康奈尔大学出品 This is a production of Cornell University
主持人:很高兴能向大家介绍 [Host] It's a very great pleasure to present to you
来自德国格廷根大学的 Professor Doctor Okko Behrends of
Okko Behrends教授 the University of Gottingen in Germany,
他是当今最有成就的研究罗马法律的学者之一 he is one of the great scholars of the roman law today,
可能是整个欧洲最著名的 perhaps the greatest in Europe
我们大学真的非常荣幸 and it is indeed a privilege of this university
能够请到他 to have him with us as
作为特约教授 an Andrew Dixon White Professor At Large
来康奈尔大学做讲座 at Cornell University.
这样高的荣誉只属于 A very high honour is bestowed upon
配得上它的人 only those who are so worthy of such high honour.
Behrends教授 很高兴 Professor Behrends it's a great pleasure
能让我的学生有机会与您交流 to have my students to be with you.
演讲人:谢谢 [Speaker] Thank you, thank you.
主持人:也让我有这样的机会 [Host] And for me to be with you.
演讲人:非常感谢 [Speaker] Thank you, thank you.
我很荣幸能听到这些溢美之词 I am very grateful for these very kind words
并得到这样热情的欢迎 and for this kind reception
当然 我也很荣幸 and of course I must say also for
能与Summers教授之间 this long standing and very inspiring friendship
维持这样长久且美好的友谊 I had with Professor Summers.
如果没有这份友谊 I told you that my life would have been
我的人生会变得无趣许多 much poorer without this great friendship.
我们对法律形式都十分感兴趣 And we had a common interest in the form of the law,
什么是法律形式? what is the form of the law?
在我今天的讲座中 罗马法的精神 In my current speech the spirit of the Roman law
与这一问题紧密相关 has an affinity to this question
因为若你身体良好 because if you are in a good form
那么就会有良好的精神状态 then you have the right spirit
而若法律拥有了正当的精神 and if a law has the right spirit
那么法律形式也会变得卓越 and the form of the law is excellent.
我敢说罗马法有良好的形式 And I dare say that the Roman law has a good form
但普通法 but the common law,
在结尾的时候我会提到 也有不错的形式 I will mentioned at the end has a good form too.
那么我现在开始我的讲座 So I will start my lecture,
它基于我的教案和德国味儿的英语 rely on my text and my very German English,
你们得仔细听 you must be careful to understand
要不然就得被我的发音搞糊涂了 otherwise you will misunderstand my bad pronunciation.
在今天 如何对待罗马法的精神 Treating the spirit of the roman law today
让我们面临两个问题 confronts us with two different questions,
第一个问题由来已久 the first is historical
它构成了我们今天的主要主题 and it will constitute our main theme,
即什么构成了它的精神 what makes up its spirit explains
这能够解释罗马法在古代及现代的巨大成功 it's enormous success in ancient and modern times.
另外一个问题 The next confronts us with another fact
需要先进行讨论 and has to be dealt with at first,
罗马法在许多法律工作者的判断中 roman law has lost in the judgment of many jurors
已失去了其作为 that draws very fine fountain
欧洲法律文化基础源泉 and true source of European legal culture
以及法制观念提供者的地位 as a great provider of legal notions
或这更简单的说 作为 or put it succinctly as a creator of
政治与法律通用法则创造者 the universal grammar of law and politics
以及让人在拜访后 and treasure house for intellectual experience
于自己的判断中 that nobody can visit
认为充实或有所收获的 without feeling enriched or stimulated
满载知识体验的藏宝屋 in her or his own actual judgement.
这样一份精神财产 How can the devaluation of
在人类的传承中一再贬值 one of the greatest spiritual assets
实在让人无法理解 in the heritage of human kind be understood
尤其是在我们不断找寻 especially today where we are looking for
解决问题重重的时代趋势 intellectual help in front of
的知识帮助的今天 the partially problematic tendencies of our time.
那些人冒险指望 Those that carry with them the risk
法律的核心 that the central scope of law to
来保证人类自由与生活富足 enable secure and free individual and fruitful life
以及私有形式的安全充足 in secure and sustained private form is sacrificed
而这牺牲了全球经济效率的绝对统治 that unmitigated tyranny of global economic efficiency.
我会给出一个简洁的回答 I will limit myself to a brief answer.
虽然罗马法仍在全球范围内被教授 Roman law although still taught all over the world
却已失去其 has lost its intellectual prestige
作为世界文化核心贡献者的文化威望 as a central contribution to the world's culture
这并不是由于那些出于嫉妒的局外人 not because of the work of jealous outsiders,
如今确实存在一些这样的局外人 jealous outsiders there are some today
但他们并不能被当回事 but they can not be regarded as serious
而是因为一种我称为 but because of what I would like to call
罗马法学者对其精神的历史性背弃 a historical betrayal of its spirit by the Romanists,
即研究罗马法的这些教授们的背弃 that is the professors of roman law themselves.
这一背弃是由于一种误解 This betrayal was perpetrated by misinterpretation that
即将罗马法的精神 ties the roman law to the spirit of
与某一特定历史时期 一段已过时期相联系 a certain historical period to a bygone period
这里封闭的民族国家 in which the idea of the closed national state and
以及其潜在的时效性的观点占了主导地位 its potential period dominated the intellectual theme
这样就有悖于 thereby destroying
人类活动持续性的这一观点 the very idea of continuity of the human condition
而罗马法与其他法律 on which the tradition of roman law
的传统却正基于此 and law in general is based.
由此 罗马法 The roman law was then
依然拥有公民法的即时效力 still in immediate vigour as civil law,
它被加以改变 以适应 you know it was then adapted to
自给自足的主权国家 the demands of the modern self sufficient sovereign
及新近革命产生的民族主义国家 and lately revolutionary nationalist state
这些将自己看作唯一立法机构的需求 that defined itself as a unique source of law
由此 使得法律开始屈从于 making thereby law subservient to every purpose
政治力量的需要 defined by the political power.
法律最终被 Law was in the last resort
设计成一种 conceived of as a form that
基于某种约束力的关系 sanctions power based relationships provided that
而能够与其 they were established in a way compatible
自己所建立法规相符合的形式 with the rules accepted by their own data.
这里所采用的方法 The method applied for this dustpan
就是修正说明 was adapting interpretation,
罗马法被宣称为 it was declared that Roman law was like
基于现代法律的决定 它约束了 modern law based decisions that gives sanctions to
被认可的权力关系 这不仅源于 accepted relations of power as such as was emanated
国家的公共机构 not only from the institutional organs of the state
在罗马这一例子中 but the roman case
甚至在律师刚刚出现时 便规定 even the first line from the lawyers who had defined
在处理人际争端时 when deciding a conflict between individual assertions
所做出的决定就要具体体现人民的意志 had to be decided as an embodiment of people's will.
在这一解读的帮助下 With the help of this interpretation
罗马法与 roman law was made compatible
现代国家的基础思想得以获得协调 with the fundamental idea of the modern state
即法律永远应当是 that law is and has to be always
国家意志的展现 the emanation of the will of the state
代表每个个人 representing the interest of the individual people
以及特定历史条件下国家成员的利益 and its members in the concrete historical situation.
在出了问题的时候 In the cases and problematic situations that arise
法律的核心意义 and can therefore essentially be reduced
被处理成 in the last resort to nothing else
追求对指挥的遵从 than commands requiring obedience.
这就是法律的现实要求或意志论 This is the modern command or will theory of law.
这一处理手段 This approach that has complex roots
在人类意识发展史上有着复杂的根源 in the history of modern mind
它推翻了精神具有客观性 destroyed the fundamental ideas of
这一基础观点 spiritual objectivity
并求证了 and visits the possibility of ideas
创造并保持一种 creating and sustaining an objective order
长期客观秩序观点的可行性 lasting in time,
以及创造一种章程 possibility that creates tradition
使得 and thereby something on which
一切成功法规均可以此为基础的可行性 all successful constitutions are based.
