大家好 Hello, everyone
上周我们讲到了自我 Last week we thought about the self,
尤其是自我认识 自尊和自我概念等问题 specifically we thought about self understanding, self esteem and self concept issues
今天来学习相似的概念 即认同 Today, kind of a similar concept, which is identity
我想尤其强调认同的概念 But I wanna just particularly emphasis the concept of identity
因为这门课开始 我提到过 Because in the beginning of this class, I mentioned that
认同形成是青少年时期认同的一个主要发展阶段任务 identity formulation that is a major developmental task of identity, of adolescence,
所以在青少年时期 认同是个非常重要的问题 So identity is a particularly very important issue among the adolescence.
我来给大家看下今天课程的大概框架 So I'm gonna just show that the outline of today's lesson
认同其实是爱利克·埃里克森提出的概念 Identity, actually that is a concept of Erik Erikson
他认为认同形成 He suggested that the identity formulation
是青少年时期的一个主要发展阶段任务 that is a major developmental task during the adolescence
其实最早是他提出的 Actually he originally suggested that
认同在人类发展中有八个阶段 eight stages of human development in identity,
形成在他的理论中是第五个阶段 the formulation that is the fifth stage of his theory
然后我们来看马西亚提出的认同的四种状态 And then we're gonna think about Four Statuses of Identity, that is suggested by Marcia
还有成长过程中的变化和同社会环境的关系 And then, the developmental changes and also the relationship with the social context
以及亲密的话题 我们今天最后再讲它 Also the intimacy issue, that is the last topic we're gonna think of today
我讲过爱利克·埃里克森是 Erik Erikson, as I told you that, he is a
像是弗洛伊德的继承者 kind of a successor of the Sigmund Freud
而且他对人类发展持心理动力学的观点 and so he is a psycho-dynamic pro to the human development
他说人类发展有八个不同阶段 And he suggested that there is eight different stages of human development
贯穿人类一生 that is throughout all life
他认为每个阶段都有一定的发展阶段任务 He believed that each stage should be have a certain developmental task
需要对这些特定的发展阶段任务格外注意 and have to be more focus on those particular developmental task
大家认为爱利克·埃里克森提出了青少年发展理论最有影响力的理论 So people believe that Erik Erikson, he is the single most influential theory of adolescent development,
因为认同这一问题最早就是由他提出的 because he suggested that "Identity" issue, actual originally
这就是他的贡献 so that is his contribution
埃里克森提出了认同的观点 When Erikson suggested the ideas of identity,
关于青少年和他们的认同有很多不同的问题 there is different kinds of questions about adolescence and their identity
涉及到认同的问题 我们可以想出的有 The specifications we can think relate to the identity
我是谁？ 我是干什么的？ 如何度过一生？ is the "Who am I?" or "What am I all about?" "What am I going to do with my life?"
我有哪里与众不同？ 或我如何能依靠自己？ Or "What is different about me?" "How can I make it on my own?"
