欢迎回到世界音乐简介 第十章 Welcome back to intro to world music and chapter ten,
阿拉伯世界音乐 music of the Arab world.
课本作者使用了一个术语 The author of your book uses a term
在本章以及其他章节中都有使用 in this chapter as well as some other chapters,
那就是Diaspora 散居的犹太人 and that term is Diaspora and you will see
这个术语在本章中出现多次 that term used quite a bit in this chapter
暗示阿拉伯世界的音乐 to indicate the fact that the music of the Arab world
并不局限于阿拉伯中东地区 is not confined to the Arab Middle east,
中东只是一个人造术语 Middle East being a sort of artificial term
是欧洲人创造的 that was given to the area by the European powers.
阿拉伯世界这个术语可能更好些 Arab world is perhaps maybe a better term
因为事实上阿拉伯世界的人民 because the fact is that the people from the Arab world
居住在世界各地 live all over the globe,
包括在美国也有大量人口 including significant populations in the United States.
Diaspora基本上意为 And so Diaspora basically means that
这些人因为各种原因 these people have been moved into
迁移到世界各个地方 various portions of the world for various reasons,
多数是因为政治原因 也有很多是因为经济原因 many for political, many of them economic reasons
但是阿拉伯世界存在于很多地方 but the Arab world exists in many many places
不仅仅是阿拉伯半岛 besides just Arabia.
我们就从 So We are going to look at that, starting with
书本474页的地图开始 the map that you find on page 474 of your text,
它表明了古老的丝绸之路 which shows the ancient Silk Road and
课本那一页上 if you look in your text on that page
描述了古时候的地图 you will find a kind of an ancient map
关于丝绸交易者的交易道路 showing the routes that were taken by the silk traders
那是在好几个世纪以前 many many centuries ago.
他们就是和中国交易丝绸 And what they were doing was trading with China
因为只有中国才有丝绸 for silk that was only available there
欧洲人大力赞扬丝绸 and the Europeans greatly prized this,
因为他们可以穿上丝质袜子 to be able to have silk stockings and
一种又一种的丝质衣服 silk garments of one type or another and
丝绸之路一直穿过中东 so the Silk Road went through the Middle East
直达中国 all the way to China
在这一页上可以看到 and you can see it there on this page,
非常有趣 and it's interesting
阿拉伯的音乐也因此 because the music of the Arab world finds its way
传播到了中国 to China as a result of that and so
在本章末尾 towards the end of this unit
我们会研究中国的一个地区 we are going to study a region of China
它更接近阿拉伯文化 而非中国文化 which is really more Arab than it is Chinese
像是阿拉伯文化的支流 and some of the ramifications that take place
先提前和大家说一下 as a result of that. So be ready for that,
这是课本中没有的 it's going to be something that's not in your text
是我们加入的内容 but will be added in, also know the term Diaspora.
音乐世界主要有22个国家 Musical contexts here involve 22 countries,
3个主要宗教 3 major religions, so there are,
哪三个主要宗教? what religions are the 3 major religions involved here?
它们是犹太教 基督教和伊斯兰教 There would be Judaism, Christianity and Islam,
这三个宗教互相联系 those 3, all connected
教徒都住在同一个地区 and all living in the same place.
我们会从这三个宗教的角度 So we are going to look at music
考察音乐 from all 3 of those religious traditions.
有些音乐传统 Some of music traditions we are going to look at
移位了 大体上是由于 have been displaced, generally because of
战争或其他政治动乱 war or some other political upheaval
但是我们要听听 but we are going to look at quite a few
大量传统音乐 traditional music's here that
传入不同国家 have been moved to different countries,
尤其是美国后的变化 particularly to the United States.