Hanna Arendt Hanna Arendt you know her,
在几篇引人注目的文章中 has shown in some very striking essays
就你们的法律与罗马法 writing in relation to your law and the roman examples
展示了 she has shown the importance that
这些基础观点对于法规秩序的重要性 the founding ideas have for constitutional order.
它作为法律基础 As a fundamental layers that persist and
可使由它产生的法律更新能够适应 from which renewal that adjust to change,
不断变化的环境 changing circumstances is always possible.
通过对罗马法的研究 她发现 Studying the roman case she realised in this respect
权威这一概念的重要性 the central importance of the concept of authority,
authoritas 权威 authoritas, authority,
这事实上是非常准确的罗马术语 it is in effect a highly specific roman term
可追溯到它的起源 with roots going back to the very beginning,
希腊人宣称"authoritas"一词 the Greeks declared the word authoritas
无法翻译 to be untranslatable
但所有现行语言中都成功收纳了这个词 but all modern languages have successfully adopted it
它所包含的权力意味 as a word connotes a power
不是基于强迫与专权 not based on force, an arbitrary and discretion
而是基于一种顺从 but on something that compares obedience
因为它代表并确认了 because it represents and confirms
一种秩序的客观价值 the objective value of an order
它习惯上被情理所接受和证明 traditionally accepted and approved by reason.
我们对于"权威"的概念来源于罗马人 The Romans to whom we owe the notion of authority
他们会向我们展现 这种权威十分有效 will tell us that their autoritas was effective
因他们在实践中 from their experience
有许多成功的发现 of their successful founding.
它并非基于主观意愿 It was not rooted in subjective will
或军事力量 nor in any military power
而是基于一种秩序 but in the representation of an order
这种秩序是基础性的 presented as fundamental
且经历了长期实践的考验 and good by a long standing experience.
那种将罗马法的根源 The misinterpretation that reduced
降位为决策制定的误解 the source of roman law to decision making
依然盛行 still prevails
而这也是罗马法在 and is the main reason why roman law is absent
讨论法律基础的 in the great intellectual debate
知识论战中缺席 concerning the fundamentals of law
且如今在使用时 and is by no means today used in line with
与其所蕴藏的知识潜能不符的原因 its intellectual potentialities.
罗马法显然在 Roman law is definitely marginalised
如何治理日益全球化的世界 in the debate of how a globalised world
这场论战中被边缘化了 should be organised and this
虽然它是唯一一部 although it is the only law that has been formed
通过将一般法律 by the experience of giving a common law
赋予当时所认为的全人类的实践而形成的法律 to what in antiquity was regarded as man kind,
这是指地中海盆地地区 the inhabitance of the Mediterranean basin
主要生活在 living mainly in city states of
拥有不同语言 文化与传统的城邦 different languages and cultures and traditions.
在如今这一消极态度的背后 Behind this negative attitude today
在仔细思考我所描述的现代发展时 there is doubtful question that we can understand
会发现我们可以开始理解一些值得商榷的问题 when we look on the modern development I described.
那是法律系列条令的最终胜利 That is the final victory of the commands series of law
这一令人不解的问题就是 the doubtful question is
人们从满足 what can one learn from decision making
久远以前需求的决策制定中 serving the necessities of a time
能学到些什么 so far away from ours?
也因此 我们很容易理解 It is therefore quite understandable
为何像Mario Bratone when leading Italian Romanists
和Aldo Schiavone这样 like Mario Bratone and Aldo Schiavone
著名的意大利罗马法学家相信 are convinced that there is no continuity,
现代法律与古代法律之间不存在继承性 no continuity between modern and ancient law
Aldo Schiavone曾发表一本书 the later Aldo Schiavone has published a book
名叫La Storia Spezzat La Storia Spezzata
意思是历史的分割 which means History Divided
而在随后发表的 and sounds in the English translation
英文版中 它的翻译更具煽动性 published soon afterwards still more provocative
《历史的终结》 The End of the Past.
当历史被终结 When the past has ended
那么便只剩当下 then all that remains is the present,
当下被孤立的留下 the present time is left alone
过去所发生的事情再帮不上忙 what happened in the past does not no longer help.
我不同意 因为 I disagree because
在法律的所有基础关系中 in all fundamental relationships of the law
人类的处境都没有改变 the human condition has not changed,
的确 在对社会与个人价值的评价方面 it is true there is a continuous movement
不断的出现了各种运动 in the right appraisal of social and individual values
并对法律有所影响 that influence the law
但从法律发展史的角度来说 but changes bought about this movement
这些运动所带来的变化 are in the perspective of legal history
更多的是维持社会秩序的新平衡 rather a new balancing of the maintained social order
而非先破后立的程序 than the sequence of destruction and rebuilding.
现在我们来讲讲罗马法 We turn now to antiquity to the roman law
在自己所在时期的特性 in it's own time,
这一时期长达1000多年 a period that endured more than a thousand years,
比现代要长许多 far longer than modernity
不管我们用什么方法计算 whether we count it
从新大陆发现 from the discovery of the new world,
也就是你们国家的发现 或像许多人的做法 your world or as many do today
从法国大革命开始计算 from the French Revolution.
我们发现 它的核心有一个 We find it in it's centre a persisting
长久不变的观点 即认为法律说到底 and an enduring idea that conceives of law essentially
是和谐社会关系体系 as a system of peaceful social relationships
的法律形式 existing between equal human persons
它适用于平等的个体 in a definite legal form.
《论法的精神》的伟大作者 It was the great author of De I'esprit des lois,
孟德斯鸠 Montesquieu on the spirit of law
将法律关系这一巧妙的术语 who introduced the felicitous term
引入自己的语言 legal relationship [Latin].
7年的时间里 Through seven years
通过历史法学派的创立者们的努力 the founder of historical school of law
"法律关系"一词已 it is now everywhere accepted in professional language
被广泛接受为专业用语 [Latin] the legal relationship,
它将法律定义为从某个特定角度看待生活 it defines law as life seen under a certain angle
即在某一社会系统下的自由成员们 that is of a social system of free members
通过法律承认的 ordered by legally acknowledged
正式关系被加以管理 and formalised relations.
孟德斯鸠与Schiavone都 Both authors Montesquieu and Schiavone converge
将法律的观点 in combining this view of the law
与共和国的法制观点相结合 with the constitutional idea of the republic.
孟德斯鸠是通过展现 Montesquieu by showing that
共和国是唯一 the republic is the only constitution
依靠道德与美德建立的机构 based on morals and virtue
而非其他那些机构靠恐惧与野心建立 and not as the others on fear and ambition.
Schiavone则是通过宣称 Schiavone by declaring that
罗马人在500年的共和国历史上 the Romans developed their particular realistic view
在对待法律现象上 on the phenomenon of law
形成了自己独特的现实观点 the nearly 500 years of their republic.
当我们用两对概念来佐证时会发现 The concept of legal relation opens up
法律关系这一概念 in fact to its entire fertility
事实上与其整体效力都有关 when we compliment it with two pairs of concepts.
这些概念源于希腊 These concepts are imported from Greece
可追溯到希腊文明时期 due to the Hellenistic period
这一时期始于公元前3世纪 that began in the 3rd century before Christ
主要特点是 and was characterised by
将基础的法制观点 the reception of fundamental constitutional ideas
从哲学领域引入罗马法 of great philosophy into the roman law.
这一引入新颖且意义重大 A reception that was enormously enriching and new,
但并没有破坏罗马法的基础性观点 several waves but did not break with the founding ideas
我们以后会发现这点 of roman law as we will see in due course.
