这是一个陶笛 this is an ocarina, probably the most common
是南美洲和拉丁美洲最常见的乐器 instrument in South America and Latin America
它很久之前就已经存在 because it's been around for a long time,
是一种本土乐器 this is an indigenous instrument.
你们的本土乐器列表上有这种乐器 It's on your list of indigenous instruments
它由陶土制成 it's made out of clay, some of them
有部分由其他材料制成 比如塑料 are made out of other materials like plastic.
陶笛或许是 But ocarinas are probably
所有起源于拉丁美洲的乐器中 one of the most popular instruments around
最受欢迎的乐器之一 that has Latin American roots,
你们可以看看图片 and you will see a picture of this one
在本章幻灯片首页看到 on your power point title page for this chapter
背景是挂毯 with a backdrop of a tapestry
事实上这是由骆驼毛织成 that is actually made of Llama wool.
产自Ykutan半岛 It comes from the Ykutan peninsula
如果你去过Ykutan which is really part of central America,
就知道它是中美洲的一部分 if you have been to the Ykutan,
挂毯由骆驼毛织成 they are made of Llama wool
很久前就存在 and have been around for a long time.
也是历史悠久 There is a lot of history there, if you
如果你将陶笛的陶艺 combine the clay pottery construction of the ocarina
与骆驼毛织布联系在一起 with the Llama wool there is a lot of history
那么历史更加复杂 in indigenous kinds of materials for this unit.
这是陶笛 我还想指出 So there is the ocarina. Also I would like to point out
在幻灯片上 to you a piece that is on your power point
有名为Nueva Cansion的歌 that is an example of Nueva Cansion
它政治意味没有那么浓厚 with slightly less political overtones
与我们之前看到的相比 than the ones we saw earlier in this unit.
歌曲不一定都具有政治意图 It doesn't always have to be political in nature.
举个例子 比如Pica Pica这首歌 An example is a song called Pica Pica
你们的CD里没有 但是幻灯片上 which is not on you CD set but you can find the lyrics
有这首歌的歌词和翻译 and the translation on your power point
作曲者是一个名叫Paco Parikea的人 and it is by a fellow named Paco Parikea
他的家乡是春田的姐妹城 who comes from Springfield's sister city
墨西哥Tolace Pace in Mexico Tolace Pace, and so
春城和墨西哥Tolace Pace there has been a lot of cultural exchanges
两个城市间有广泛的文化交流 between Springfield and Tolace Pace Mexico
Paco Parikea和他的合奏团 so Paco Parikea and his ensemble
多次来到这儿 have been here a couple of times,
我们每次见到他们都感到非常开心 and they are quite a delightful group to see.
下面我们来听一段Pica Pica So I thought we would listen to a bit of Pica Pica,
已经取得他的同意 he has given permission for us
在课堂上播放这首歌曲 to use this song for this course,
他人很好 which was very nice of him, once again,
仔细听Sesquialtera的感觉 listen for the Sesquialtera feeling
乐谱中出现了6-8次 sort of in 6-8 time in notation
但是整首歌曲中 but the feeling of 3 against 2
一直有三拍对两拍的节奏 going on consistently during this song.
这首歌不是关于政治的 This song is not about politics
而是关于辣椒 instead it's about hot peppers,
从Halepenos辣椒讲到其他辣椒 ranging from Halepenos to other kinds of peppers
我们听歌的时候你们可以在这儿看到翻译 and you will see the translation here as we listen to it,
我会一直翻页 I will continue to page through it
这样你们就可以看到不同的歌词 so you can see the different words
下面就是Paco Padea的Pica Pica as we page through it, here is Pica Pica by Paco Padea,
"睁大你的双眼 "Open your eyes very wide
我感激你的关心 I am grateful for your attention,
带着尊敬之情 我将要唱起歌曲 with due respect I am going to sing my song.
人们万众聚焦 祖先辛勤耕耘 Intensity of my people, cultivation of my ancestors.