要注意不要被根深蒂固的观点影响 Be aware of a lot of stereotypes that you know
关于中东和阿拉伯世界的观点 about the middle east and the Arab world
有时候是误导人的 比如阿拉丁神灯 are somewhat misleading. Aladdin, for example,
如果你相信迪斯尼电影 if you rely on what you see in the Disney movie
你就会被很多 you are going to be misled by
关于阿拉伯世界的知识 a lot of the knowledge you might have
所误导 about the Arab world. As well as the sound bites
以及电视新闻中的片段 that you see from television news
包括了很多战争和冲突 involving warfare or conflict
中东很混乱 going on in the Middle East.
或许你们听说过祈祷的召唤 You might hear a sound bite 'a call to Prayer,'
让你稍稍体会了一下 for example, something that gives you
阿拉伯世界 a flavour of the Arab world,
要注意 电视上新闻上看到的 be aware that there's a lot more to it
只是冰山一角 than what you see on television news.
我们从合奏开始 So we start with an ensemble
名为Takht合奏曲 called the Takht ensemble,
包括了很多不同的乐器 made up of a variety of instruments, that,
有一些是阿拉伯世界本土乐器 some of which are indigenous to the Arab world
有一些是其他国家的乐器 and some of which are imported.
首先 我们介绍 梨形的无音柱鲁特琴 First we have the ud, a pear shaped fretless lute,
有一幅图片 and there's the picture of that
在幻灯片的前几页 on the front page of your PowerPoint
你们课本上也有 but you have also got several pictures
好几幅ud的图片 in your textbook of the ud.
有11根弦 6根弦道 It has 11 strings but there are 6 courses of strings
也就意味着5根弦道是双弦 so 5 of those 11 strings are doubled up
也就是说5根双弦 which means that you have 5 double strings
一个单弦 and then 1 single string for
一共6根 a total of 6 courses of strings,
书本中有关于这个的讨论 there's a discussion of this in your textbook
介绍了弦的名字 showing the names of the strings.
他们通常是四度音调 They are generally tuned in 4ths
在2个弦道间有三度的音调 with a third between one of the 2 courses of strings
你们可以看一下说明 so you will want to check that out.
下一个要介绍的合奏是buzuq The next instrument in this ensemble is the buzuq
是一种长颈鲁特琴 which is a long necked lute,
还有nay then there is also the nay
这种笛子的历史可以追溯到 which is a flute that goes back to
古代阿拉伯世界 very ancient times in the Arab world
幻灯片上的图片 and so the picture that I have on the PowerPoint
是从古代留下的石头上拓印下来的 is an etching taken from an ancient stone
是埃及人雕刻的nay吹奏者 太酷了 Egyptian carving of a nay player, kind of cool.
还有一种称为riqq 或者daff There is also a riqq, also known as a daff
阿拉伯手鼓 which is an Arab tambourine.
我们也会研究这种乐器 We are going to study that instrument as well.
第五种乐器 And then the fifth instrument
是你们CD上非常特别的一种合奏乐器 that is in the particular ensemble that's on your CD
是一种小提琴 但是不像西方管弦乐队 is a violin but it is not tuned
演奏时那样对 the same way that a violin would be tuned
小提琴进行调音 if it were playing in a western orchestra.
这种是交叉调音小提琴 Instead it is what is known as a cross tuned violin,
小提琴的四根弦分别调为GDAE四个音 so the violin strings tuned to G D A and E
在音乐上这样标示 and on musical staff they look like this,
G D A E here G D A E. What is going to happen
而tahkt合奏中的阿拉伯小提琴 with the Arab violin in the tahkt ensemble is that
会被调为不同的音高 they are going to tune to different pitches.
两根上弦 So the upper 2 strings instead of
不是调为A和E 而是G和D大调 being tuned to A and E will be tuned to G and D
是与下弦相差8度的音 thus doubling the lower 2 strings of an octave.
这就是交叉调音 So it's known as a cross tuning.
我们在上课之前 And we have run to a cross tuning
就要把小提琴交叉调音 before in the class with the violin.
有谁记得吗? Can anyone remember it?
Ozarks的音乐 是的 Yes, the Ozark's music.
演奏者的名字是什么? And what was the name of the performers.