第一对组合是公法与私法 The first pair is public law private law,
第二对组合是民法与万国公法 the second pair is civil law and law of all nations,
它们都是 both key notions for
帮助我们了解罗马法精神的关键概念 the understanding of the spirit of the roman law.
公法与私法这对组合 The pair private law public law
创造了这样一种效果 即罗马法在根本上 establishes the effect that roman law is essentially
是一种公共秩序 在此秩序下私法 a republican order where private law is protected
受人民所选出的执政官保护 by magistrate chosen by the people
由参议员发展并被人民执行 and developed by senators and acted by the people.
私法与公法之间的联系 The connection between private and public law
在罗马法中占核心地位 is in the roman tradition essential
它蕴含着罗马人从自己的历史中所得到的经验 it contains a lesson they learn from their own history
即只有共和国才能保护 that only a republic can protect
个人的自由 the freedom of the individual
因为只有在共和国中 掌权者 since only in a republic is the personnel in power
是由关心自己安全 自由及财富的人挑选 is chosen and controlled by those interested in
并受他们控制的 the security of their freedom and property.
若这些区别消失 Where these differences disappear
就立即会有专制的危险 there is imminent danger of tyranny
由此自由就可能被摒弃 and hence forward abolition of freedom
因为专制者把自己看作唯一的国王 since a tyrant thinks of themselves a sovereign lord
掌管所有人的身体与财富 of the bodies and fortunes of everyone.
罗马人对这点深信不疑 This conviction runs very deep in the roman conscience
并因历史上的几段插曲 and is nourished in several episodes
变得更加根深蒂固 of their canonised history.
其中最著名的一段插曲 The best known being the one that led to
导致了国王被驱逐 the expulsion of the kings
因为国王们所信奉的 because the last in the row of good and law
法律与道德显示 abiding monarchs
他们自己就是糟糕的专制者 revealed themselves as a terrible tyrant.
从那时开始 From that year onwards
曾经的510位国王被定义为专制 traditional 510 kingships was identified as tyranny
而重新引入君主制的尝试 and attempts to reintroduced monarchy
则被指责为最严重的罪行 was excoriated of the gravest possible crime.
凯撒曾公开表示 Caesar, Great Caesar openly showing
对共和国的蔑视 his disdain for the republic
以及对国王加冕的向往 and aspiring of the diadem of a hedonistic king
他因有成为专制者的倾向 was killed by Brutus and Cassius
而被布鲁特斯与卡西乌刺杀 as a would be tyrant.
他的儿子奥古斯都由此得到教训 Augustus his son by adoption learned this lesson
因此在重新引入君主这一概念时 and was therefore very careful
表现的非常小心 when never the less introducing a monarchy
他设计了一个很精妙的计划 to do it with a carefully elaborated programme
通过对共和国的恢复来达到目的 of the restitution of the republic.
这里的核心观点是 The core idea was
奥古斯都使当时的人们与其后裔相信 which Augustus convinced his time and posterity
事实上 was in fact the constitutional idea of
(拉丁语) a res publica restituta,
恢复共和政体这一宪法观念从未被摒弃 restitution of the republic was never abandoned
即使是在 not even by the autocrats like Constantine
将基督教承认为 who admitted Christianity
合法合理宗教的康士坦丁大帝时期 as a permitted and licit religion
以及在编纂整理罗马法的优士丁尼皇帝时期 and Justinian who codified the roman law.
优士丁尼皇帝整理了罗马法 And he did, Justinian codified the roman law
将其作为圣灵 as a creation due to
的杰出创造 the inspiring work of the holy spirit.
两个皇帝都把自己当作一个共和国的领袖 Both emperors saw themselves as rulers of a res publica
因此 并不是因为纯粹的传统习惯 therefore it is not due to mere tradition
才使得由优士丁尼皇帝 that the Corpus juris the body of law
颁布的这部法律在最开始就 enacted by Justinian opens up in its first titles
把私法与公法的关系 with the pair res publicum res privatum
描述为一切法律秩序的必要组成部分 described as a necessary aspect of every legal order
当然 这的确也是罗马共和国 it is of course a maintained tradition
一直保持的一个传统 of the roman republic.
我要重复一下《理想国》里的观点 这意味着 This means I repeated the idea of the republic,
通用对象与文字 literally the common object or common words
从未被放弃 was never abandoned even when
即使是在它因皇帝的意志 it was well hidden from the public eye
而没能走入公共视野的时候 by the overwhelming might of an emperor.
因此 那些真正研究宪法编纂修改的人 Who studied the codification seriously
就需要相信 was necessary then to the conviction that
法律秩序只是委托于皇帝管理 the legal order was something entrusted
而非因他们的意志而产生 to the emperor and not created by his will.
12世纪时 一位中世纪的皇帝 When of the 12th century the medieval emperor
询问博洛尼亚大学的教授 asked the professor of the University of Bologna
权利到底是源于皇帝的意愿 whether every right originates from his imperial will
还是源于 or whether fundamental rights arise from
那时候在意大利城市中 the consensus of the consent of the people
所形成的 as in those days assembled
人民的意愿 in the municipalities of Italy.
他从一名勇敢的教授那里得到了正确的答案 He got from a courageous colleague the right answer
以及一句很有用的双关语 and a good pun to go with.
当一位比较卑尊屈膝的教授 For when a more subservient professor affirmed that
承认了皇帝的主权 the sovereign right of the emperor
被赏赐了一匹马时 and was donated with a horse
他说到 he commented with the words
(拉丁语) 这是句不错的双关语 habit aquam that non habit aquam, is a good pun
因为"马"与"写" horse equals and write equals were
在当时的发音与拼写是相同的 pronounced and written in those days in the same way.
因为这些传统 In this tradition
我提到过的历史派的创始人Savigne Savigne the founder of the historical school
他还生活在 I mentioned already still living
中世纪的王国中 in the medieval empire
处于它的末期 in the last days of the medieval empire
但正如法兰克福这一自由城市中 but like his contemporary Gertu
的Gertu在论文中 in the free city of Frankfurt wrote in his treatise,
关于如今罗马法律系统所写的那样 the system of today's roman law
我引用一下 他写到:"一个国家的存在 he wrote, I quote "a state comes into existence
从根源上是民有 originally and naturally in the people
民享且民治的" by the people and for the people"
这种表达方式可能会让你产生共鸣 a formula that resonates with you
因为几十年后 because it was taken up some decades later
林肯在表达自己的期望时说到 by Lincoln most powerfully in his solemn wish
民有 民享 民治的政府 that government of the people, by the people
会永世长存 and for the people shall not perish form the earth.
这是理解共和国典型特点 It is the best perspective of
的最佳视角 quintessentially republican character.
在历史背景下 In the background
公法与私法之间 there is always the necessary relationship
总存在必要联系 between res publicum and res privatum
这一背景就是由宪法组织起的国家 that is of a nation organised by a constitution
它能够组织公共权力 able to organise a public power
保证社会自由 that presumes a free society
因为它是由那些 because administered by the representative
对于维持法律关系 of those interested in
感兴趣的人的代表所管理的 the maintenance of their legal relations.
在那段被我定义为 In the time I've classified as
背弃罗马法的阶段里 the period of the betrayal of the roman law
公法与私法不受人们的青睐 the pair public and private law was disliked.
私法这一概念有悖于 The very idea of private law went against
当时人们对于 the then dominant romantic desire of
一个单一国家的幻想 a homogeneous nation
人们希望国家的所有成员 that wanted all the members
都接受并信奉一种普遍的意愿 taken and inspired by the same volonte generale
这也是卢梭的著名观点 you know the famous notion of Rousseau
公法与私法 the pair res publicum and res privatum
在这一观点下遭受一个事实的限制 suffered in this perspective from the fact that
私法阐明了这样一种概念 objective private expressed the concept that
即政治与社会限制外的自由 the freedom from political and social constrains
创造于 is something created
个体领域内 in the sphere of the individual itself
而非像许多现代理论所说 and not as some modern theories think
由宪法保证 granted by the constitution.