听起来像是关于你自己和你的人生外延性的问题 Sounds like it's more extensile questions about yourself and about your life
而且恐怕这些问题必须要浮现才行 And these questions have to surface, supposedly
作为共同的 其实是非常普遍的问题 as a common, virtually, it's a very universal question
如果你有这些问题 而且你还在被它们纠缠 So if you have these questions and you still struggle with these questions,
想自己找到答案 trying to answer in your own way,
这是你认同形成的非常必要的一步 that is a very necessary step to formulate your identity
但如果你从未有过这些问题 But if you have never had those questions and you just technically
你只是按部就班地生活 这样你可能需要 live your life in efficient way, then probably you will need to
自己提出相关的问题 raise questions relate to those questions
我们再来看埃里克森的主张 So when we revisiting the Erikson's idea,
仔细对此作出解释 kind of in detail explanation
根据他的理论 based on his theory,
与认同形成对立的是认同混淆 he said that there is identity formulation versus identity confusion
也许你知道爱利克·埃里克森的观点 Probably you know that Erik Erikson suggested his idea,
如果人们成功完成了发展阶段任务 if the people successfully fulfilled the developmental task,
这样就会到达这端 then this pole,
但相反 如果人们失败 but on the contrary, people failed in
没能完成发展阶段任务 就会达到这端 即认同混淆 fulfilled the development task, then opposite pole, that is identity confusion
因此青少年时期或说认同形成 是第五个发展阶段 So adolescence or those identity formulation, that is the fifth developmental stage
会发生在青少年时期这几年 that is occurring during adolescence years
当然不是所有人都会在青少年时期遇到认同问题 So it's not necessarily all the people have those identity issues during adolescence,
虽然在理论上我们是这么讲的 even though that's the theoretical, theoretically we expect that
但有些时候 人们可能或早或晚出现这些认同问题 But certain situation, people have those identity issues more earlier ages or later ages in their life
从认同混淆到认同 有一段终止期 To go to the identity confusion to the identity, there is a certain period of time moratorium,
即有许多我们不清楚的磨难 方向不清 meaning that is all kind of turmoils we don't know, what directions,
很多情绪情感和混乱 lots of emotions attached to it and confusion
我们称这个阶段为心理社会性延缓 and we call thoes stage as psychosocial moratorium
因为你觉得人生没什么头绪 Because you feel that you don't have any clue in your life,
如果你觉得对于如何回答自己是谁毫无头绪 and if you feel that there is no clue to answer who you are
会产生焦虑和恐惧感 then is a kind of very anxious and fear,
但这是形成自我认同的必经步骤 but it's necessary to step, to go to the identity formulation
这就是心理社会性延缓阶段 That is the stage of "psychosocial moratorium"
爱利克·埃里克森认为 Erik Erikson, he suggested that
为了实现认同 有两个很重要的因素 to fulfill the identity, two factors are very important
个性和角色尝试 Personality and Role Experimentation
一些人的个性是对自己更好奇 So certain people have the personality, kind of more curious about themselves,
他们对于尝试更乐在其中 then they are enjoying those exploration
角色尝试是非常必须的一步 So Role Experimentation is, that is a very necessary step
尽管你生来就有特定的角色 Even though you have a certain role as given,
但为了实现自我认同 也许你可以主动尝试不同角色 but to fulfill your identity, maybe you can try different roles intentionally
这算是很好的实现和形成自我认同的一种方式 Then that is a really kind of good way to fulfill and formulate your own identity
这就是爱利克·埃里克森的观点 That is Erik Erikson's suggestion
当我们讲到认同 像自我概念一样 苏珊·哈特 When we say that identity, like the self concept, Susan Harter
她提出自尊有七个不同方面 she suggested that seven different areas of the self esteem
有点像我们讲身份的时候有不同的方面 kind of the similar line when we see the identity, different dimensions
比如说有职业认同 for example vocational identity, career identity
就是指毕业后你要做哪方面的工作 so you know that, after graduation, what kind of career area you are going
你有何种工作的能力
and what kind of career aptitude you have the higher, the score（unclear）
这指的就是职业认同 that is the answer to the career, the vocational identity
政治认同 宗教认同 关系认同 Political identity, religious identity, relationship identity
成就 性取向 双性恋 同性恋还是异性恋认同 achievement, sexual, so bisexual or homosexual and heterosexual identity
这些就是以上问题的答案 so that is the answer to these questions
文化认同 还有兴趣 个性和物理身份 Culture identity, and also the interest and personality and physical identity
也是认同问题的一部分 that is also part of identity issues
爱利克·埃里克森的时代 对认同的看法是 In the Erik Erikson's time of the thinking of identity,
他们认为青少年时期是需要磨练和探索身份的一段时期 they believe that adolescence, that's a particular time to suffer and explore identity
但那之后这一过程就会停止 but after that the process is ended
而现代对于认同的观点是 But in Contemporary Thoughts on Identity,
则是不同的观点 it's kind of a different idea
这个过程很长 It's a lengthy process
我认为它是终身的过程 I think it's a lifelong process
直到那个人去世为止 until the point he stops living and quits the life
我们会一直思考我是谁 尝试做某些事情 we just keep thinking who am I and trying to try something
来搞清楚我是谁 to figure out who am I
所以这个过程很长 so that is a very lengthy process
不仅仅是一个思考的阶段 发展阶段任务 instead just a stage of thinking, stage of developmental task
而且是更循序渐进的 And also this is more gradual, rather than,
有点像催化的 kind of catalytic kind of things
像是更阶段性的思考 kind of more stage-thinking
这是更循序渐进的事情 好吧？ it's a more gradual thing, alright?