Ashley Hall 是的 非常好 Ashley Hall, very good, yes
Gordon McCann是吉他演奏家和民俗学家 Gordon McCann was the guitarist and the folklorist
也加入了演奏 非常棒 who came in and so that was very good.
Gordon McCann和Ashley Hall Gordon McCann and Ashley Hall played for us
几个月前曾来为我们进行演奏 here a couple of months ago
她用交叉小提琴演奏了歌曲 and she played a song on the cross tuned fiddle.
有谁记得 Can anyone remember
她演奏的歌曲的名字吗? the title of the song that she played?
当时布置了作业 There was an assignment; there was an assignment,
我知道大家慢慢想起来了 I know I am bringing back memories here.
没错 Pretty Polly Pretty Polly, exactly. It was not the same Pretty Polly
不是你们作业里的Pretty Polly that you did the assignment on but it was another tune
而是另一个你们跳方块舞伴奏的调子 that you did a square dance
她演奏了Pretty Polly Pretty Polly that she played.
我今天刚买了 And I brought it in today,
她的一张光盘 a recording of her doing this
我可以让你们重新回味下她演奏的歌曲 so I can remind you of what that sounded like.
交叉调音小提琴可以 But what the cross tuned fiddle allows you to do
创造一种低音效果 is to create a drone effect.
在弹奏两根上弦时 While you are playing a melody on the upper 2 strings
也可以利用两根下弦 you can be using the lower 2 strings
创造低音效果 to create a drone effect
因此被称为交叉调音 and that's why it's called cross tuned
在阿拉伯文化和Ozarks文化中 both in the Arab culture and also in Ozarks culture
都有这种特别的音效 for this particular effect.
让我们再听一次Ashley Hall So listen again to Ashley Hall and Gordon McCann
和Gordon McCann表演Pretty Polly performing Pretty Polly.
Tacht合奏中用到的乐器 So of the instruments in the Tacht ensemble then,
有交叉调音小提琴 you have the violin cross tuned
但还有其他乐器 but then you also have the instruments
属于阿拉伯世界传统乐器 that are more indigenous to the Arab world.
其中一种是Riqq 本质上就是手鼓 One of those, the Riqq, is essentially a tambourine.
幻灯片中有一张图片 You see a picture of it in your PowerPoint.
书上也有图片 You can also see pictures of it in your book;
阿拉伯手鼓的有趣之处在于 the interesting thing about the Arab Riqq is that
它既可以发出 it has the oppotunity to play
Doom的声音 both a doom and a tock sound
又可以在乐器顶部发出tock的声音 on the head of the instrument.
所以手鼓可以发出 So the tambourine in this case
不止一种声音 has more than one sound
顶部是动物皮制成 when you play the head
可以发出多种声音 which is made of animal skin.
外围还有一圈铃铛 It also has the jingles around the outside.
我们之前讨论过 And we discussed earlier how this really falls
乐器如何归为两个种类 into 2 different categories, doesn't it?
它就被归为膜制乐器 It falls into to membrane-ophone
以及非膜制打击乐器 and also the idiophone category of instrument.
当你敲打乐器顶部时 But when you play the head of the instrument
根据不同的击打部位 depending on where you play it
你可以发出doom的声音 you can get a doom sound
或者丁玲的声音 and you can get a tack sound and that
创造了不同的节奏 creates different rhythmic pattern possibilities
在书本477和478页有解释 that are shown in your text on pages 477 and 478,
之前有看到过这种乐器么 have we seen this kind of thing before,
这种不同节奏的设计? 印度 没错 these different rhythmic designs? India, right.
名字是什么? 不是Raga What was that called? It wasn't the Raga,
是Tala 印度的Tala it was the Tala, the Tala of India
有相同的设计 had this same kind of design
当然阿拉伯世界和印度 and there is certainly a close proximity
非常相近 of the Arab world to India
有一些联系 so there are some connections to be made here.