事实上 "私有"这个词就可以说明问题 In fact the term private privatus made this point.
对于3世纪初期 For the Greek legal series that appeared in Rome
在罗马出现的希腊法条 at the beginning of the third century
"私有"一词 private was something cut out of
从公开常见的词语中消失了 what before was public and common.
在一个神秘的黄金时代 In a mythical golden age
所有的东西都是公共财产 all was publica possessio common possession
而随着城邦文化的到来 with the culture of the city state
私有财产的概念被引入 came the private possessio private possession
它把世界分割为 that divide the world
城邦与私有财产两部分 into city states and private property
并通过自然法则 and replaced common possession of all goods
将公共财产替换为 by natural law that from now on made the,
它通过自然法则 it replaced common possession of all goods
用一个新系统代替了公共财产 by natural law by a new system
即城邦中的私有系统 by a private system in city states.
比较新且起源不详的享乐经济学派理论 The younger hedonistic theory of sceptical origin
显得更为理性 was still more radical,
他们认为所有的私人利益都是源于 in their view all private interests were rooted in
人类在为寻求更好的财产自由保护 what human beings brought with them
而建立国家时 when founding a state seeking for a better protection,
所引入的想法 for a better protection for freedom possession
它作为了家庭生活中最基础的关系 as a basic relationships in family life.
两种理论有一个共同的特点 For both theories it is characteristic
即私法的认可 that acknowledgement of private law
并不以国家中公民对于保护的寻求 does not require citizenship in the state
作为必要条件 where protection is required
因为两种理论中的根源都是通用的 because in both theories the root is universal.
第一种理论的根源存在于自然法则当中 In the first time the root is in a natural law
预先假定了黄金时代 which will presuppose in the golden age and
另一个根源基于人类的本性 the other is based in the nature of every human being.
第二组即民法与万国公法 The second pair civil law and law of all nations
解释了为什么对于私法的保护 explains why the protection of private law
不以公民的存在作为先决条件 does not require citizenship.
它是这样解释的 It explains it by the way that in the period
在人类组织管理不同国家的时期 when mankind organised in different states
私法所授予的权利 the rights given by private law
从根本上来说并非源于公民的存在 are essentially derived not from citizenship
而源于人类社会中的互相联系 but from membership in the human society.
两种享乐经济学派 This is a common conviction of
都对此深信不疑 both hedonistic theories.
世界上的每一个国家都是因 Every state on earth is created by
全人类的共同倾向而建立的 the same universal tendencies for all mankind
也因此都会达到两个目的 and serves therefore necessarily two purposes.
第一个目的是对于 One purpose is the protection of
公民特殊权利的保护 the special rights of the citizens
第二个目的是 the other purpose is the obligation to offer
为在国土上的每一位公民 a place for every human being that happens to be
提供一席之地 on the territory of this individual states and
以及保护其人身自由 财产安全的责任 the obligation to protect its freedom and its property.
这两种理论 Both theories justify this conviction
用稍有不同的两种方法论证了这一观点 in a slightly different way,
我已经暗示过这点 I hinted to this fact already
较早的理论宣称 一种精神力量 the elder declared that the spiritual force
在全世界敦促人类 that urges everywhere human kind
建立国家并 to the founding of individual state and
由此打破了早些时候因共同语言 thereby breaking up the elder formations of tribes
而形成的部族形式 united by the same language as in old times;
这包括古希腊时期 拉丁时期及腓尼基时期 the Greeks; the Latins; the Phoenicians,
每个国家都有不同的法律秩序 that in each single sate to different legal orders
但这些国家都是 but never the less states that are created
由这一时期产生并盛行的 by the same universal and rational urge
一种理性的愿望所驱使的 emerging in this period everywhere.
因此 我们会发现 Therefore legal interpretation can find
每一部民法背后 the later of the individual civil law
都有通用的法则 通过分解 universal principal emanating it and isolating them
能以某种方式服务于所有人 in a way that can be applied in favour of everyone.
通过解释会发现 万国公法 The universal law found out by interpretation
就是一部 was the res civili the civil law
各处通用的民法 that required validity everywhere,
即文明人的通用法则 the law of civilized mankind.
民法与城市文明之间 The profound relationship between
良好的关系 civil law and universal urban civilization
在这里可以找到根源 has its origin here.
较新的一个理论放弃了 The younger theory discards its idea of
不同法律系统中 a universal law inherent
存在通用法条这一观点 in all the different legal systems
而以另一种观点代替 and substitute it with the idea of
即一系列机构 a set of general institutes
在人类文明有了良好基础后 that emerge in a way discernable for human reason
以一种合理的方式出现 the moment the threshold of civilization is passed.
这些机构能够 These institute served to protect
首先保护公民的人身安全 the biological attributions that permitted life
然后保护其自由 before statehood like freedom,
财产及家庭安全 possession and family relations
又被不同的价值观加以区分 and varified by ethical values of natural equity
它们既发展于文明当中 equally discoverable in civilization
又被法律所认可 and sanctioned by the magistrate.
当奥古斯都意识到 Augustus when realizing
他重建共和国的计划 his programme of resituating the republic
既蕴含了享乐经济学派理论 preserved both hedonistic theories
证明了共和国这一观点 sustaining the universal idea of republic
又把决定留给了 and left it in a decision of exemplary wisdom
而后由科学发展而产生的智慧 to scientific development of
让后世定夺这两个观点 both of these traditions of the elder and the younger
哪一个在施行后更为行之有效 to work out which of the approaches was a sounder one.
奥古斯都在重建了共和国后 Augustus after having restored the republic
接管了他所重建国家的权力 assumed the charge to maintain what he has restored
这受到了某种权力的认可 sustained by an extraordinary power
且置于共和国之上 之外 that stood above and outside the republic,
这当中包括一部分军事权力 it was partly military
通过接管恺撒的军权 by assuming the heritage of Caesar
他成为并一直担当着 he became and remained the commander and chief
帝国中所有军事力量的指挥官与总领 of all armed forces in the empire
但从宪法角度来说 but in its constitutional center
是某种强大的权力 it got legitimacy from the extraordinary power
授予了奥古斯都他的名号 that the name Augustus conveyed.
立法机构正式授予了他名号 A norm, a name formally given to him by the senate
但这同时也是他 but selected by him
精心根据自己对于罗马法律史的理解 with care and a profound understanding
而挑选的 of roman legal history.
这是个寓言式的名字 It is an augural name
与罗马的起源相关 linked with the eldest layer of roman origin
即占卜的起源 the origin of the Auguries,
它保证了罗马建立的 it gave legitimacy and spiritual security
法律与精神安全 to the founding of Rome,
它没有把权力当作命令 it did not confer power to command
而是把它当作一种解读 but power to interpret
而它的核心可以用一个词表示 and is caught in its essence by the central word
我们已经知道 就是"权威" we know already authority authoritas.
奥古斯都的名字以及权威的特质 The name Augustus and the quality authoritas
其实就像一枚硬币的两面 are in fact two sides of the same coin,
奥古斯都表现了更为宗教的一面 Augustus shows the more religious part,
而权威表现了更为理论性的一面 authoritas the more theoretical part
在中心之外 outside of the middle.
奥古斯都自己把"权威"一词解释为 The term authoritas is explained by Augustus himself,
提到他所重塑的共和国 referring to the republic he had restored
奥古斯都在其著名的最初面向全国的 Augustus said in the famous inscription
碑文中说到 initially present in the entire empire that
在这个焕然一新的共和国里 within this renewed republic
他同大家一样是普通公民 he was a citizen like the others
所以当被指派管理国家时 and therefore when chosen to a charge
所持有的权力不比他的同僚们更多 had no more power than his colleagues
但就至高权威来说 他高于其他人 but that he excelled by all by his supreme authority
他用拉丁语说到 in Latin he said
(拉丁语) [Latin]
意思是 我在权威上超越了其他所有人 that means I excel all others by my authority.