我要向你们介绍一位朋友 请坐 I introduce you to a friend, please take your seats.
玉米和大豆是阳光下的姐妹 With the corn and the bean sister plants of the sun,
辣椒确实如此具有墨西哥特色 the chili is so Mexican
就好像墨西哥巡回乐队的节奏 like the mariachi and its rhythm.
辣辣辣 给生活添点滋味 Hot hot hot give flavor to your life,
辣辣辣 这是土地的奇迹 hot hot hot miracle of this region
恶作剧般有趣 魔术般神奇 mischievous and playful, magician and troubadour."
在这首歌里面 Ok so in this recording
你们听到了Clave的声音 you are going to also hear the Clave,
时不时进行击打 你们 occasionally hitting and what other instruments
还听到了什么其他乐器 喇叭 是的 do you hear in this recording, trumpets yes,
几乎就是墨西哥巡回乐队的风格 almost in a Mariachi style,
具有墨西哥的典型特征 which is very characteristic of the area in Mexico
他的家乡和墨西哥巡回乐队 where he comes from and to the Mariachi style
的影响都体现在这首歌曲里 very definitely finds its way into this style of music
我们研究过的Nueva Cancion but so does the Sesquialtera
里的Sesquialtera也是如此 that we have studied in the Nueva Cancion.
他的音乐混合了 His music is very much a mixture
很多不同的拉美文化 of many different Latin American influences,
包括Nueva Cansion Sequialtera the Nueva Cansion, the Sequialtera
墨西哥巡回乐队的喇叭节奏 the rhythm the trumpet sounds from the Maricahi
以及合奏等等 and the ensemble. So a lot of really interesting
Paco Padea可以弄出非常有趣的混合音 kinds of hybrid sounds that Paco Padea is able to do.
非常感谢我的朋友Steve Briedlif I am grateful to my friend Steve Briedlif
谢谢他的翻译 for doing the translation of this song
让你们了解歌词的英文意思 so that you can see what it means in English.
下面我想谈谈玻利维亚 Now I want to move on to talk about Bolivia
尤其是玻利维亚Cantu风格 and specifically the Bolivian Cantu style,
你们CD里面有一首歌是这个风格 that you find an example of in your CD's.
这是翻译 and the translation is so that we can return.
这个词是 (Spanish) is the kichua word
翻译过来的英文 for this particular English translation
那么什么是Kitchua 哪些人是Kichua人 so what is Kitchua, who are the Kichua people
他们住在厄瓜多尔 well they live up in the mountains of
和玻利维亚的山里 Ecuador and Bolivia, they have lived there
他们住在那儿100多年了 for 100's and 100's of years
但是他们的文化几乎没有什么改变 and their culture has not changed much in that time
因为安第斯山脉与外界相对隔绝 because of the isolation of the Andes mountains
他们受到外界的影响 which makes them a little less susceptible
较小 文化也就没什么变化 to change and influence from the outside world.
幻灯片上的图片里 So the village musicians that you see
的乡村音乐家 in the picture here from the power point
有鼓和排箫 have drums and they also have pan pipes
在西班牙语里名为Zamponia which in Spanish is Zamponia,
在你们的书里有这个词语 you will find that term in your book
幻灯片上还有 and also on your power point
排箫的图片 and here is an example of a rank of pipes,
这是另一种排箫 排箫的种类 here is another rank of pipes depending on
取决于你在哪儿 向谁买 where you buy them and who you buy them from
它们可能音符 they may or may not have
不全 all the notes of the scale available,
因为排箫的一排 because traditionally one row of pan pipes
通常是一个音阶里的所有音符 will have every other note of the scale.
但是不会每个音符都有 这个排箫 It won't have every note so this one I think
看起来应该 is more aligned to having all of the notes
拥有一个音阶的所有音符 that we expect in a scale. (plays pipes)
我觉得少了一个音符 I think there is one missing there,
这个音符有点跳跃 there is sort of a pentatonic kind of a sound.
