大家好 欢迎观看 Hello everyone, welcome to
第五周的青少年心理学 the fifth weeks of Psychology of Adolescence
目前我们的课程中 So far we think about the lessons
讲到了生理变化 relate to the biological changes
认知变化 上周 and cognitive changes and last week
我们开始讨论身份问题 we begin to talk about identity issues
那是青少年时期的主要发展任务 that is major development task of adolescence
提到身份 Relate to the identity
当你想到你是谁的时候 when you think about who you are
有很重要的一方面 there are very important aspect of yourself
就是性别 which is gender
作为一个女人或者男人 As a woman or as a man
你对自己有什么想法? what do you think about yourself?
你认为你是一个 And do you think you are a kind of
普通的男人或者女人吗? average man or average woman?
当你想到 And when you think of
以什么为标准 你会说 what's the criteria, when you said
我是一个特殊的男人或者女人 I'm a typical man and typical woman
类似这样的情况 something like that
所以有不同的方式可以用来 so there are different ways to classify or
区分和划分人们 categorize of the people to understand and
而性别实际上是主要的 gender actually that is one of the major
人类分类标准之一 classification criteria of human beings
所以我们要讲述我们的性别 So we are going to think of our gender
具体来讲 当我们说到性别的时候 specifically when we think of the gender
生理上的 社会上的 what is the biological
和认知上对性别的影响是什么 social and cognitive influence of gender
关于性别 存在着一些刻板印象 And then there are certain stereotypes and
男人该怎样 what man has to be should be and
女人该怎样 或者女人 what woman should be or what woman
该有哪些特定的行为 should behaviour in certain ways
等等一些问题 我们需要 that kind of issues, we are going to
讲述那些 think abour that
性别之间的相同与差异 And also gender similaritise and differences
这是一个长期有争议的心理学问题 that is a long lasting debate of psychology
性别心理 所以我们将讲述 geder psychology, so we are going to talk about
一些此类问题的研究成果 some reasearch finding in that issues
性别角色分类 Gender-Role Classification
在过去 人们 Because in old days people
认为男女之间的差异 just assume that all man and woman
只在于生理上 are different by biological
但是现在人们认识到 But in these days people feel that
作为人类我们有更多的相似性 as human beings we are more similar
所以当你说到性别的时候 So when say that the gender
男性化和女性化 masculinity and the femininity
那是一种个性类型 that is a personality type
所以性别角色分类 So Gender-Role Classification
不是生理上的分类 its not biological classification
而是性格问题 its more personality wise
之后我们将讲述 And then we are going to think of that
有关性别问题的发展变化 developmental changes and junctures
和相似之处 relate to gender issues
首先 性别的定义 Firstly, the gender by definition
与生理上的不同 性别不仅仅 it's compare to sex, it's a gender is not
是两类人群中 just about the biological or psychological
生理和心理上的区别 differents between two group of the people
性别涉及心理 Gender refers to the psychological
和社会文化方面 and socio-cultural dimensions
对于男女的区分 of being male or female
所以当你说我是女人的时候 So when you say that I'm the female that
包括了心理和社会文化 including some of the summation psychological
的综合 我该怎样不同于男人 and socio-cultural how I should be differently
的去行为 思考和感受 behave and think and feel compare to the male
那就是区别 而生理上的性别 so that is the differences and sex
只是男人和女人 is just biological difference of being
生理上的不同 the male and female
另外的特别重要的理论 And another the consequence is very important
是性别角色 is a gender role
那是一系列的期望 规定了 that is a set expectation that prescribes
男人和女人该如何 how females and males should
思考 行为和感受 think act and feel
所以即使你意识到了 So even though you are aware of
你自己的性别角色 但是你对 your own gender role, but you have a
男人和女人有特定的期望 certain expectation of the man and woman
如果有人的行为 and if somebody behave or act and
和感受不符合你的期望 那就是 feel against your expectation, so that
不符合你的性格角色预期 is against your gender role expectation
你可能会感觉不舒服 probably you feel uncomfortable
那是另一个我们需要 so that is another important concept
理解的重要概念 we need to understand
首先 我想以生理因素 First, I want to start with the
对性别的影响开始 biological influences on gender
因为我已经说过了 当我们说到 becaus I already talk about when we say
性别的时候有心理上方面 the gender there is the psychological