对于权威这一术语的解释 This autoritas the expression of
在法律层面上 what the title Augustus meant in legal context
展现了一种高度合理的法律形式 reveals a form of legitimacy of great refinement.
我们只有记得 We can understand it only when we remember
奥古斯都有一个 that Augustus had great councillors
有着很出色特质的参谋 an especially one of
才能明白这些 outstanding intellectual qualities.
Octavian 这是奥古斯都之前的名字 When Octavian this was the former name of Augustus
在仅仅19岁的时候 at the amazingly young age of 19
就敢于宣称对于他 dared to claim the political succession
被刺杀的养父恺撒大帝的政治继承 of his killed adopted father Caesar
他仅凭自己恺撒养子的身份 by leveeing troops with no other legitimacy
就敢于接见军队 other than his being the son of Caesar
由此他得以与西塞罗密切联系 he had come in close contact with Cicero
那时候这个著名的政治理论家 in those days the great elder statesman
将共和国的想法具体化了 who incarnated the republic.
历史上 当刺杀恺撒的人 Tradition affirms that the murderers of Caesar
挥舞着他们带血的匕首时 when brandishing their bloody daggers
喊出了他的名字 exclaimed his name,
Cicero毫无疑问是 Cicero was never the less
未来奥古斯图最适合的参谋 a born mentor for the future Augustus
因为他在自己后来的作品中 because he had in his later writings
尤其是《致共和国》与《致法律》中 especially in his book on the republic and on the laws
宣传了这样一种观点 即共和国 promoted the idea that the republic can be
需要一位杰出的领导人 in need of an exceptional and inspired leader
他为这一想法打下基础 so he prepared the ground for the belief
使人们相信 that the appearance of such,
一名杰出人士的出现 that the appearance of such a supreme personality
变得可能 be possible
而这是通过引用柏拉图的论据实现的 and he did so with arguments borrowed from Plato.
他在自己著名的演讲中暗示 He hid in famous speeches
恺撒大帝的继承人 the young heir of Caesar
应为一名天赐的青年 as the divine youth who
由上帝派来拯救罗马共和国 the gods had sent to the rescue of the roman republic
并且被赋予了这样的精神潜力 and endowed with the spiritual potential to do so
因为有了能看透 because gifted with special insights into
事物的合理秩序的特殊天赋 the rightful order of things
这种柏拉图式的思想 that platonic thinking
将指向最杰出的历史人物 accords to exceptional historical figures.
奥古斯都得到了教训 Augustus has learned his lesson
并修正了自己的行为 and had acted accordingly
不仅重立了共和国的宪法 not only restoring the constitution of the republic
还保证了律师的自由 but organising the lawyers professional freedom,
让他们 to develop the law of the republic
借由权威的名义 in a way that they could do it hence forth
对法律加以发展 in the name of authority.
这一著名的机构 This famous institute of giving advice
以皇帝的名义 in the name of the emperor
把权威作为首位 in the name of the authority of the princeps
但从不干涉人们的思想 but he never interfered intellectually,
这只是一种精神形式 it was only a form a spiritual form.
这是他精神上至高权威 It was a logical consequence of
所带来的合理结果 his extraordinary spiritual authority.
这个重建了共和国 He who had restored the republic
并保持了至高的监管权威的人 and remained the supreme supervising authority
同时也是 was necessarily also
一切法制发展的必要源泉 the supreme source of all legal development
即使对于那些已经 even of that he had laid placidly
交予律师管理的内容也一样 in the professional hands of the lawyers.
在这种情况下 In this way it could as said,
就像我说的那样 他能够明智的包容 he could as I said already very wisely tolerate
两种法律学派之争 the competition of two law schools.
奥古斯都这一名号的内容 The content of the name Augustus
与权威一词相比 compared with the term authoritas
显得更为有力 is still more powerful.
它源于最古老 最持久也最成功的 Rooted in the eldest, most enduring and most successful
罗马历史 能够追溯到 status of roman origin it went back to
城市出现以前的迁入 the first still pre-urban settlements.
它强调了重建共和国的观点 It stressed the idea of the restitution of the republic
因为拥有自由公民的共和国可以被看作 since a republic of free citizen can be seen
自由聚居地的 as an enlarged form of an elder settlement,
扩大形式 of a settlement of free settlers
而这事实上就是罗马的状况 and this was the case in Rome in fact.
奥古斯都这个名号 The name Augustus characterised the person
将享有它的人刻画为 who bore it as someone
被罗马主神朱庇特 chosen and blessed by Jupiter
选中并祝福的人 the supreme god of the Agora religion
因此他能够 and therefore capable of
为共和国带来同样的福祉 giving the same blessing to the republic.
他能胜任这一角色 He sustained and governed
并将同样的福祉 and the same blessing that was given to
在一开始就带给农民们 the agricultural settlements of the beginning.
奥古斯都接受了这一名号 Augustus had before accepting this name
而拒绝了Romulus这一名字 rejected the name of Romulus
那个名字涉及到了罗马的建立 that would have evoked the founding of the city
以及第一位罗马国王 and of the auspicious of Jupiter
对于朱庇特的信仰 by the first king of Rome.
他喜欢更为抽象的奥古斯都这一名字 He preferred the more abstract name of Augustus
这避免了对于发展完整的君主制的倾向性 that avoided the reference to a full fledged monarchy
并提出了这样一种观点 and called forth the idea of
即用一种被大家认可的方式 a blessed founding and refounding
进行一次受到祝福的重建 in a still more charismatic way.
这可能又是西塞罗 It might have been again Cicero
与这位年轻的 who communicated to the young Augustus,
只有19岁的奥古斯都 you must say 19 years at the beginning
交流了西塞罗对于法制的核心观点 this central concept of legitimacy.
对于西塞罗来说 与奥古斯丁的会面 For Cicero, it was when he meet him
不仅作为预言派的资深成员 not only an experienced member of the Augerel college
同时他也在宪法草案中 but had also cleared in his constitutional draft
阐述了法律 he labelled the laws
在这一学派中的中心地位 the central role of this college of priest.
把预言引入这里 Introducing the public Augerels
作为对朱庇特主神的解读 as interprets of the highest god of Jupiter
也是对其内涵最广泛的解读 the best and richest interpreters the [Latin]
解读天空之神朱庇特 The concept of interpreting Jupiter
的这一做法 the god of the clear sky
为我们提供了决定性的线索 gives us the decisive clew
因为事实上 奥古斯都对于 for in fact the eldest founding in Rome
罗马所做的重塑工作 that Augustus renewed was done
是通过对于 in a way that interpreted Jupiter
光明 秩序之神 天空之神朱庇特所做出的解读 the god of light and order, the god of the clear sky.
为了更好的理解 To understand it
我们现在必须简单的看一看 we now must take a brief look
罗马法律秩序的开端 on the beginning of the Roman legal order.
这之中的一部分 我们今天 It is a look partly on what we nowadays
可以通过现代手段重建 can reconstruct with modern methods
另一部分就只能 partly on what we see
依靠罗马人自己的记忆了 in the memory of the Romans themselves.
后者蕴含着一个事实 To the latter belongs the fact that
即当罗马人 when the Romans
在古希腊时期初期 with the beginning of the Hellenistic period
在通用或自然法则方面 had to translate the Greek word
要依靠翻译希腊语 for universal or natural law
他们没有选择自然法则 they did not choose natural law use naturalis
而是选择了通用法则 but [Latin] referring to the fact that
这阐明了这里最早有人定居的时期 the eldest settlements in the plane of Latium [Latin]
后来代表了 represented in hindsight
希腊记载中的黄金时代 what in the Greek theory was called the golden age
即人类社会生活 the period of
迎来幸福开端的时代 the happy beginnings of human social life.