这个排箫 This one this rank of pipes
好像缺少了更多的音符 seem to be missing a few more of the notes.
如果我在钢琴上弹奏相同的音阶 So if I play the scale on the piano
从这个音开始 starting with this note,
把两个乐器的音阶一一对应 and I try to match it with these sounds
就会有一些间隔 对吧? I have got some gaps going on here, right?
要在这个排箫上 And so if I wanted to play all of those notes
演奏钢琴上相同音阶的所有音符 that I played on the piano on this set of pipes
这是不可能的 需要另一个排箫 I could not do it. I need another rank of pipes
补足失去的几个音符 that has those missing notes.
有时候你会发现一些音符紧密连接 And sometimes you will see them connected together
一个音符只比另一个高那么一点点 with one of them slightly higher than the other
演奏家可以在这个排箫上演奏一个音符 so that a player can play one of the notes down here
然后在另一个排箫上 and then come up the other rank
演奏另一个音符 and play another note and go back and forth
就这么在高低音阶排箫上来回演奏 between the high and the low rank of panpipes.
你们可以看到一些箫这样排列组合 And you will see sets that are set up that way,
这里大约有13支箫 with about 13 pipes on them.
这个排箫拥有同样数量的箫 This one has about that same number
但是有一些音符缺失了 but its missing some notes here that are gapped
为了能够演奏所有音符 so in order to get at all the notes
我们需要另一个排箫 we would have to have another rank.
我之所以说这些 是想说明 Now my whole point in talking about this
你们听到的音乐 is that the music that you are hearing here
是一种非常大众的音乐 is done in a very communal kind of way
排箫或者说Zamponia the music of the panpipes or the Zamponia
不是为独奏设计的 is not designed to be played by a single player,
不是某个演奏家吹奏某个排箫 playing a set of panpipes
而是为合奏设计的 instead that is designed to be played by a group
一组演奏者 in which one group of players
拥有一些箫 might have a set of pipes
演奏其中的每一个音符 that gives them every other note and
另一组演奏者又有另一组箫 then another set of players has a set of
可以演奏另一些音符 the other set of pipes that gives them the notes
刚好作为补充 that fill in the gaps. And if
书本上429页 you look in your text book on page 429
有这个规律的图解 you will see a visual illustration of this principle
429页有一张图片 so on page 429, you see a picture of
可以看到两排箫 two ranks of pipes and then
以及对应的音符 the corresponding notes
左边的那排箫 so that the one on your left has all of the notes
演奏的是线间的音 that would be on the spaces of the scale
右边的那排箫 and then the one on your right has all the ones
演奏的是线上的音 that would be on the lines of the scale,
结合这两排箫 and if you put them together
就能得到完整的音阶 you will get the entire scale.
由于这是一种 But typically performed in performances
集体表演 as a group activity and
某些演奏者吹弹这排 so that certain players will have one rank
另一些吹弹那排 and the other the other.
这就意味着他们必须 And this means that they have to cooperate
相互合作来演奏整首歌曲 with each other in order to play the whole song,
你们明白我在说什么了吧? you see what I am saying?
这意味着他们必须相互合作 This means they have to cooperate with each other
才能演奏整首歌曲 in order to play the whole song
这是一种集体演奏形式 so it's a group communal kind of activity
而不是独奏 and it is not a solo performance
我们在这儿做一个小实验 so we are going to do a little experiment here and
看看怎么样合作演奏 see how that might be if were trying to do that,
我们来演奏最喜欢的 we are going go back to our old favorite,
将快乐带给世界 "joy to the world" ok.
我们一起唱将快乐带给世界 C大调 Let's all sing "Joy to the world" starting on C.
Joy 2 3 4 开始 将快乐带给世界 Joy two three four, joy to the world,
上帝来了 让大地迎接他的君王 the lord is come, let earth receive her king.