也有社会文化方面 dimension and socico-cultural dimension
从生理上的区分开始 Start with the biological dimension
第二章中我们讲过 So in chapter 2 we thought about the
青春期变化 那些生理 pubertal change and that's the biological
方面的影响 determine aspect pretty much and
如激素变化 我们的急剧增长 hormonal changes and also our growth spurt
和性成熟 and the sex maturation
那都是关于我们的青春期变化 that is all about our pubertal change
所以青春期的主要变化之一就是 and one of the major of pubertal change
性激素问题 was that sexual hormone issuses
男人雄激素增长 so man increase the androgens hormones
女人是雌激素 and for woman estrogens
都是性激素 that is sexual hormone
所以为了理解男人和女人 So to understand the male and female
生理上的区别 有些人说 difference biological, some people say
因为那些男人和女人 becacuse of those hormonal differences
之间激素的区别 between man and woman
那就是性别的基础 那是一方面 that is base of gender, that is one aspect
另一方面 人们提出了 And another the people propose the
生理上对于性别的另一影响是 biological influences on gender is
精神影响 psychoanalytic porch
古典的精神影响论者 the classical psychoanalytic porch
包括弗洛伊德和埃里克森 他们说的 including Freud and Erikson and what they say
解剖意思是 anatomy meaning that
我们的身体有自己的命运 所以他们相信 our body has our destiny so they believe
男人的性器官 that the sexual organs of the man that's
决定了男人的特征 a determine certain male characteristic
而女人的性器官 and the sexual organs of the woman
子宫 决定了 having a womb that is the determine of
女人的特征 那是不能够 characteristic of the woman and that can not
改变的 无论是社会上还是文化上 be change socially and culturally
那就是他们的想法 so that's their believe
这是关于生理 and this is the argue for
对性别影响的讨论 the biological influences on gender
另一方面 心理学的另一 and another area and another part of
部分 发展论的心理学家 psychology, the evolutionary psychology
他们也提出了性别的 They also propose the biological influences
生理影响 因为他们觉得性别角色 on gender, because they feel that the role of
是一种赋予 因为人们 gender is a given, because the people has to
必须活在这个世界上 survive in our worlds
所以适者生存的意思就是 so the survival of the fittest meaning
想要活在这个世界上 that to survive in this world
女人必须承担一定的角色 woman have to take care of certain roles
像生孩子 like production of the babies
而男人想活在这个 and also for the man to survive
世界必须有强壮的身体 in this world has to physically strong
用来保护 in that way to protect
部落和后代 the gens and their offspring
所以他们解释说性别角色不是 So they explain that the gender role is not
社会描述 社会赋予的 the socially describe the socially given
而是生理上决定的用来在这个世界上 its more biological determine to survive
生存的 那不是我们 in the world and it's kind of not an
有意去占有的 但那时一种赋予 intensionally we take it but it a given thing
所以这是三个主要的解释 So this is three major of explanation to
支撑着生理对性别影响的理论 support the biological influences on gender
但是我们也知道对于性别 有一些重要的 But also we know there's some social important
社会影响 所以这个特别的理论 influences on gender, so this particular theory
社会认知理论支持 social cognitive theory support the idea
社会对性别的影响的思想 of social influences on gender
他们提出 对他人的观察 and they propose that observation and
和模仿 imitation of other people
观察男人怎么做 so just observe how man behave
女人怎么做 而后模仿 or how the woman's behave, and then imitative
那些行为是为我们性别行为的基础 those behavior that is bases of our gender behavior
同样对于特定的行为 And also there is some reinforcement and punishment
也有一些奖励和惩罚 比如说 女孩 of certain behavior, for example, the young girl
女性总喜欢穿 the female want to always wear
牛仔和裤子 the jeans and the pants
也许妈妈不喜欢那样 并给 that maybe the mother don't like it and give
一些惩罚 some kind of punishment
并不是真的惩罚 但是会给一些 its not really punishment, but it's give
负面反馈 当她们穿裤子 some negative feedback when wearing
或者留短发的时候 the pants or short hair style
并说那不适合女孩 and say that not proper for girls
对于男人和男性来讲 In that way socially certain behavior can be
那样的社会行为认为是合适的 consider a property for man and for male
所以社会认知理论提出了 so social cognitive theory emphasize the role of
强化的作用 同时 reinforcement and also at the same time of the
观察也影响并塑造着 observations the influences to shape