这些氏族就是独立的村庄 Those gentes were independent villages
位于曾经的Lotsum现在的Latsio on the plane of Lotsum today it's Latsio
由相同的语言与信仰相互联系 united through common language and common cult.
大约20个组成一个联盟 About twenty of them formed a union
他们构成了 that created the foundation of
古罗马的基础 the eldest petrition Rome
通过将最初的村庄观念 by transposing the original idea of the gentes
转换成新的 to the new entity
由20个村庄构成的整体 formed by the union of the twenty gentes.
在希腊出现了大都会的现象 Where in Greece we have the phenomenon megalopolis.
由几个城邦融合而成的大都会 Megalopolis formed by the fusion of several polis
在古罗马最古老的组成部分中 we have in the eldest constitution layer of Rome
有大的村庄 a machinist a big gentes
由许多村庄融合而成 formed by the fusion of many of them
这些新兴阶级认为 the revived thought that
罗马仍然可被看作 Rome could continue to regard herself
一个农业聚居地 as a agricultural settlement
为侨民提供 that could serve for its colonies
小块的农业用地 small fortified agricultural settlements
大小有些微不同 not withstanding the subtle differences
没有统一标准 of size as a model.
在德国 科隆市依然有 In Germany, Cologne is still a remnant of
这些罗马殖民公司的残余 such founding of the roman colonizing enterprise.
在这一模式中 法律与宗教还没有被区分 The leading concepts that ordered this model
其中蕴含的核心观点 and in which religion and law was not yet divided
详尽的阐释了 was a specific answer to
应对所谓新石器时代革命挑战的方法 the challenge of the so-called Neolithical Revolution
这一时代标志着原始农业的开端 the beginning of sedentary agriculture
将人类历史带入新的篇章 which introduced a new period in human history.
这一宗教信仰中的主导观点是 The leading idea of this religion was that
天空之神朱庇特 the supreme god of the sky Jupiter
最伟大的朱庇特神 the best and richest Jupiter Optimus Maximus
支持这种农业改革 was in favour of the agricultural revolution
即所谓的新石器时代革命 the so-called Neolithical Revolution which was
它深刻的改变了世界面貌 to change the face of the world so drastically.
而只要新的世界 The god whould helped to do it
服从他的权威 under the condition that
他便乐意助上一臂之力 the new beginning was put under his authority.
这就要求在改革后 That required that a new image
他能得到农民们的保证 he would be offered by the agricultural settlement
尊重透明与有序的原则 did respect the principles of clarity and order
而这正是天空之神所代表的 that the supreme divinity of the sky represented.
它通过将天国的秩序 This was realised by projecting the celestial order
应用到人类社会而实现 into the human condition
首先 这要通过 technically primary by
由农业划分的领地实现 a territory measured out for agriculture
它遵循了这样一个系统 它同时反映了 according to a scheme that reflected at the same time
天空的根本运动 the parent movement of the sky
和光线的辐射 and the radiation of light
因此创造出一个巨大的 creating thereby huge checkerboard
从中心点散开的棋盘状区域 coordinated through a central cross.
其次 是通过各个家庭 And secondly by a human community
组成的社会团体 composed of individual families
它们由教皇领导 and governed by a priest king
他通过绝对的管辖权以及对罪恶的洗净 who preserved the social compound
使得社会构成得以维持 in the pure and peaceful form
一种纯净 和平的状态 by solemn jurisdiction and right of purification.
通过这种方式 By this means
无数存在于自然中的天神 divine peace with all the benefit innumerous gods
所赐予的和平得以维系 whose presence was felt in nature was assured
人们也得以不受干扰的工作 and by that their undisturbed and fruitful working.
这一祝福变得越来越明显 The name of this blessing that became visible
谷物丰收 in the good outcome of the crops
家畜健硕 and fertility of the live stock
它就是神赐予的和平 was peace and venire of the gods (Latin),
开拓者被称为ven the name of the single settler was ven
意思为朋友 至今仍存在于 a word for friend that still exists in the vocabulary
一些印欧语系的语言中 of some Indo-European languages
如斯堪迪纳维亚语与荷兰语 as Scandinavian and Dutch.
在一个由ven所塑造的法律秩序中 In the legal cosmos formed by a community of ven
每个人都受这样一个程序的保护 everyone was protected by a procedure
它能够维护 destined to vindicate,
个人的人身自由 to vindicate it's the same word his freedom
以及私有财产 and all what was regarded as his own,
无论是土地的使用 家庭的成员 the use of his land, the members of his family,
用来耕地的家畜 the livestock used to plough and fertilise his fields
还是家牛以及其他附属品 and all his cattle and all the other belongings.
罗马法的延续有个很典型的特点 It is typical for the continuity of the roman law
拉丁语中的"vendicare" that the Latin word vendicare
包涵了友好的开拓者 that contains the notion of ven the befriended settler
以及神的善意的意思 and the friendliness of the gods
这个词在历史上涉及个人自由财产权利时 remain absolutely central throughout its history
始终保持着核心的地位 for all the individual rights of freedom and property.
天空之神支持农业发展 The central conviction that
这一观点 a god of the sky was in favour of agriculture
形成于一种宗教仪式中的不断观察 was formed by an observation maintained forever
这种仪式旨在提供保护 in a particular religious rite of protection.
每次罗马外交官 Whenever a roman ambassador
要去外国 had to go into a foreign country
他就会得到树林的特殊保护 he was put under the special protection of Jove
方法是拿着一块 with the means of a sward
从圣洁之地取来的草皮 taken from the holy grove the clearance that was
那块林间空地是最早教皇的住处 the dwelling place of the priest king of the beginning.
这一宗教仪式显示了 This religious rite shows that
罗马宗教把 the roman religion attributed to the sward
人们在开拓这里时 the quintessence of the protective benevolent power
所感受到的保护归功于这块草皮 experience in their settlement
并将教皇为保持和平秩序所做出的努力 and guarantee by all what the priest king performed
都归为对上帝的崇敬 to maintain the peaceful order that venerated the god.
这里的逻辑可以被理解 只要我们想象一下 The logic can be understood when we imagine people
人类处于新石器时代革命的边缘 on the verge of the Neolitical revolution
他们围在空地旁 taking sides of a clearance,
这里长有 or taking sides in a clearance of sort of grass
带叶的青草和满是种子的草茎 with blades and stalks full of seeds.
这是所有物种的源头 That is the mother plant of all serious.
在这里 天空之神 Here the god of the sky has
清楚地向人们传递着信息 sent a clear message for those minds
因为人们在 still at later times ridden by anxiety
毁坏森林 when clearing a forest
砍伐树木灌木时 依然心存不安 and rooting out its trees and shrubs.
他们所读到的信息就是 The message they read was
朱庇特支持他们对于树林的砍伐 Jupiter is in favour of clearing the woods
以种植庄稼 to permit the growth of fertile grass
并且会用 and will help to preserve the peace with
自然中的力量帮助他们维系 只要 the forces active in nature provided that
在这里定居的人类在定居地 settling men would project on the territory
即定居期间 and within the settlement
能遵守神授的秩序 a divine order that venerates
表示对天空之神朱庇特 the supremacy of the god of the clear sky of Jupiter
的尊敬 the best and the richest.
因此 这块圣地 The Holy Grove became consequently
自然的受教皇的管理 with the side of the priest king
因为他不仅通过宗教教义 who venerated the god not only venerated the gods
表达对朱庇特神的尊敬 and Jupiter not only by religious rights
还特别通过 but especially by creating
在定居地以及 a peaceful order in the settlement on the territory
法律关系中创造一种和平的秩序来表达崇敬 and in all legal relationships.