如果看看节奏表 But if you look at the rhythmic chart
第477页图10/1 on figure 10/1, p477
你们可以看到节奏的基本设计 you will see the basic design of the rhythm
就是录音中音乐的节奏 that is being played in your recording.
基本上在4/4拍中 以doom开始 So basically in 4/4 we start with the doom
然后又2个tocks and then we have 2 tocks.
我们模仿一下 So we are going to emulate that here.
我希望大家 What I want you to do is to have,
这半部分的同学演奏doom this half of the room you are going to be the doom,
你们这样 and you are going to play with
把手握成空心杯状击打桌子 a kind of a cupped hand on your desk.
每个人都试试 Everybody try that.
我们来试试像不像doom的声音 Let's try to get a sound that sounds like doom,
Doom非常好 然后发出tock的人 doom, okay, good. Now the tock people,
你们就拍手好吗 you are going to clap, okay,
我们定一下节奏 so we are going to set up this rhythm here
先发出doom where we have got doom happening
一开始就发出doom tock tock right at the beginning, doom, tock, tock,
doom tock tock 试一下 1 2 3 4开始 doom, tock, tock. Let's try it. 1, 2, 3, 4,
Doom tock tock doom tock tock doom tock tock doom tock tock
doom tock tock doom tock tock doom and so on. doom tock tock doom tock tock
然后就发生了变化 Now there are variants of this
不再是简单的音乐设计 and it doesn't stay with that very simple design.
事实上你们在录音中 In fact you can see a variation
也能听到变化 that's heard in the recording
在图10/1右边 你们可以看到 just to the right in figure 10/1 you will see that
但这只是基础的设计 but that is basically the design
手鼓在录音中发出的一些简单音乐 that the riqq is going to be playing on this recording.
我们快速上一下youtube Let's go to YouTube real quickly
看看手鼓能发出 and take a look at the different sounds
哪些不同的声音 that a riqq can actually produce.
我要先打开网页 So I am going to gonna go there,
进入youtube 然后输入riqq if you go to you tube, just type in riqq, r, i, q, q,
你会发现一些不同的人 and you will find several different people
和我们分享 who are willing to share their
他们演奏手鼓的经历 riqq playing experience with us.
你可以听到 So you hear the difference
Doom和tock的区别 between the doom and the tock for example
就是击打手鼓顶部的时候发出不同声音 when hitting the head of the drum,
取决于击打的位置 depending on the location where he hits it.
这是演奏手鼓中重要的一点 So that's the important aspect about the riqq playing.
下面听一下录音 Let's listen to our recording
看看你们能否听出这些元素 and see if you hear those elements going on.
书本中有 Your book takes you through a very,
非常详细的介绍 very detailed close listening of this in terms of
介绍了各种参与演奏的乐器 describing the instruments that are playing,
参与演奏了同一首音乐 The various sections of the piece.
名为Al-Shaghal The piece is called Al-Shaghal
是CD4第18首歌 and it's found on CD 4 track 18.
我们听一小部分 Let's listen to a little of it.
有一部分是独奏 There's a little soloistic passage going on here
称为taqasim 即兴发挥的独奏片段 called taqasim, improvised soloistic passage,
每个演奏者都有机会表演即兴独奏 each player will get a chance to do a solo taqasim.
那么会有多少不同的和弦? How many different chords are going on here?
事实上只有一种不同 There's really just one.
只是嗡嗡进行的低音 There's a drone just going on
作为整首音乐的背景 underneath the whole thing.
只有一种和弦 Then there's really just one chord
然后有一个音阶的即兴创作 and then improvisations on a scale
领衔演奏 that are going on over the top.
和印度的raga很相似 Very much similar to the Indian raga
我们在之前的课程中研究过 that we studied earlier in this course
但是有些有趣的差别 but with some interesting twists
那么不作即兴创作时 so what the instruments are playing
不管衬腔式奏法 when they are not doing the taqasim
这些乐器演奏什么呢 however is heterophonic texture.