特定行为 the certain behavior
所以当你说社会影响的时候 So when we say that the social influences
父母的影响是主要的一个 parental influences is a major one
还有兄弟姐妹的影响 观察 and also siblings, just observe how
我哥哥怎么做 我姐姐怎么做 my brother behave and my sister behavior
那是一个很大的影响 还有 that is a big influence and also
同龄人 学校 以及老师的影响 peers influences, also schools and teachers
老师对特定行为的影响很复杂 And teachers are give compliment certain behavior
因为那与具体的性别 bacause that is a relevant and a propriety for
有关 此外还有学校 certain gender and also schools
那是另一个社会影响因素 So that another source of social influences
最后的大众传媒影响很大 and the finally mass-media that is a big thing
如果你看各种宣传和 and if you see the propaganda and
广告 你就会 advertisement you see that and
看见很漂亮的女人 see the woman is very beautifully
吸引了别人 无意间 express the people and that unconsciously
女孩意识到女人必须 the girls realize that the woman has to
外表更迷人以得到 be more physically attractive to get the
注意 这是一个例子 attraction, that is a kind of examples
所以这些是社会影响 So these are the social resources influences
这对决定性别很重要 it's very important to determine of the gender
对性别影响的另一部分 And also another part of influences of gender
是认知行为 和认知影响 is cognitive behavior cognitive affectors
我将介绍两个重要的理论 Two major theory I'm going to introduce
解释认知对于性别的影响 to explain the cognitive influences on gender
第一个理论是认知发展理论 First theory is cognitive developmental theory
解释了当人们 what they explain that once the people
对自己的性别有了概念之后 have a concept of a gender of themselves
他们开始表现出性别性行为 they start to show their gender-typing behavior
意味着当一个男生意识到 meaning that after the boy realize that
我是一个男生之后他们开始拒绝穿粉色的 I'm a boy they reject the pink colour
裙子 因为他们有了作为男生的 dresses because they have the concept of
性别概念 在挑选玩具 gender of as a boy and same thing at picking
和地方的时候也是一样的 a certain type of toy and a certain place
他们意识到自己的性别 After they realize their concept of their
概念之后开始展现他们的 own gender they start to show their
性别性行为 那些数据 gender-typing behavior, and those the data
支持性别的认知发展 supprot the idea of cognitive
理论思想 developmental the theory of gender
认知影响的另一个理论 And another theory of the cognitive influences
是性别模式 模式是 is the gender schema and schema is a kind of
一个框架 用来以特定的方式整理 the frame to organizes our data perceptions
我们的数据 信息 and any the information, our experiences
和经验 性别模式是 in certain way and a gender schema is
与性别有关的特别 particularly the experience relate to the
经验 他们以特定的方式去整理 gender, they organizes in a certain way
性别模式依照男人和女人 So gender schema organizes the world
来组织世界 in terms of the female and male
我们必须建立确定的 and we have to set up certain
基于我们自己模式的预期 expection based on our own schema
所以如果你没有任何模式 那么 so if we don't have any schema then
可能我们无法区分 probably we can not differentiate
什么是男人的事 什么是女人的事 what is a man and what is a male things
所以认知影响 这两个理论 So cognitive influences, these two theoies
强调有社会影响 emphasize that this is a social influences
生理影响 and biological influences
但是最终那些影响 but finally those influences
对于发展建立 have a influence to develops establish
确定的性别概念 certain type of concept of gender
确定的模式类型有影响 而那些模式 and certain type of the schema and those schema
影响我们的性别行为 have influence on our gender to behavior
这是影响性别的三个主要因素 So this is three major influence on gender
这类似于对性别理论的 it's a kind of major explanation of the gender
主要解释 你需要理解 discourse and you need to understand that
性别成见是我们很难意识到的 Gender stereotypes is we not quite aware
尽管我们有成见 even though we have the stereotypes
成见意思是对男人和女人的 stereotypes meaning that gender impressions
性别印象和想法 and beliefs about the females and males
哦 女人是饶舌的 而男人 Oh, females they are talkative or man
他们容易酗酒或者 they are easily drinking alcohols or
男人是倔强的 我们不加思考 man's restive, without many deep thoughts
便有那样的印象 实际上 we just impression of that, and it's not actually
对错并没有被证明 我们只是未经任何调查的 proofed either ture false, but we believe
相信那是对的 that as a truth without any investigation