好的 我们再唱一遍 Ok that is enough. Now we are going to sing it again
这一次 这边的同学唱Joy this time this side of the class sings Joy,
这边的唱world 这边the 然后world this side sings to, the, world
然后随着音阶下降 and we continually alternate notes
交替音符 准备好了吗?节奏不变 as we go down that scale. Ready? Same tempo.
将快乐带给世界 上帝来了 Joy to the world the lord is come,
让大地迎接他的君王 let earth receive her king.
刚刚使用的技巧 Ok, that technique that you just did
名为Hocketing Hocket is called Hocketing. Hocket.
你们的书里也有这个术语 You will find that term in your book.
Hocket是指不同声音 A hocket occurs when multiple voices
唱同一段乐曲 pass the melody back and forth between them
一定会产生一点延迟 so that inevitably there is a slight delay
这不可避免 in passing the melody back and forth,
如果让一个人唱这段乐曲 that you would not have
一定不会产生这种延迟 if you had just one person singing the melody,
即使是我们所有人一起唱 even if we had all of us singing the melody together,
我们也不会产生 we would not have that same sense of delay
一个人等待自己那段到来时 that you are going to have
所产生的延迟 when you are waiting for your note to come along
当在某一段突然加入演唱时 and then you jump in and there is
会产生这种毫秒级的延迟 just this millisecond of delay.
这就产生了hocket效果 And that causes an effect called hocket,
就是类似于延迟的一种效果 it is almost a delay kind of thing.
它的拉丁词源 The Latin from which this derives
和Hiccough这个词一样 is the same as for Hiccough,
意思是延迟的效果 that is the effect of the delay.
我喜欢用延迟的打嗝 I love that connotation of that delay of a hiccough
来形容音乐的这种感觉 is being transferred into music in this sense
Hocket效果在我们唱歌时会发生 so the Hocket effect is taking place as we sing.
当排箫演奏者 That same effect is going to take place
交换乐段演奏时 when the pan pipe players
也会产生这种效果 trade the melody back and forth to each other,
所以你们听 and that is why when you hear the song
CD上Cutiera Monapac这首歌时 that is on your CD Cutiera Monapac,
你们会听到一点点的延迟 you hear that slight delay in getting the melody across
不是特别流畅的感觉 in a not a very smooth kind of way
因为这不是经过特别设计的 because it's just not designed to be that way.
这是我们首先要听的 That is the first thing to listen for
Hocket效果 is the Hocket effect, the other thing to listen for
另一个需要注意的是平行五度 as you listen to this recording is parallel fifths,
以及平行四度 and fourths, parallel fifths and fourths.
这什么意思呢? Now what does that mean?
对于那些 That means and for those of you
上过音乐理论的同学而言 that have taken music theory class
你们不应该做的一件事 one of those things you are not supposed to do
就是谱写平行五度 is to write parallel fifths
因为这会破坏 because it tends to destroy
线谱的独立性 the independence of a line
在西方音乐里这是受到鄙视的 so in Western music they tend to be frowned on.
20世纪之后 Particularly up until about the 20th century
作曲家试图不去写这种类型 composers tried to avoid writing this kind of style
至少此后的几百年是如此 at least for about a couple of hundred years,
但在玻利维亚坎图音乐中 but in the Bolivian Kantu music
事实上这一点十分可贵 it is actually something that is quite treasured.
那就是保持五度的平行模式 Is to have fifths going along in parallel motion.
如果把你们的书本翻回到428页 so If you turn in your text to the previous page 428
你们可以看到曲谱 you will find a transcription of the song
你们的CD里有这首歌 that is on your CD and you will find that the melody
它完全由平行五度和四度组成 exists entirely in parallel fifths and fourths
平行五度和四度交替出现 the interval of parallel fifths and fourths.
接下来让我们 So now we are going to
再唱一遍将欢乐带给世界 sing joy to the world once again
这次我们要以 and this time we are going to sing it
平行五度和四度的形式唱 in parallel fifths and fourths.