这代表什么意思呢? What does that mean? It means
这意味着每个人都在演奏同一段乐章 everybody plays the same melody
但是又略有不同 but with slightly different variants together,
我们好像在这门课上提到过对不对? have we heard that before, in this class?
是的 那是在哪首歌听到过呢? Yes, in what piece did we hear that?
在中国的江南丝竹中 In China, the Jiangnan Sizhu
在中国 我们看到过这种特殊的技巧 in China we saw that particular technique,
是丝竹音乐 that particular silken bamboo music
源自上海 that comes from Shanghai.
我们听说过相同的衬腔式奏法 We heard that same heterophonic type of texture
如果你们去听了上周的音乐会 and if you went to the concert last week,
听到过3人同时演奏 when you heard the 3 players playing together,
他们演奏相同的乐章 they did that same thing,
同时演奏同一段乐章 they all played the same melody at the same time
但是又略有不同 but there were slightly different versions
就是同一段乐章的演奏略有不同 of the melody that were happening at once.
这是典型的中国风格 That's very typical both of the Chinese style
Tahkt合奏也十分类似 and in this case also the Tahkt ensemble.
顺便说一下 手鼓riqq Now the riqq by the way
也被熟知为daff is also known as a daff, d,a,f,f,
这个请大家记住 之后还会提到 that's important to remember for later on.
书本上详细地 So your book talks at length
讨论了这里用到的音阶 about the scale that's being used here.
音阶在这里又称为maqam The scale in this style is known as a maqam
有一些不同 and there are several different varieties
但它们几乎都有一些音符 but almost all of them have some notes
称为半降音符 that are called half flat notes.
我们来看一下关于半降的讨论 Half flat, take a look at the discussion of this
书本480页 曲谱10/3 in your text, transcription 10/3, on page 480,
有特殊的音调 称为maqam buyyati has the particular maqam called the maqam buyyati
乐章根据这种音调演奏 in which this song is being played
你可以把它想象为音阶 and you can think of it as a scale,
但是如果我在钢琴上演奏这段 but if I played that on the piano
听起来就会是这样 it would sound like this..
事实上 很多音调 But the fact is that a couple of those notes
无法用钢琴弹奏 are not capable of being played on the piano
因为有些音符的降号上有斜线 because the notes that show the flat with the slash
意味着是半降音符 through them are the half flat notes,
比如这儿 降号上画了斜线 here, there's a flat with a slash through it.
这种设计是为了表明 And so what that is designed to show is that
音高是位于 the pitch involved there is halfway
G和降A的中间 between the G and the A flat and so that is
钢琴上无法弹奏 not capable of being played on this piano.
暂时回到平均律 Back to the idea of equal temperament for a minute,
大家或许记得平均律 you may remember that equal temperament,
我还是先写一下 I better write before I talk,
平均律将八音度 equal temperament divides the octave
分为12个相同的部分 into 12 equal parts, ok, and
这是16世纪左右发展出来的 this was developed around the 16th century or so
自此之后我们一直就进行该方面的研究 and we have been working with it ever since,
以不同的形式或方式 in one form or fashion. Well the reason
之所以这样做 it was done this way was
是因为这样 because it was easier for key boards
比较容易在所有的调上演奏 to be able to play in all keys.
所以最后才固定下这种形式 And that's why it was done
并且传播到全世界 And it took over the whole world
因为流行音乐很大程度上 because popular music pretty much
就属于平均律 falls into the realm of equal temperament
但也不是所有世界音乐都属于这一类 but not all world music's fall into this realm
我们看到过其他例子 and we have seen examples
不同文化的例子 from culture to culture of music that
被归类到 falls into the cracks between
八音度12种分类的中间地带 these 12 equal divisions of the octave.
在Maqam Buyati里有一种音高 Here in the Maqam Buyati we have a pitch
就是在G和降A中间 which is half way between the G and the A flat
专业术语称为四分音 and so the term for that is quarter step;
因为八音度被分为12部分 since the division of the octave into 12 parts
称为半音 is known as half steps,
将半音再一分为二的音 A note that divides that in half is
就称为四分音了 known as a quarter step.