所以那就是性别成见 So that is a gender stereotypes
进一步说 性别歧视是在我们的成见 Go further, sexism is that based on our
基础之上的 我们针对个人有特定的 stereotypes, we have a certain prejudice and
偏见或者歧视 also a discrimination against an individual
仅仅因为他们的性别 just because of his or her sex
比如 女性很难 So for example, the woman is kind of difficult
升职 人们觉得 to get promoted, people feel that
女性是以关系为向导的 all woman is more relationship oriented
也许她不能全力以赴的为我的 and probably she can't communicate contribute
公司做贡献 所以我不会 to our company, so I'm not going
我们不会雇佣女性职员 we're not going to hire the female employee
那是一个很典型的基于 that is what a very typical discrimination
性别的歧视 based on the just sex
所以性别成见之上的性别歧视是一种 So sexism on gender stereotypes it's kind of
基于性别的负面成见 one negative stereotypes based on gender
我们需要特别注意 我们有 and we need to be very careful what kind of
怎样的成见 我们有可能经历了 stereotypes we have and what kind of sexism
怎样的性别歧视 或者我们的某些 maybe we have gone through or we have
行为 我们做了某些基于性别歧视的事情 behaviors, we do something based on our sexism
改变话题 讲一下性别的 Change the topics going to the gender
相同与不同 你认为 similarities and differences, and do you think
男人和女人相似 或者你认为 the man and the woman are similar or do you
男人和女人是不一样的吗? think the man and the woman are different?
如果你认为有相同之处 If you feel that there is a similar
那么是哪一方面或哪种方式比较相似呢？ in what aspect and in what ways
就让我们看一下这个话题吧 and this let us show the topics
通常人们说 And usually people says those
相同和不同是按照 similarities and differences in terms of
身体的相同和不同来说的 physical similarities and differences
包括高度和体重 所以人们说 including height and weight, so people say
通常男人更健康 that usually man is more healthier
不是健康 而是比女性更高 not healthier, it's more taller than woman
而他们有更多的体重所以他们更重 and they gain more weight so they are heavier
所以通常体力劳动更适合 so usually physical labor is more fitting
男性 而女性注定不是很适合 for the man, and woman are doomed really do
重的体力劳动 而那是 the heavy physical labor job and that
基于两性的身体 based on the physical differences among the
差别 研究表明 比较 man and the reasearch show that compare
平均值 男人更高 更重 the average the man is more taller and heavier
有证据显示 And also there is certain evidence that showing
认知的同与异 the cognitive similarities and differences
我们常说男性更善于数学 we usually say that the man is better in math
而女性要在语言 and woman is better than man in the verbal skills
写作 英语和文学方面强于男人 and writing and English and literatures
所以认知特定领域时男性更 so cognitive certain area it's man is
善于控制 而女性在某些方面 better in captain and woman are more competent in
更胜任 有确定的 certain area and there is certain unpractical
证据证明那些差异 the evidence of to proof those differences
同样还有社会社会情感方面的 And also socio-emotional
同与异 我将 similarities and differences, I'm going to
依照社会情感方面的同与异 explain more in detail in terms of
讲述更多细节 socioemotional similarities and differences
但是为了理解和解释 but to understand and to interpret of
男人和女人之间 身体和认识方面的 the evidence of the physical and cognitive
差异的证据 differences between man and woman
有一个在解释结果的时候 there is certain things we need to
我们需要特别注意的地方 very careful in interpretation of the result
看这个表格 是一个例子 See that this is what example of the graph
展示了认知上的 showing that the cognitive differences
尤其是在视觉技巧上 particularly in visiospatial skills
男女之间的差异 你可以看到 between man and woman, as you see that this is
男女之间平均数的差异 the average differences between man and woman
表明了男人 男人的平均值 so shows that the man, average of the man is
高于女人的平均值 higher than the average of the female score, so
如果比较平均数值 你会发现 if you compare average score you can see that
男人比女人更善于视觉技巧 man is better than woman in visiospatial skills
但那是平均比较 你看 but that is average the comparison, but you see
这个区域 这部分人 that this area this part of the people
属于这个区域的人 the people that belong to this area
很难说这些女人和男人相比 it's hard to say that the woman it's not good at
不擅长视觉技巧 the visiospatial skills compare to man