还有 And also
这是一个复杂的过程 像我说的那样 终身的过程 This is a complex process, as I told you, the lifelong process
它并不是真的开始 然后到某点结束 It's not really starts, ending certain point
你不能如此确定这段时间 you cannot pinpoint in that way
比这个还要复杂 It's more complicated things
还有综合 融合 And also synthesize, integration
这些问题不仅仅只是我们会在 It's not just particularly during adolescence to, we, those questions,
青少年时期忽然想到的 just come up with in our mind
更需要综合童年和认同 It's more synthesizing our childhood identities and identifications
来铺出走向成年的道路 to construct a viable path toward our adult
有点综合了我们的过去 现在和未来 So kind of combination of our past, present and future
这样我们才可以得出更综合的看法 我们是谁 so in that way, we can have more integrative idea of who we are
那就是认同 That is identity
爱利克·埃里克森认为认同和认同混淆 Erik Erikson, he suggested that identity and identity confusion,
在它们之间会有一段心理社会性延缓 in the middle of that there goes psychosocial moratorium stage
但马西亚指出认同有四种状态 But after that James Marcia, he suggested that there are four different statues of identity
我会给你们看这张图片 I wanna show that his, the picture's here
我们分着看认同的四个状态 有两个标准 So when we divided four different status of identity, there are two criteria
其一是承诺 One criteria is commitment
即你对自己角色的承诺有多少 so how much you're committed to the roles of, or who you are
这是其中一个条件 that is one criteria
另一个是探索 And the other is exploration
是试验 it's experimentation
好吧？ Alright?
通过这两个组成部分 我们有四种不同方式 So combination of these two components we come up with four different styles
这些人的认同达成决心要饰演某种角色 So identity achievement of these persons have committed to certain roles
就在探索之后 after the exploration
即先探索然后做出承诺 So exploration and then they have a commitment
他们的承诺很稳定 So their commitment is very solid and stable
他们知道自己为什么会扮演这一角色 因为已经探索过了 and they know that why they are committed to this role because they explore already
对吧？ Alright?
但自认拖延状态 But Identity Moratorium status,
他们探索 但是一直在探索阶段 they explore and they are in the process of the exploration
所以会有混淆或波动 so it's a confusion and fluctuation
因为他们暂时还不会安定于某一特定角色 because they are not ready to commit to the certain roles at the moment
所以在探索一段时间之后 So finally after exploration in certain period of time
我们会希望这一类人做出决定 we expect that these persons have a decision, make a decision
来承诺扮演特定的角色 to commit to the certain, the roles
但有时他们会害怕做决定 害怕固守特定的角色 But sometimes people make a fear of making a decision or dedication to the certain roles
他们只会想一直尝试新的角色 they will just try to do new things all the time
尽管他们已经四五十岁了 even though they are in the 40s and 50s
所以他们不能真正安定下来 So they cannot really stable
安稳度日 stabilize their life
他们一生都在经历自认拖延阶段 这也有可能 Then they are in Identity Moratorium stage throughout their life, it can be possible
另一种状态时过早自认 Another status is Identity Foreclosure
就是有了承诺 但是自己并不会去探索 It's, there is a commitment but they haven't, no exploration on their own
想象一下传统亚洲文化中女性的一生 Thinking that in the traditional Asian culture, women's life
她们被要求听从生命中三位重要的男性的命令 we expected women have to follow the rules of three important men in their life
首先 女性要听从父亲的命令 First, the females, they have to follow the fathers' command
婚后要听从她们的丈夫 and after get married, have to follow and obedient to the husband
老了之后还要听从儿子 and after get old, the women have to obedient to their sons
那种 在传统亚洲父权制家族体系中 So that kind of, the belief in the traditional Asian patriarchal family system
有可能在那种社会环境下 女性的人生 Probably in those social situations, women's life, we call that
她们遵从于自己作为妻子 作为女儿 they are very committed to their roles as a wife, as a daughter
以及作为母亲的角色 sometimes as the mother
因此这种承诺是更高一级的 So there is the commitment, it's a higher level,
但她们自己并不会去主动探索 but they have no exploration on their own
在那种情况下 我们称之为过早自认 So in that situation we call their identity status as Identity Foreclosure
认同性扩散 Identity Diffusion
没有承诺 也没有探索 No commitment and no exploration