四分音存在于 And quarter steps exist in
世界上很多不同的音乐之中 a lot of different music's worldwide.
你们看到过其他不同的例子吗? Have we seen some other different examples?
哪儿? 美国黑人音乐的蓝调 Where? The Blue note, in African American music.
完全正确 还有呢? Absolutely. What else?
非洲音乐也有介于12音之间的音高 African music had notes that fell into those cracks,
还有呢? absolutely, what else?
美国本土音乐 尤其是笛子 Native American, in particular, the flute.
记得美国本土笛子吧 Remember the Native American flute
他们的音调不是顺序排列的 还有呢? that had notes that didn't line up. What else?
爪哇佳美兰合奏 Javanese gamelan ensemble
是用哪种音阶演奏的? Slendro和pelog which played in what scales? Slendro and pelog.
没错 slendro和pelog的 Right. The slendro and pelog that we saw
音调就不是按与调和音阶相同的 had notes that did not line up
顺序排列的 with the equal tempered scale.
因此不同文化有很多例子 So from culture to culture we see a lot of examples
证明平均律 of the fact that equal temperament
是一种人为的合奏 is sort of an artificial complex
强加于音乐之上 that has been imposed on music.
而那些演奏 Whereas people who perform music
本土音乐或者基本音的人 from a more indigenous and a more basic stand point,
在演奏时 tend to perform music
就会跳出平均律的限制 outside the realm of the equal tempered scale.
它们听起来是什么样的? What does that sound like?
四分音听起来如何 What does a quarter step sound like? well
用钢琴很难模仿 it can't be produced on a piano very well
除非是调音过的钢琴 unless you retune the piano.
为了在钢琴上演奏出四分音 In order to get quarter steps on a piano
就必须对钢琴进行调音 you would have to retune it.
其他的乐器 比如声音 But other instruments like voice for example,
或者弦乐器 as we have seen, string instruments,
某些笛子可以产生这种音调 certain flutes are able produce those pitches
通常在20世纪作曲者 and often do in music that is
创作的音乐中是这样的 written by 20th century composers
他们故意加入四分音 举个例子 who do it on purpose. Let me show you an example
一个名为Ben Johnston的作曲家 by a composer by named Ben Johnston
以创作中加入 who was very famous for writing in
微音程或四分音而著名 what was known as microtones or quarter steps.
我又想上youtube了 So I AM GOING TO GO TO YouTube again
如果你们想自己去看 and if you want to do this on your own
你们可以登录youtube 输入Ben Johnston you can go to YouTube and type in Ben Johnston,
有个T 然后 that's with a 'T' AND THEN
输入微音程 JUST TYPE IN MICROTONE and
你会看到很多他的音乐 you will find lots of examples of his stuff on here,
包括微音程钢琴一扫而过的蓝调 including a blues from a sweep from microtonal piano.
他们怎么获得微音程钢琴呢? So how did they get a microtonal piano?
是通过调音获得的 他们打开钢琴 They retuned it. So they would get inside the piano,
像这样探入钢琴 like this, they would get inside the piano
找到调弦轴 and they would go to where the tuning pegs are
然后重调钢琴 and they would detune the piano
改变某些音的音调 to change the tuning of certain notes
让它听起来变成微音程 to make it microtonal
这样就不再是调和音阶了 so that it's no longer equal tempered
听起来就会是这样 and the result sounds like this.
对于钢琴家而言 Those of you that are pianists,
这听起来就像是音不准的钢琴 that may simply sound like the piano is out of tune.
这架钢琴需要重新调音 That piano needs to be tuned,
但这其实是故意造成的 but that's been done deliberately like this
让蓝调音符变成12种之外的音 to make the blue notes in between the cracks. Right?