这一基础观点的长期适用 The enduring success of this founding idea
归功于它 is due to the basic soundness of
为所有活动指出的合理方向 the direction it gave to all organising activities
以及它通过调整能轻松 and to the easiness with which
适用于更大组织的特性 it could be transferred to greater entities.
将社会和平基于 Social peace on the basis of
每家每户的独立性 the independence of every single household
把它们当作完成工作 respected as site where work is done
及创造新成员的单位 and new members of the communities are raised
这是个很好的政策 is good policy and can be applied for
可被应用于农村或城邦 a village and a city state alike.
它同时也独立于工作的种类 It is also independent of the kind of work
因此也适用于 and is therefore equally valid that
这样的家庭工作 the business of a single household
即非农业 is no longer mainly agriculture
而是制造业 交易甚至其他商业 but manufacturing or trading or something else.
因此 求助朱庇特 Therefore the idea to please Jove
维持秩序良好的系统这一想法 as a sign of a well ordered system
作为了罗马法的核心特点 remained a central feature of roman law,
并在每五年一次的人口普查中得到重申 it was repeated every 5 years in the solemn census.
这一秩序的创建 The creation of such an order
符合被调查地区内 coincided with the establishment of the settlement
由不同家庭单位 with its different families or households
所组成的定居者们的需要 in the surveyed territory
它的维系是通过干预 its maintenance was realised by intervening
定居者因对于所确立秩序的不满 whenever there was a strike and dispute
而进行的罢工 between the settlers in regard of their part
然后通过 in the established order with the scope to reaffirm it
决定土地的 by deciding who was entitled to
使用权以及 the use of this piece of land or by determining
两块土地间的准确界限而进一步维护体系 the disputed boundaries between two possessions.
这一活动就是司法 This activity was jurisdiction
它通过在一定的社会条件下 and exclusively done with the means of regal authority
可以决定事物衡量标准 that objectively declared what was right
的权威加以施行 in the given social situation and relationship.
它从不用对付军队时 It never, never used the means of command
所使用的强硬命令 reserved for the military
而是通过宣称一种法律关系 but proceeded by declaring one relationship
的合理性实现这一目的 and the exercise of it the just one.
对于法规的维系 The preservation of the rule of law
被看作是对 seen as a form of veneration of
天空之神崇高权力的尊重 the sublime power of the sky
确保神明祝福的方法 the means to ensure the blessing of the gods
完全是保护和平的宗教任务 was entirely a religious task devoted to peace.
这就需要 It required a charisma
与天神不受外界干扰的交流 in an undisturbed contact with the clear sky.
这些干扰不仅指战争 雷电 Not only war and lightning, not only war and lightning
就连军队准备开战的言论 but also the word of the military preparing war
都不能在附近出现 had therefore to be kept at a safe distance,
任何接触都被看作一种污染 any contact was seen as a contamination.
罗马人所穿的官服 Here is the reason why the official garment
被看作和平之服的原因是 worn by the Romans was the peaceful toga.
这种服装就是一块宽松的布料 A loose flowing single piece of cloth
挡住人们的身体 只留右臂 covering the whole body apart from the right arm.
穿这样的服装 几乎不可能 It is close to impossible
做出出格的行为 to behave aggressively in such an outfit.
当西塞罗提到 军事力量 When Cicero said [Latin] military power
应遵从法律和平统治 must give way to the superiority to
的绝对权威 the peaceful ruler of law
他也暗指了一种渊源已久的传统 he referred to a deeply rooted tradition.
由于在法律建立伊始 Since this law organised from the beginning
便将自由定居者组织起来 受法律牵制 the life of free settlers under the rule of law
赋予教皇及之后的法官 binding the priest king and the later magistrate
秩序管理者的角色 to the role of administering this order
因而罗马人有理由相信 the Romans had good reason for the conviction
共和国内的所有职业 that all the trades of the republic were already formed
在国王时代就已形成 under the first kings of the mega gains
那里 王位的合法性 in which the legitimacy of the kingship
是由元老院内的建国者们 came from the padres the founding fathers
所确保的 present in the senate.
因此 罗马人能够很容易的解释本国的起源 It was therefore easy for the Romans to interpret the,
并利用 their beginnings and rewriting the history
后来所接纳的享乐主义理论 in the light of the hedonistic theory
对历史进行重写 they later on adopted.
由于其特殊的起源 这一系统 The system offered by the founding
也提供了改写历史 allowed such reinterpretation
而不破坏其连续性的方法 without destroying its sacred continuity.
有了这样的起源 罗马人或早期的拉丁人 With this beginning the Romans or the early Latins
通过建立新的 had made the best of the Neolithical revolution
受法律管理的村庄 that bought sedentary agriculture
使得带来原始农业的 by reacting to it with the creation of villages
新石器时代改革取得了成功 living under the rule of a law
这样的法律为定居者们带来自由 that established freedom for the settler
也赋予了相关的社会关系 giving peaceful form
一种稳定和平的形式 for every relevant social relationship.
在职的教皇通过 The priest king in charge
使用权威与权力 wielded authority and the power
对事物进行解释说明 to interpret and to clarify
但无权发号施令 but had no right to command.
命令只适用于军事机构 The command was an institution of the military,
我重复一下原话 这样的机构 I repeat it, from which
使得神授的和平国土分崩离析 the realm of divine peace was anxiously separated.
一条很著名的法则就是 One is the well known rule that
军队指挥官 the military commander and chief
若越过了城邦的界限 who passed the precinct of the city,
就像古时候越过乡村的界限 repeated the precinct of the ancient village
就会立刻失去指挥权 lost immediately his command.
其他地中海文明 Other great Mediterranean cultures
如埃及文明与美索不达米亚文明 like Egypt and Mesopotamia
同样也基于新石器时代的革命 based too on the Neolithical Revolution
他们做出了另一个选择 开创独尊的制度 made another choice and established absolute kings
国王的军事才干 that exerted the same military might
在对付敌人的同时也对付臣民 they used against the enemy also against subjects.
他们的法律 Their law was consequentially as a famous [Latin]
教育了我们以及其他基于命令的法律秩序 tells us and other paralegal orders based on commands.
正因如此 所展现的画面非常不同 The imagory is accordingly very different
在奥古斯丁的宣传画中 where the Augustian propaganda [Latin]
奥古斯丁穿着一身和平之服 showing Augustus in a peaceful toga
表现着他对于神授和平的维护 performing writes to secure the peace of the gods
而埃及的法老则常常是 the Pharaoh of Egypt is often seen with
挥舞着棍子杀害他人 a swinging club killing a person
在美索不达米亚地区我们也看到了类似的画面 in the Mesopotamia region we find similar images.
按罗马传统 In Roman tradition
这严重破坏了 this would have constituted a grave violation
划清和平与战争界限的原则 of the necessary separateness of peace and war.
即朱庇特统治地区与战神统治地区 Of the distinction between
之间的清晰界限 the reign of Jupiter and the reign of Mars
但统治者同时也意识到 but the emperor realised also that
这样的统治可能更加简单 it might be easier to govern that way
所以 当埃及终于成为了 so when Egypt became finally
奥古斯丁统治下的罗马下属省份 roman province under Augustus
一些罗马统治者开始想要 some roman emperors found it attractive to
展现一幅法老挥舞棍棒的画面 pose as a Pharaoh swinging the club.
我记得曾经 I remember having seen
在一面墙上看到卡拉卡拉皇帝 the roman emperor Cara Kala on a temple wall
做运动的画面 making this physical exercise.