这边这组你们用C大调唱 So this group over here you will sing in C
这边这组降低五度 and this group over here you will start a fifth lower.
让我们先练一下 So let us practice, first of all
你们就唱将快乐带给世界 you are singing Joy to the world the lord has come.
你们这边唱 Right now over here you are
将快乐带给世界 singing Joy to the world the lord has come.
准备好了吗? 2 3 4开始 Right are we ready? Two three four.
将快乐带给世界 上帝来了 Joy to the world the lord has come
你们这边 Ok, you guys should have
应该这样唱 ended up way down here,
我们重新试一遍 开始唱 lets try that again, ready, sing,
将快乐带给世界 上帝来了 Joy to the world the lord has come
平行五度多么欢乐啊 Ah yeah, it gives me such joy to play parallel fifth
尤其是对我这个教音乐理论的老师来说 as a theory teacher you just can't imagine.
打破成规 Ah breaking the rules.
这就是坎图音乐的特点 That is what to listen for in this Kantu music
Hocketing音乐的特点是有排箫的效果 we have the Hocketing music of the panpipe effect
也有平行五度的效果 and we have the parallel fifth effect going on,
两者结合在同一首歌曲中 both in the same composition.
现在我们来听下一首歌 Now let's listen to this and listen for
CD 4第九首 听听这些元素 these elements in Cuterro munapa. CD 4 track 9,
歌曲开始时是鼓和钟 it begins with drums and bells
然后很快变为Zamponias and then moves quickly to the Zamponias.
本质上是重复性的 fairly repetitious in nature,
这和ABA结构的重复类似 it's also when an ABA structure gets repeated,
这种结构出现时 and there is continuous dancing going on
人们会一直跳舞 when this structure is going on.
如果大家想看看 Now if you want to look at
玻利维亚坎图的舞蹈形式 what Bolivian Kantu looks like as a dance form
我建议你们上YouTube I urge you to go to YouTube
有很多选择 and check out a couple of different possibilities,
我最喜欢的舞蹈来自于 my favorite one is one that comes from
一个名为Potosi的玻利维亚小镇 a town called Potosi in Bolivia
有一个2005年的录像 and there is a 2005 recording here
名为Pertinidad Cantus called Pertinidad Cantus it's on there right now
这个视频里你可以看到 and on this one you really see the,
或许这是在某个狂欢节 in this case it was probably during carnival time
或者某种庆祝盛典上 or during some sort of a celebration,
或许是某个圣人的生日 probably at a festival of some saint
所以有很多观众 and so there is an audience
围了一大圈 there is a big grand stand
然后有玻利维亚坎图表演者 and then there is a parade coming down
正在进行游行 of these Bolivian Kantu performers
你可以听到平行五度 and you can hear the parallel fifths,
听到演奏者交替变化 hear the alternations going between the players
这是一种经典的演奏方式 and it's just a classic kind of a look for this.
这是youtube上的Pertinidad Kantus This is on youtube, Pertinidad Kantus.
视频中的一些人 So some of these people in the video,
一些演奏者的排箫很长 these players have some panpipes that are quite long,
一直到他们的膝盖那儿 like down to their knees,
你们觉得这两种排箫 what do think the difference is going to be
有什么区别 in the sound from these panpipes to those?
这种排箫的声音更低沉 It's going to be a lower sound,
因为箫越长 because the longer the tubing,
发出的声音就会越低 the lower the sounds,
声音的频率会越低 the lower the frequency of the sound right?
尽管我们 Though we are dealing with
在youtube上听到的音乐 some lower octaves of panpipes
比我们在课堂上听到的 than in the recording that you see in You Tube,
排箫音乐低八度 compared to the ones that we hear in class.
但是我希望大家仍然可以注意平行五度 But I am hoping that you can still hear some fifths
声音的结合 the sort of disjointed sound that is going on because
因为他们试图边走边演奏 they are trying to march and play at the same time
并尝试交替音符 and they are trying to alternate the pitches
他们自己交替 back and forth between themselves and other players
和其他不同音阶的演奏者也交替 who have the other notes of the scale.