很多爵士钢琴家 I mean a lot of jazz pianists
他们试图演奏 when they were trying to play a note
某个12种基本音以外的音时 that was in between the cracks like that,
他们会同时演奏两个音调 they would play both notes at the same time.
因此你会听到他们这样演奏 So you would hear them play for example.
当他们真的想要弹奏 When they really want the note
两个基本音之间的音时 that is in between them,
他们会同时按下两个琴键 they will play both of them together
而Ben Johnston这首歌的做法是 while what Ben Johnston did in this piece was
只碰到琴键的角落 to cut the corners there
这样就出现了中间的那个音 and give them that note that is in between.
这也解释了 为什么发出这种声音 And that's why it gets that sound,
调音到四分音的感觉 tuned in quarter steps with certain notes
是为了在钢琴上演奏蓝调 to make them the blue note on the piano
你们通常没机会听到这些 that you don't normally hear.
和蓝调有所不同 A little different twist on the blues,
Philip你或许可以尝试一下 Philip you might want to try that piece sometime.
当然你得首先经过他人同意 Of course you would have to convince somebody
重新给他们的钢琴调音 to allow you to detune their piano,
这多时候这只是恶作剧 which is sometimes a trick.
钢琴协会成员通常不喜欢这么做 Piano faculty members don't generally like to do that
所以大家小心不要轻易尝试 for people so you have got to watch out about that.
但是这是如何传到 But, so, so, how does this translate
阿拉伯世界的音乐 to the music of the Arab world
以及Tahkt合奏中呢? and to the Tahkt ensemble?
不知道你们是否有听到ud的声音 Well if we listen to what the ud is doing
什么ud呢? and the ud is what instrument?
就是梨形的鲁特琴 The pear shaped lute that is probably
可能是最容易被认出的乐器 the most recognised instrument
属于阿拉伯本土乐器 of the Arab world is the ud.
如果大家知道ud是用来做什么的 If you look at what the ud is doing
以及ud的音阶 and the scale that it's playing
大家或许知道 you can hear the fact that
如果在钢琴上演奏 that second note above the 'G'
那么G上面的那个音 is quite a bit lower than it would be
比理想中稍微低一些 if it were on the piano.
第二个音比 That second note is lower than
这个降A稍微低一些 that 'A' flat right there.
我要再上一次youtube To hear that I want go to YouTube again
听听ud演奏者 and listen to an ud player,
演奏那段独特的Maqam playing that particular Maqam
我们在这一段详细讨论的乐章 that we are dealing with in this piece.
要找到视频 So in order to find that
如果你们想要自己回去看的话 if you want to check it out on your own,
就输入maqam bayyati type in maqam, m,a,q,a,m, bayyati, b,a,y,y,a,t,i,
这样就可以找到录音了 and you will find recordings
很多人都演奏过 of a variety of people playing,
包括ud演奏家演奏maqam bayyati including an ud player playing in maqam bayyati,
我想要大家听一下 and what I want you to listen for is
一个半降音 that lowered 'a' half flat that is going to happen here.
就是这个 So that's definitely that is something
这种风格的一部分 that is very much part of this style
就是半降音 is the half flat notes that you find
书本上的表格显示 and as you can see from the charts in your book
有很多不同的maqam there are many different maqam
将半降音放置于不同的位置 that place the half flat in different places,
取决于具体是哪种maqam Depending on which particular maqam
被应用在乐章中 is being used for this piece.
有时候会把半降音标识在 And sometimes they will put the half flats
开始的音调符号处 in the key signature so
487页的曲谱就是例子 if you look at the transcription on p487,
你们可以在音调符号处看到半降号 you will see half flats in the key signature itself,
意思是每次出现这个音调时 showing that every time that note occurs,
都是半降音 it occurs as a half flat
而不是我们听西方音乐时 rather than as the flat that we might expect
通常会期待的降调 if we were listening to music from the west.
有其他问题 Okay, so are there any questions
是关于Tahkt合奏中这种特殊的风格的吗? about this particular style in the Tahkt ensemble?