在最近的发现中 In a recent discovery and you will see all
你可以在讲义的最后一页看到 what I have said on the last page of my handout,
近期 在中欧地区 In a recent discovery in the middle parts of Europe
即今天的德国中部有一项发现 in the centre of today's Germany
可追溯到新石器时代 dating from the Neolithical period
这一新发现证明了 this recent discovery proves
罗马人进行完善的观点 that the idea bought to perfection by the Romans
即通过耕种 在土地上表达 to cultivate the fields venerating on earth
对于天上神授秩序的憧憬 the divine order visible in the sky
在这一期间内影响颇大 was very diffused in this period.
九年前发现的Nebra圆盘 The famous disk of Nebra discovered only 9 years ago
与农业有着密切联系 is intensely related to agriculture
并且事实上是在展示太阳月亮等星群 and is in fact showing a constellation of sun moon
而用一块小院表示一块领地的做法 and the play yards that represents for the region
标志着原始农业 meant the traditional beginning of
的开端 the agricultural year.
哦谢谢 我只有5分钟了 Oh, thank you, I have only 5 minutes more
我马上就结束了 I will come to a close.
我相信5分钟已经足够了 But I am confident that 5 minutes will do.
神权通过 The conviction that the supreme divinity revered
在聚居地的领土上 by establishing and showing order and peace
建立和平秩序得到崇敬 in the settlement
以及它的领地存在于 and its territory was present and visible
映射天空秩序的陆地上的想法 in the clear sky watered over the land
对于我们所说的国际事务 had important consequences on
有巨大的影响 what we can call international affairs.
神权被 The belief that the divinity
平均分配到各个领地 was equally present over every settlement or state
每块领地不仅 that every settlement had
拥有自己的土地资源 not only its share in its territorial possession
还拥有来自神权保佑的信念 but also in the divine blessing of its sky
构成了国际关系中 constituted internationally the principal
绝对平等的原则 of perfect equality.
神明对一切领地一视同仁 The sky was the same for every settlement
并评分自己的神权 and equally divided the divinity
她要求所有地方 looking from above demanded everywhere
用同样的方式表示对她的崇敬 the same to venerate her by
即用地球上美好透彻的和平秩序 responding to her beauty and clarity
对她做出回应 the peaceful order on earth.
这里产生的结果就是 罗马法 The result was that the eldest layer of the law
在人们最初定居时所产生的最深层内容 between the original settlements of Latium represented
可以作为一部杰出的国际法 an international law of outstanding qualities.
在结束前 我想讲一讲 I will close now with an observation that
普通法 即民法姐妹篇 the common law, the younger sister of the civil law
也是由历史与理论 was characterised by the same combination
结合而成的这一特点 of history and reason.
而它也基于 And as such was equally
权威而非命令 not based on command but on authority.
引用著名律师爱德华库克 It sufficies to quote
的话在这里非常合适 the great lawyer Edward Cook
他的书出现在了五月花号的甲板上 copies of whose books were on board the Mayflower
而他也曾向 and who famously explained to
想要用自己的命令 the king of England James I
干涉立法的 who wanted to interfere with his commands
英国国王詹姆斯一世解释到 into the cause of law,
法律基于人类创造的理论 that law is based on artificial reason
需要长期细致的研究 that requires a long and dedicated study.
库克表达了他对于 He expressed, Cook expressed his deep belief
法律中 in the presence of reason
理论存在的信仰 in the historically given law
我引用一下 他说 he administered by saying I quote
"理论是法律的生命 "reason is a life of the law
愿普通法除理论外一无是处 may the common law itself is nothing else but reason
这些理论应来自于长期的观察与经验 gotten by long study observation and experience
而非人类天生便具有的理性 因为" and not of every mans natural reason for"
他用拉丁语继续说到 now he continues in Latin
没人生来就是专家 [Latin]nobody is born an expert.
为表明他像罗马人一样相信 As to make clear that he was as convinced as the Romans
法律秩序 were of the fact that the legal relation
先于决定存在 pre-existed the decision
切并非由个人决定创造 and is not created by the decision
他有力的陈述到 he formulated forcefully
"法官的作用不是创造法律 "the function of a judge is not to make
而是根据法律规定 but to declare the law according to
对其进行重申 the golden meet of the law
不依赖自己歪曲的判断力" and not the crooked cord of discretion".
而后他总结了民法的要旨 And he summarises the gist of civil law
指出城市建立的 when he names as the first purpose
首要原因 for which cities were instituted
我引用一下:"为了法律的维系 I quote "For conservation of laws
让所有人都能在和平中享受自己的生活" whereby everyman enjoys his own in peace"
这本阐释了 The book that elaborates the deep affinity
罗马法的精神 between the spirit of the roman law
与普通法的精神之间的密切联系的书 and the spirit of the common law
还需继续书写 described by a book is still to be written.
它还需要处理 It would have also to deal with
罗马法根源 the parallels between the roman origin
与你们所生活集体的根源之间的对比 and the origin of the union you are living in,
一些比较很让人震惊 some parallels are striking
而对于由世袭者 not the least importance of land surveying
所控制的土地的研究 for the establishment of
也非常重要 villages dominated by freeholders.
你们在讲义中可以看到 Those American land surveyors
使用类似研究方法的美国研究者们 practicing this fine art you see also in the handout
不仅仅感到自己 did not only feel themselves
做着身为 in the tradition of the roman land surveyors
古老研究方法践行者的 who were the secular practitioners of
罗马学者所做的事情 an initially purely agora technique
他们深受古典传统的感染 but were so imbued by classical tradition
以至于他们的功绩使得 that it is their merit that
罗马法专家与罗马法学者 the civilian and the Romanists
感觉仿佛回到了古罗马 feel so much at home here
他们得以不断回想 with all his pleasures recalling
罗马曾经的伟人 Issachar classical antiquity Issachar
Romulus等等 正如你们所听说的 and of course Romulus symbolising
他们代表了在建立繁荣昌盛的共和国时 as you have heard the importance of a blessed founding
得到神明保佑的重要性 for a constitution and a thriving republic.
非常感谢大家的聆听 I thank you very much for your attention.
主持人:非常感谢 [Host] Thank you very much, thank you very much,
非常感谢Behrends教授 thank you very much professor Behrends
为我们做出这么好的演讲 for that remarkable presentation.
如果你们想问的话 We have time for one or two questions
我们还有时间回答一两个问题 if you would care to ask a question
我知道这之后 I know that afterwards
许多人都会就这个演讲问我问题 I will be asked many questions about your talk
但我肯定没办法像您答得一样好 but I will not be able to answer so well as you
现在就是最好的机会 so here is your chance.
一定有人想问问题吧 I'm sure someone has at least one question.
观众:是否有这种状况 [Audience] Are there any situations
即军事权威与 where there is a clash between the military authority
公民的精神权威之间产生冲突 and the civil spiritual authority
而精神权威 and the spiritual authority won out
在罗马世界取得了胜利呢? in the roman world?
演讲人:是的 冲突非常的多 [Speaker] Yes there were many clashes
尤其是当军事首领 especially when a military commander and chief
想要获得胜利的时候 wanted to have a triumph.
他要非常小心 He had to be very careful
不要越过城邦界限 not to breach the precinct of the city state
因为一旦他越界 because when he went over this threshold
就会立即失去权力 he lost immediately his power
因为军事力量 because there was a incompatibility
与城邦中的稳定秩序之间 between military command and
存在着冲突 the peaceful order having its centre in the city state.
而在从古罗马创立伊始 And there are many interesting items
就保存下来的文件中 in the ancient calendar
有许多有趣的内容 preserved from the very beginning of Rome
有一条叫做(拉丁语) there is a write called [Latin]
也就是说人民在古义中意思是 this means the people in the ancient connotation
军事 was the military.
受指挥者管理的罗马人 The Romans under command of a commander
是populous而rex是教父 were the populous and the rex was the priest king
他们需要保持一个稳定的秩序 who had to preserve the peaceful order
以及小心不要破坏 and there was careful observation not to contaminate
和平与法制 the charisma of peace the order of law.