也许他们童年时期遭遇很多家庭问题 Probably they have lots of issues in the, when they were young in their family
没有任何的支持和方向 因此 so without any support, without any direction, and that's why
他们不知道如何探索 如何作出决定 they don't know how to explore and how to make a decision
理论来讲 我们认为所有人 所有方向都会向认同达成靠拢 So ideally, we believe all the people, all the directions go to the Identity Achievement
但事实并非如此 but in reality, it's not true
我们可以划分出四种不同的状态 So four different types of status we can classify
但马西亚的批评者认为 But the criticisms on Marcia
听上去马西亚的方式非常便利 So it sounds like Marcia's approach to this is very handy
而且非常简单 and it's a very simplified idea,
如此分类确实很方便 it's very cool to think of those classification
但批评者认为它过于简化了 But the criticism is that it's awfully simplified
其实人们并不能被区分为四种简单的框架 actually, people cannot really classify four, that's the simple framework
记住 认同形成 Remember that, the Identity Formulation,
是一个复杂而长期的过程 that's a complicated and lengthy process
我们不知道自己是否做出了承诺 and we don't know whether we are committed or not
也不知道是否完成了我们的探索 or we don't know we have finished our exploration or not
所以并没有明确的答案 so it's not a really clear-cut answer
这就是批评者的观点 So that is the criticism
马西亚观点的延伸就是深度探索 So extension of Marcia's concepts is that Exploration in depth
当我们说道探索 So when we say that to explore,
必须要深入进行才行 the level has to be in depth
好吧？ Alright?
然后就是带有承诺的认同 And then, identification with commitment
我们说比起承诺的标准来说 承诺是个更具化的概念 So when we say commitment, it's more kind of a solid concept than criteria of the commitment
尽管还有人赞同马西亚的观点 So even though there is, some still have the respect to Marcia's idea
但还是需要对他的观点进行更深一步的思考 but trying to be more deliberate his ideas more in detail
然后我们再说 就算爱利克·埃里克森和马西亚 Then we thought about, even Erik Erikson and James Marcia
他们都认为认同形成十分必要 they believe that identity formulation that is very necessary
尽管二者提出的状态和分类不同 但目标相同 even though the status and classification can be different, but that's our goal
大家在思考什么样的元素会对成功的认同形成造成影响 People are trying to think that what kind of factors have the influence on successful identity formulation
家庭的影响是十分重要的 Family influences is very critical,
要记得这个 remember that
当我们说到教养方式 家人 父母总有责任 So when we say the parenting style, family, the parents, there's always their something
他们是我们生命中很特殊的人 as very special people in our life
教养方式 有不同的养育方式 So parenting style, there's different types of parenting style
但人们认为理论上来讲 教养方式应该是权威的 but people believe that parenting style ideally authoritative
教养方式的基本核心就是温柔呵护 parenting style that is the very idea, to provide the gentleness and fondness
这是认同形成的良好基础 that is good basis of identity formulation
以及个性和连通性 Also individuality and connectedness,
很可能这是权威型养育方式的组成部分 probably that is the components of authorities parenting style
我说的个性是指 so when I say the individuality, is that
如果家长 家庭中尊重孩子的个性 if the parents, the family respect their own individuality,
自我系统是单独的 the self system is self-assertion and separateness
在一个家庭中 如果父母尊重你自己的想法 你可以自己 So in a family system, if the parents respect that you have your own idea, and you can author to
你可以自己拿主意 you can be authorities of your own opinion
而且他们可以有自己的主意 表达与父母不同的观点 and also they can have their own idea and express their own idea different from the parents
如果他们的父母支持他们的观点 and they can, if those opinions are respected by the parents
这是很好的资源 对认同形成有利 that is a really good resources, ingredients of identity formulation
联系 可能是另一种好的养育方式 Connectedness, probably kind of a different, the exercise of the good parenting style
这种方式更注重相互关系和潜移默化 This is more mutuality or permuliality
这种联系更会引起人们共鸣 That is the connection and more empathy and understanding
所以共同关系就是感受性 So mutuality is the sensitivity
渗透性指的是对他人开放 Permeability is the openness to other people
即对他人开放 对女儿对儿子开放 So open to other people, open to the daughters and open to the sons
对他们的需求敏感 and sensitive to their need