所以尽管统计和数据 so even though the statistics and data
表明比较视觉技巧 shows that compare visiospatial skills and
比较不同性别的数学 医疗技巧 math medical skills compare gender
我们需要注意 We need to be very careful that is
那是比较的平均值 我们需要知道 average comparison and we need to know that
群体内也有差异 there is within group differences
而且大多数人都和 and also more people is different from
平均值不同 所以我们说男女之间的 the average score, so when we say the cognitive
认知和身体差异 and physical difference between man and woman
只是一个平均值 而在现实里的 it's just average score and actual life
实际生活更加复杂 in our reality it's more awful and
也有很大的组内差异 there is a wide range within group differences
性别的社会差异与 Socioemotional of gender differences and
相同性是社会情感相似 similarities is social emotion similarities
通常我们比较攻击性 Usually we compare aggression
这是第一个方面 男孩在 that is the first dimensions, boys are
身体上比女孩更有攻击性 physically aggressive than girls
人们通常都相信这点 people usually believe that
但是我们也需要理解 but we need to also understand that
攻击性的定义 what's the definition and
和标准是什么 有时 what's the criteria of the aggression, sometimes
有时 我们可以想到关系攻击 we can think that relational aggression
那是一个不同类型的攻击 it's a different type of the aggression
更多的涉及人际关系 it's more relate to interpersonal relationship
那是有意操纵将某些人 it's manipulation intentionally isolate somebody
从他人中孤立出来 那种 from other people, that kind of
那个类型的攻击 that type of aggression
更易于在女孩中出现 we more observe among the girls
所以即使我们常说 so even though aggression we usually say that
男孩更有攻击性 the boy some more aggressive
但是也要看是什么样的攻击 but depending on what kind of aggression
也许女孩更有攻击性 maybe the girls can be more aggressive
那需要注意 it's had to be very careful
而社会比较的另一方面 And another dimensions of socio-emotional comparsion
是人际关系中的沟通 is communication in relationships
这是亲切谈话和报告谈话 Here rapport talk and report talk
亲切的意思与 in rapport it's similar meaning of
密切相近 通常 the internal relationship, usually
女人之间的谈话被看成是密切谈话 woman's talk can be considered as a rapport
所以它的意思是谈论 so rapport's meaning is that talking about
感情和关系 the emotions and talking about the relations
所以没有必要有确定的任务 it's not necessarily that there is a certain task
只是一个谈话 为了更友好 it just a talk, to be more friends and
为了我们之间更亲密 所以谈话的目的 we to be more close so the purpose of the talk
就是关系 那就是亲密谈话 is the relationship and that is the rapport and
通常那是女性类型的谈话和 usually that is a female type of the talk
沟通 而报告相较于 and communication, and report compare to
亲密谈话更有 the rapport this is more
目的性和目的性 task-oriented and factual things
比较典型的是男人谈论 so typically man have a conversation
事实 比如 about the fact like what
哪个球队赢了 比赛的 sport team win and the schedule of
日程安排 还有一些政治评论 the games and also politician remark
那类的谈话我们就叫做报告式谈话 that's kind of the talk we said that's a report
所以通常人们说那是交际 So usually people say that's a gender
类型中的性别差异 difference in communication style
而另一方面是 And another dimensions of the socioemotional
亲社会行为 comparsion is the prosocial behavior
通常女人发现 usually the woman find that there is
女人更亲社会 并关心 the woman is more prosocial and showing care to
他人 做一些帮助他人 other people and actress behavior
的行为 相比男性来讲 showing the other people compare to the man
另一方面是情绪和管理 And another dimensions is the emotion and regulation
人们能怎样控制自己的行为 how the people can capable regulate their behaviors
研究表明 男人更难于 and research shows that man has a difficult
控制他们的情绪 尤其是愤怒 to regulate their emotions especial their anger
稍后 我将解释为什么男人难以 but I'm going to explain later why man has more difficulty
控制他们的情绪 尤其是愤怒 to regulate their emotions especial the anger
我们谈论的性别 更多的 We talking about the gender that is more kind of
是社会问题 身体 social couter things and physical
和生理的不同 但也是 and biological differences but that is a kind of
我们天生是男人和女人 we are born as man and as woman
当我们说男性化或 but when we say masculinity
女性化是指个性类型 femininity that is a personality type
过去 我们相信 一个适应性好的男人 In the past we believe that well-adjusted man