我们再听一遍Tahkt合奏 Let's listen to it again, the Tahkt ensemble,
我想让大家听的是 and what I want to listen to is
首先 手鼓的节奏 first of all the rhythm that the riqq is playing,
同时听maqam bayyati and also listen to the maqam bayyati,
以及半降音符 the scale with the half flat note.
事实上有两个是半降音符 Actually there are two half flat notes,
比较明显的一个 but the one that is more apparent to us
是主音上面的那个音 is the one right above the tonic,
主音是下部的G the tonic being the 'G' that is being held underneath
而半降A是 and then the half flat 'A' that is
它上面的那个音 happening right over the top of that and coming down.
看看你们是否能够听到 Listen and hear if you hear that happening.
CD上下一首歌就是祈祷的召唤 The next track on your CD IS A CALL TO PRAYER,
还有你的书 也是讲一个小意外 AND YOUR BOOK talks about the incident
作者实际上能够 where the author actually was able to
录下祈祷的召唤的演唱者的歌声 track down this wonderful singer of the call to prayer
CD上第419首歌 which happens on track 419 of YOUR CD.
目的是什么 什么时候完成的 What is its purpose, when is it done,
有谁知道吗? does anybody know?
每天五次 从几点开始? Five times a day, starting when?
早上6点 6 o' clock in the morning.
每个人早上醒来 祈祷总比睡觉好 Everybody wake up, prayer is better than sleep.
每个人起床后 Everybody get up, it's time
就是第一次祈祷的时间 for the first prayers of the day and so
在阿拉伯世界 祈祷的召唤 in the Arab world the call to prayer
是最熟悉的声音之一 is one of the most recognised sounds
因为每天都能听到五次 because it happens so frequently, 5 times a day,
歌唱者因此 and the singers who proclaim the call to prayer
在这种文化中备受赞扬 are very much prized in this culture for that reason.
现在声音可以扩大 Nowadays those things can be amplified
但是在扩音器出现以前 but back before the days of amplification
清真寺上的小圆顶 the actual cupola on the mosque
就是为了扩大 was created in order to be able to
歌唱者的声音而建造的 project the sound of the singer
他们召集社区里的人一起祈祷 calling the community to prayer.
本质上是朗诵式的 Very declamatory in nature.
带着一种鼻质音 There is a nasal vocal quality to it.
还有辅音的延长 There is also the sustaining of consonants
比如n可以 like the letter 'n' which can get
延长很多时间 sustained for a long periods of time.
听一下CD里的例子 Listen to the example on the CD
看看能否听出这些特点 and see if you hear those particular characteristics.
辅音的延长 So the holding of the consonants
有时候是落在元音上 and sometimes the real landing on the vowel sounds
这是它的独特风格 is characteristic of this style.
书本中也有翻译 上帝是伟大的 Translation is also in your text, God is great,
上帝是伟大的 这点不证自明 God is great, I testify to no God,
但是上帝啊 我证明默罕默德 but God, I testify that Mohammed
是上帝的先知 来祈祷吧 is the prophet of God, come to prayer,
来救赎吧 祈祷总比睡觉好 come to salvation, praying is better than sleep.
这就是晨唤 每个人都会起床 That's for the morning call. Everybody wake up.
到了今天的课程末尾 Now to end the class today
我想要大家记住这个音 I would like you to remember the sound of that
并且将他和 and compare it to a sound
我们之前听到的Zuni相比较 that we heard earlier this semester from the Zuni,
Zuni太阳升起的召唤 the Zuni sunrise call,
内容大致相同 which is basically saying the same thing,
每个人都起床开始新的一天 everybody get up the day is starting,
比较一下这两者的不同 lets listen to how that compares.
下一次上课的时候 So next time we will start class
我们会比较和对比一下 by talking a little bit about comparing and contrasting
阿拉伯世界的祈祷的召唤 the call to prayer from the Arab World
和Zuni的太阳升起之召唤 and the Zuni sunrise call