你仔细看本书的这一章节 If you continue looking at this chapter in your book
你会看到很详细的解释 you will find a really good illustration
阐释这种交替如何进行 of how that alternation works.
430页的例子 In the example on page 430,
展示了一系列的排箫 you will see a set of panpipes,
不同音阶的排箫组合在一起 in which both ranks of pipes have been put together
这样可以让一人同时演奏 so that somebody can play both at the same time,
虚线表明 and then the dotted lines show
每支箫 which pitches are represented
所代表的音 by each pipe as it goes through
综合效果就是组成了一个音阶 so that the total effect give you a scale
大约有13个音 that is about 13 notes.
这很有趣 So it is a fascinating kind of cultural element
玻利维亚的文化因素 there in Bolivia and have sort of
渗入到拉美文化中 made its way to other parts of Latin America
但这无疑是一种大山里的文化 but it is definitely a mountain phenomenon.
我提到过Kitchua人 I mentioned the Kitchua people before
住在玻利维亚的山上 of the mountains of Bolivia
这类人在厄瓜多尔人口众多 these people are also found in great numbers in Ecuador,
Kitchua或许是 and Kitchua is probably
厄瓜多尔山区的 the second biggest language spoken
第二大语言 in Ecuador in the mountain area.
你们的教科书上有提到过 You can read about them in your text book
我的幻灯片上 and I have done an outline of that
也有大纲 on the power point for you as well,
山区的人 the people of the mountains in this area
住在集群的小屋里 称为公社 live in small clusters of houses called Communes,
他们说的是Kitchua话 and they all speak Kitchua,
或许也能说几句西班牙语 maybe a little Spanish but not much.
他们有很多传统 And they have a variety of traditions
你们可以看幻灯片上面有简介 that you will see outlined on the power point,
大多是关于农业公社 mostly on the farming community,
他们主要靠双脚行走 they mostly travel by foot
所以小路对他们尤其重要 and so footpaths are very important to them
也是他们重要的交通道路 and an important way of their getting around.
在他们的音乐中 And so in their music you will see
你们会听到很多关于行走的幻想 a lot of allusions to walking.
人们在这儿走走 在那儿走走 People are walking here, walking there,
行走是他们文化中很重要的一部分 that is very important to their culture
所以在他们的音乐中出现的频率也很高 and so it shows up in their music quite a bit,
他们的房子只有一个房间 有天井 their homes one room, covered patio
泥土地 幻灯片上都有 and dirt floor as your power point points out.
你们的书本中 And we have some pictures of
有这些人的照片 some of these folks in your text,
从431页开始 starting on page 431,
你们可以看到他们房子的照片 you see some pictures of some of their homes.
433页有他们走的小路的照片 There is a footpath on page 433,
穿过庄稼地和大山 going through the crops and the mountains
这幅图片是 and here is a picture of
三代Kitchua男性 three generations of Kitchua males
在432页 in these pictures on 432.
有很多关于这一地区 So a lot of cultural aspects about the people
人民的文化 who live in this area.
他们的音乐 Now the music that they perform,
很多是由竖琴演奏 a lot of it is performed using the harp.
你们觉得 Which is or is not an indigenous instrument,
这算不算本土乐器? 不是的 what do we think? No it is not!
那它源自哪里? 欧洲 西班牙 Where did it come from? Europe, it came from Spain,
什么时候从西班牙传播开来? 很久之前 but when did it come from Spain? A long time ago.
西班牙什么时候开始侵略拉丁美洲? When did Spain start invading Latin America?
15世纪 In the 1500's and so
所以竖琴从15世纪开始就在这里 the harp has been there since then,
存在太久了 it's been there for such a long time
所以竖琴演奏者 that the people who play the harp
尤其是Kitchua社区的演奏者 particularly in the Kitchua community
认为这是本土乐器 consider it to be an instrument that is indigenous.