这才能说明家庭成员之间有很好的联系 that is the good indication of having a connectedness among the family members
如果你成长在这样的家庭中 尊重个性 彼此联系 So if you are grown up in the family system, respect individuality and alone with the connectedness
如果你认为你父母的养育方式是权威的 and if you believe that your parents have authoritative, the parenting style
这样你在自我形成的路上会有一个良好的开端和基础 then you can have a good start and a good basis of identity formulation
我讲过的 我们说的认同 When we say that identity, as I told you,
认同的不同方面 职业的 种族的还有其他别的 the different dimensions of identity, vocational, academic, ethnic and all different kinds of things
但尤其是这个阶段 需要对种族认同格外注意 but particularly in this stage, the people have to pay attention to ethnic identity
就算即使是在韩国 我们国家有越来越多不同文化群体 Even in Korea, we have many multi-cultural groups, more growing up in our nations, in our country
种族认同是一件非常重要的事情 so ethnic identity that is a very important thing
我说的种族认同是自我的一个基本方面 When I say that ethnic identity that is a basic aspect of the self,
种族是一方面 尽管它并不是我们认同的唯一方面 so ethnicity that is one area, even though it's not the only aspect of our identity,
但却是我们最根本的 but that is the very root of ourselves
种族认同并不一定是一个单一的种族认同 Ethnic identity is not necessarily just a primary, just one ethnic identity
可以是两种文化的认同 it can be a bicultural identity
因为当今时代 由于地球村和多文化现象 Because in these days, we say it is a globalized village and have multi-culturalism
人们可能会有不同的经历 不同的文化 so maybe people have different experiences and different cultures,
也有可能你有亚洲的文化认同 so it can be possible you can have Asian cultural identity,
但同时 你也会接受美国文化的影响 but also at the same time, you are exposed to the American identity
很有可能我们会有多文化或两种文化的认同 So it's possible that we can have a multicultural or bicultural identity
在这些状态当中 这是另一个挑战 So that is another challenge in these status
人们也会尊重这些两种文化的认同 People also, kind of respect those bicultural identity, rather than
会让他人去选择一种首要的单一的文化认同 pushing the people, you have the only one, primary cultural identity
而我们讲的种族认同 When we say that ethnic identity,
人们也有这种特定的对少数民族的照顾 people have the particular, the care of the minority people, ethnic minority people
像在美国 人口构成是非常多元化的 like in America, actually they are started in a very different, diverse population,
他们会靠自己去思考这些少数民族问题 so they think of those ethnic minority issues on their own
但在亚洲 在韩国社会 But in Asian culture, in Korean society,
对少数群体的照顾问题越来越重要 it's kind of getting rapidly important issues of caring ethnic minority,
我们如何尊重他们的文化 how can we respect their own culture
不是让他们改变自己的文化认同来符合韩国的文化 So rather than they change their cultural identity to the Korean identity,
而是我们如何尊重他们自己的文化 but at the same time, how can we respect their own identity
这就是我们需要思考的一个问题 So there is an issue, we need to think of that
在青少年时期 研究表明少数民族的青少年 During the adolescence, the research shows that ethnic minority adolescence
他们会更多地更严重地受到主要民族群体的认同影响 they suffer from identity issues more severely compared to the major ethnic groups
我们需要对此事格外注意 So that is one of the things we needed to pay attention to
对于少数民族的人来说 他们上大学之后 So here for ethnic minority individuals, when they go to the college,
认同形成需要更久 因为他们要经历这个过程来消化更多信息 identity formulation take longer time because they have the process and digest to more information
这是更复杂更漫长的过程 It's a more complicated and also lengthy process
除了种族之外 我们说认同 In addition to ethnicity, when we say that identity,
对青少年来说十分重要的还有性别认同 an adolescent expects this very important is gender identity
埃里克森对认同的经典说明 Erikson, his classic presentation of identity,
他认为有特定的角色 he believed there are certain roles,
特定的性别会有特定的角色 certain identity has to be given to certain gender
我们会在第五章性别这一讲中详细来说 We will think of that issue in Chapter Five Gender in more detail
但性别是另一个重要的领域 当人们思考我是谁的时候 But gender, that is another very important area, when people think who am I,
他们会极大地收到性别方面的影响 they take consideration of the gender aspect very heavily
好吧？ Alright?