或者男生应该有特定的方式 or boy was supposed to be in certain way
比如很独立 有进取心 很强大 like independent, aggressive and powerful
相反 And on the contrary
一个适应性好的女孩应该 well-adjusted girl was supposed to be
不独立 不进取 对权利没有兴趣 dependent and a nurturant and uninterested in power
那是一种很典型的思维方式 it's a very typical way of thinking
男性特征被认为是 and also masculinity characteristics were considered
更健康 更独立 more healthy and in more independent and
更容易在社会上得到权力 it's more easily to get the power in society
而女人 人们的这种分类 and woman, this kind of the classify of people
这种想法都是过去的 this is kind of belife in the past
但是现在 男人和女人在变化 But in these days, relates change both in males
都开始对责任不满意 and females became dissatisfied with the burdens
比如 男人有时候很温柔 for example man sometimes they are very soft
很情感化 and more relationship oriented
但是由于那些负担 不能表现 but because of this burden, I can't show
我乐于助人的一面和品质 my caring aspect and caring characteristic
而且我需要一直很坚强 and all the time I need to be the tough
并表现的很男人 and masculine toward the people
同时 and also at the same time
有时候女人很有进取心 somentimes woman are very aggressive and more
在特定的情况下 they are easily very powerful and aggressive
她们很容易很强大 in certain situation
但是她们必须隐藏那些方面 那有可能 but they have to hide those aspects, they can
是负担 所以在理解了男性类型 be a burden, so after realize the masculinity
女性类型的之后 那都不是 type of and femininity type of, it's not really
性别类型 更像是个人类型 genderwise it's more personality types
所以Bem Sandra Bem 她开发了基于个人类型的 So Bem, Sandra Bem, she develops sex-role
性别角色量表 inventory that is based on the personality types
你的性别不是必要的 it's unnecessarily your gender
她解释男性性格 but she explain that masculinity of personality
更基于信仰 showing that more defends open beliefs
暴力 并愿意冒险 and forceful and willing to take risks
具有统治性和进取性 有时候女人 and dominant and aggressive and sometimes woman
会表现出男性特性 show this kind of masculinity type of personality
男人也是如此 man also have it
而女性个性具有 And femininity type of personality show
如下特质 this kind of the characteristic
不要用粗俗的语言 don't use the harsh language
更加深情 and this is more affectionate and loving
喜欢孩子 善解人意 温柔 children and understanding and gentle
这不是性别 so this is not gender
这是个人特征 it's more kind of personality characteristic
当我们说女性个性的时候 when we say that a femininity type of
说的就是这些特征 personality showing this kind of characteristic
这个是分类统计 So if you say that this classification and
这是男性气质高和低 this masculine and high and low
女性气质低和高 所以有人 feminine and low and high, so some people
无论男人或者女人 可以有较高的男性气质 either man or woman, can have a high masculinity
和较高的女性气质 我们说那种 and a high femininity, we call those
类型是雌雄同体 type of personality androgynous
那是一种很个性的分类 it's a very idea type of personality
实际上 雌雄同体的个性分类 and actually androgynous those personality type
很久以前 很久以前 卡尔•古斯塔夫•荣格 long before Carl G. Jung
心理学家 他提出了 psychologist he proposed that
那种个性类型 those ideas type of personality
男性的和女性的都一样 so both masculine and both feminine
这种个性类型是 and this type of personality is
低男性气质 高女性气质 low masculinity but high femininity
这个类型 高男性气质 and this type of masculine type
低女性气质 but low feminine
而这个类型两者都很低 and this type is the both low is
是两种个性都没有差别的类型 undifferentiated type of personality
研究发现 两种气质都很高的人 and research find that androgynous people
无论男人还是女人 生活都很幸福 either man or woman they have happy life
他们的生活满意水平 and their level of life satisfaction
比其他群体的人要高 is higher than other group of the people
他们在工作中 and they are very successful
和人际关系中都很成功 in their work and in relationship
所以我们有一些建议 So even there is we have the some propose
和研究实施都基于 and research still has conducted about
对此种个性的研究 the androgynous type of personality
传统的性别角色 still traditional gender roles
依旧继续控制着 continue to dominate the cultures of
当今世界许多国家的文化 many countries in the world today
我们有压力 因为我是一个女人 so we have a burden, because I'm a woman
