important things to achieve high level
那与社会文化环境有关 so that is releate to the social-cultural context
扩展到社会文化环境 我们说 wide open the issues of social-cultural context, we say that
成功不仅仅是个人问题 the achieve level it's not just individual issue
总体上也是团队问题 it can be the group issues in general
所以人们比较不同国家和种族之间的成功水平 so people compare that the level of achievement by nations and by ethnicity
发现 不同区域之间有一些平均差异 they find that there's some average differences among the group
所以社会地位和经济地位 这两个标准 so SES and also social and economic status， two major the criteria
表明那些区别 但是我们需要特别注意 to show that difference but we need to be very careful
SES和种族间有区别 SES and ethnicity there's some (unclear) there
所以当我们解释那些特定区域的比较结果 so when we interpret that those comparison the result of certain
数学成就 或者语言成就 我们必须很注意 the math achievement or the language achievement have to be very careful
那些成功水平的区分是因为社会经济地位不同 whether this differences of level because of the SES difference
还是种族的不同 or ethnicity difference
这个种族区分很有意思 研究发现 this ethnicity is very interesting, the research finding
妈妈们对孩子数学成功影响因素的看法 mothers' beliefs about the factor responsible for children's math achievement
来自三个区域的看法 日本 台湾和美国 in three countries, Japan, Taiwan and the American
日本的 亚洲的妈妈认为 and the Japan's, Asian mother they believe that
他们孩子的数学主要是由努力决定 their childern's math is determined by, mainly by effort
但是美国妈妈认为 but U.S mother, the American mother they believe that
孩子们的数学 表现是由能力决定的 their,the kids' math, the performance is determined by the capability, ability
结果就是 因为亚洲妈妈认为表现水平 and as a consequence because the Asian mother feel that the performance level
是由努力决定的 所以他们逼迫他们的孩子学习 is determined by effort they push the kid to study harder
他们相信那样孩子的表现就会改变 then they believe that their performance level can be changed
根据努力水平改变 depending on the level of effort
但是美国妈妈 因为他们相信 but American mother because they believe that
能力很难改变 the ability that is more difficult to change
所以他们不会逼迫孩子学习 so they don't much, they don't do much the push the kids to study
可能也是因为他们的预期 and maybe because of their prospection
这个表格表明文化上 基于种族的不同 so see this the graph shows that how the culturally have a different
对孩子学术成功的预期 expectation for their the kids' academic achievement
会有区别 depending on the ethnicity group
目前为止我们讨论了为了使青少年有动力 so so far we talk about to have a motivate adolescence
我们应该考虑什么因素 what kind of factors we could think of that
这些是动机障碍 and this is motivational obstacles
所以在青少年学习进程和程序中 我们需要跨越这些 so this obstacles we need to get away from adolescence study process
障碍 首先 青少年是否知道怎样设立目标 and procedure, first whether the adolescence do know how to set up the goals
之后我们需要教育和帮助青少年设立目标 then we have to teach and the help the adolescence to set up the goals
什么是目标 what really is a goal
之后他们是否知道怎么计划 怎样达成目标 and then whether they know that how to plan how to reach the goals
那又是一件事情 that's the another things
他们知道如何向目标行进 and they know how to monitor their progress towards the goals
另一方面就是拖延 也许青少年推迟 and another aspect the procrastinate, maybe the adolescence they delay
直到截止日期才做事情 the things until the point right before the deadlines
他们太过焦虑 表现的太差 and they anxiety level is too high and they performance is poor
所以拖延是我们需要考虑的另一个因素 so procrastinate that's another factor we need to watch
有些人被焦虑所困 and some adolescence become overwhelmed by anxiety
那是不必要的情绪问题 so that is a emotional issues not just necessarily
那是做好事情的认知能力 但那更是情绪问题 that's the cognitive capablity to do well but it's more emotionally issuse
所以如果过多地被焦虑控制 so if the adolescence is too overwhelmed by the anxiety
那么我们就需要帮助他们了解焦虑的来源 then we need to help understand the sources of anxiety
他们该怎么战胜焦虑 and how these adolescence coope with the anxiety
那是我们需要注意的问题 最后 that's a thing we need to pay attention and finally
通过避免失败努力保护他们的自我价值 自尊 try to protect them their self-worth, self-esteem by avoiding the failure
这些青少年很不愿意尝试 this adolescence very hesitate to try something
他们只是相信 如果我做了 如果我努力了 they just want believe that if I do and if I make an effort
我的表现会很好 my performance is going to be great
但是我的失败很让人失望 因为我确实做出了努力 but my failure it disappoint is because I'm do make the effort
他们把不做事当成了失败很好的理由 so they kind of make good excuses of the failure as a not doing something
他们害怕如果他们做事了 so they afraid it if they do something
那么他们的表现一定要很好 then they, their performance has to be very good
所以他们害怕做的不好会伤到他们的自尊 so they're afraid if not then that can be hurt their self-worth
所以他们根本就不想尝试 so they even don't want to try something
那样他们只是假装自己将会是一个很成功的人 in that way they want to just pretend I'm going be a really good achiever
但是这个事 我根本没有努力 but this point I don't make any effort
所以我根本不必负责 so I don't want to be responsible kind of things
那是另一个问题 那更多的是心理问题 so that's another issues, it's a kind of more psychological reason
所以这周我们讲述了成功 so this week we cover about the achievement
这和你本学期的工作有关 it's a, I think this very releate to your work during this semester
希望你可以应用一些动机 then hope that you can apply some kind of motivational
这一概念可以应用于你的学习模式 the concept is that can be apply to your study pattern
或者你学习的心理原因 or your psychological reason to study
也反映了你学习的动机 and also reflect open your motivation process why you're study
和你读大学的原因 and what's reason for you attend the college
下一周我们将继续讲解事业发展 and next week we're going continue to think about career development
那与你毕业后的工作和职业有关 which is more releate to you job and you occupation after graduation
本周内容即将结束 请记住 so I'm going to wrap up this week and please remember that
在线网址 以及这周所讲的主题 online address again and also the discussion topic for this the week
谢谢 Thank you