所以种族认同或者性别认同都是可见的 So in ethnic identity, or gender identity, that is a very visible thing
没人能真正脱离这些认同问题 people cannot really, can escape from those identity issues
也许女性在青少年时期 她们会想作为女性 Maybe during adolescence, female adolescence, they think of themselves as a woman
我想成为什么样的女性 我要成为什么样的女性 what kind of woman I want to be and what kind of woman I have to be
即性别认同 So gender identity
但如今女性对自己的认同可以更自由更开放 But in these days, the females can have more, the free and open to their own identity,
不再是传统文化中固定的认同模式 it's not really traditionally given and ascribe in certain identity that is the traditional idea
但同样 性别问题也是时下争议颇多的问题 But still gender issue is another on-going debate issues in these days
在第五章 我们会更多地讲到性别问题 In Chapter Five, we're going to think of the gender issues more
亲密感 其实是埃里克森提出的 Intimacy actually, that is from Erikson's idea,
是认同的下一步 that's the next stage of the identity
他认为想要有亲密的关系 He believed that to have intimate relationship,
人们首先要完成对他们自己的认同 people have to fulfill their own identity first
然后他们才会爱别人 and then they are ready to love other people
爱利克·埃里克森认为想要有真正意义上的亲密感 Erik Erikson, he believed that to have a genuine or real sense of intimacy,
人们首先要完成对自己的认同 people try to develop their own identity first,
然后才可以真正的去爱 then they can have a real love afterwards
亲密感应当在个人成功建立起稳定的认同感之后才会发生 Intimacy should develop after individuals are well on their way to establishing a stable and successful identity
但我想从女性的角度来讲 同埃里克森的观点有些不同 But I want to talk about this and the feminist idea, kind of a different idea from the Erikson's idea
对女性来讲 亲密感在先 Feminist people is that intimacy comes first
她们认为 尤其对女性来讲 They believe that, particularly for women,
拥有一段亲密的关系 having a relationship, an intimate relationship,
是发展自我认同的重要前提 that is a more important condition to develop own identity
她们认为通过真正的亲密的关系 They believe that through the relationship, through the genuine intimate relationship,
我们可以得出我们是谁 we can have a sense of who we are
所以就有哪个在先的争论 So there is this argument of the what comes first,
是认同感还是亲密感 identity or intimacy
即认同感 人们所说得亲密感 So identity, intimacy when people say intimacy,
与之相对的是孤立 that is versus isolation
如果你没有亲密感 或者认同感 If you don't have any sense of intimacy, or any sense of the identity,
你就不能 哪个在先 you can either, which one comes first
如果你不能有这种亲密 很有可能你在忍受孤立的折磨 If you don't have those intimacy, then high possibility you suffer from the isolation
这就是第五章的大概框架 This is the wrap-up of the Chapter Five
这是第五章的最后一节 有情绪和个性的问题 and there is the last chapter of Chapter Five, there's the emotions and also personality issues,
但我跳过了书中这部分没讲 but I just skipped that issue in textbook
因为自我和认同是两个非常重要的 主要的话题 Since the self and identity, it's a major very important topic,
在学习第四章的时候可以只关注着两个话题 so you can just focus on those two topics when you study the Chapter Four
下周再见 See you next week