我有特定的行为方式 there is a certain way I have to behave
我和他人要有特定的关系 and I have relationship with other people
而作为一个男人 有特定的 and because of as a man there is a certain
责任以达到具体的期望 burden to stick to the certain expectation
通常这就是负担 Still there, so usually this is the burden
男人的责任是支撑家庭 that man's duty is to provide for the family
女人的责任是照顾家里 and woman's duty is care for the family
做家务 所以即使有 and household, so even though there is
运动 尤其是家庭运动 the movement, especial familist movement
反对这些期望 against those expectation
但是依然还是有特定的预期存在 but still there is a certain expectation there
但是同时有一些 but at the same time there is
运动和改变趋势 some movement and there is a trend
对性别角色态度的趋势 changing attitude about the gender roles
尤其是我们知道性别分类行为 especially we know that the harm with
对男人和女人的伤害 sex-typing behaviors for both men and women
我们需要 has to, we need to
因为角色预期 apres certain aspect of our personality
顾虑我们性格的具体方面 because of the gender expectation
可以想象 And start to think that
忘了男人和女人 forget about the men and women
甚至是男性和女性 or even the masculinity and the femininity
人就是人 a human beings is just a human beings
当我们基于一个人的基础 so when we understand somebody its just
理解某人的时候 based on a person basis
可以忘了他的性别 just forget about their gender
我们称之为超越 so we call those trends as gender role
性别角色 所以性别不应该是 transcendence, so gender should not be
人类的主要区分 the major classification of human beings
那是另一种现代分类 that's another modern transcendence
依据性别的发展变化 In terms of the developmental change
和结合 尤其是 and juncture of a gender especial
在青少年时期内的发展和结合 during the adolescence
性别强化假说 the gender intensification hypothesis
意思是身体上 which means that psychological and
和行为上的男人和女人 behavioral differences between men and women
男孩和女孩的差异 在整个 between boys and girls become greater
青少年时期内加剧 during all adolescence
记得青少年时期 我们所说的 Remember that adolescence we called that
发育期是性变化时期 as puberty that is the time sexual
而且变化巨大 the level of change dramatically
也非常快 所以成长中的男孩 and rapidly, so the girls and boys
和女孩自己开始意识到她们的男女 their very self-conscious of their physical
之间身体上的区别 differences between men and women
那就是为什么 性别强化 and that's why gender intensified
性别区分强化存在于 and gender differences intensified exist
青少年时期 就是那个原因 during the adolescence, because of that
这也是因为增长的社会 But this is due to increased socialization
压力 因为身体变化 perssures also, because of the physical changes
母亲们 老师们和大众媒体这些 the mothers and teachers and mass-media, they
带来某种特定的信息 女人该怎样 give convey certain the message women should be
男人该怎样 this way and men shoule be this way
那是一个很大的社会发展问题 that is a big socia legislation process
所以除了他们对身体变化的 so in additional to their self conscious of
自我意识 the physical changes
青少年时期早期的男生和女生 the boys and girls in early adolescence
他们对这些来自社会的信息 they are very sensitive to the messages
非常敏感 from the society including
这些信息有家庭的 同伴的 社会的等等 the family and peers and so forth
这就是青少年时期早期 and that is explain that the gender
性别强化假说的解释 intensification hypothesis during adolescence
所以这周我们说了 So this week we thought about
性别问题 这也是 the gender issues, which is one of
历史上的主要问题之一 同时 major topic through the history, and also
所有的心理学家 在不同的方面 all the psychology in different ways they
谈论过性别 我们谈论了 talking about the gender and we are talking
青少年时期有关的性别问题 about the gender relate to the adolescence
开始讲述性别 as start to think about the gender
性别是一个 their identity gender is a
不同于生理性别的概念 different concept from the sex
也开始讲述了 and also start to think about
个人特性 不仅仅 the personlitywises, it's not just
是性别问题 在这个问题上的趋势是 the gender issue but in this the trend is
不仅仅依靠 that rather than differentiate the people
性别区分人们 based on gender
而是更理解个人的不同 more understand the individual difference
我们也需要非常注意 and also we need to be very careful
不要以我们个人的思想 not treat the people just based on our
来对待别人 sipitical thinking
也不要有性别歧视 or sometimes the sexis behavior