对于他们来说竖琴一直存在 To them it has always been there but in fact
但事实上是西班牙15世纪时带给他们的 the Spaniards really brought it in the 1500's.
然而 竖琴 nevertheless the harp is an
确实是他们文化中极其重要的乐器 extremely important instrument to their culture,
在书本中 and in your text you have
你们可以看到很多竖琴音乐的例子 a couple of examples of harp music
其中有一首是Vakakion CD 4第14首 one of them which is Vakakion, CD 4 track 14,
这首歌事实上来自于Wawa Felario is actually music from a Wawa Felario.
这是什么?是不是有人在问? What is that? Did somebody say it?
这是葬礼 为谁举办的? 为一个孩子 It's a wake, it's a funeral for who? For a child.
Kitchua村的死亡率 Because the infant mortality rate
仍然超乎寻常地高 in the Kitchua villages is still extremely high,
这与欧美 comparable to what Europe and America
17或18世纪的死亡率相差无几 might have experienced in the 17th or 18th century,
非常高的婴儿死亡率 very high infant mortality rate
因此很多孩子 and therefore a lot of babies don't make it
在1岁或2岁的时候都死去了 to one year or two years old,
因此就有了一种特殊的仪式 and so there is a special ceremony
在安葬孩子的时候举行 that takes place when the child is to be buried
包括整晚放这段音乐音乐 and it involves harp music that goes on all night
举办非常长的仪式 during a very long ritual
需要整晚的时间 that takes the whole night to go through.
事实上 CD中的音乐 The music that you have in your CD actually
有些非常难 involves some very difficult material to listen to,
有谁听过吗 has anybody listened to this yet,
是的 对新手而言非常难 yeah not easy listening by any stretch
因为你们不仅听到了竖琴的声音 because you are listening to the harp
而且听到 but you are also listening to
一个母亲为她的孩子哀悼 the mother grieving for her dead child,
我不会在课堂上演奏 and I am not going to play it for you in the class
因为我觉得很多东西 because I think that there are some things that
最好以自己的方式 are better maybe experienced
去体验 而不是整组人一起体验 in a more personal way than playing them for a group.
所以我就不为你们演奏竖琴了 So I am not going to play this music for you,
但是如果你们愿意 我希望你们 but I urge you if you feel comfortable doing so
去听听这些音乐 然后去理解 to go listen to this music and to understand
这种文化中如何应用竖琴 how the harp is used in this culture in this way.
竖琴不仅用于孩子的守灵仪式 Now the harp is not only used for the wake of a child
比如在上面这个例子中 as it is in this particular example
它同样应用在 but it is sometimes used for other kinds of
聚会和晚会中 gatherings and parties as well,
你们CD里还有其他的例子 and the other example on your CD
题目为Torro Barosso entitled Torro Barosso performed by
由Don Cezar Mocanque演奏 Don Cezar Mocanque is an example of this harp music
CD 4第16首歌 that is track 16 on CD four
我会播放一点点 and I will play a little of it right now.
这种竖琴你们或许没有看到过 so this is not like the harp that you may
和传统交响乐 be used to seeing in a traditional orchestra
以及美国的竖琴不同 or in the US where there are pedals
没有调节音高的板子 这种竖琴 that change the pitches, this harp is generally just,
它的音只能通过 the tuning is changed by
弦的松紧来调节 changing the tension of the strings
没有板子调节 but there are no pedals to do that.
基本上是固定在一个音高上 Instead it's basically fixed on one pitch
所有的演奏 and so all of the playing
必须局限在单独的一个音阶上 have to be done on a single scale.
这意味着所有歌曲 Which means that typically all the pieces
只能在一个调上演奏 are played in the same key,
他们直接给竖琴调音 they might go in and change the tuning of the harp
更加费力的方式 and a more laborious kind of way
就是用板调音 than it would be done with pedals.
这是竖琴的一种演奏技巧 There is a harp playing technique
书上也有提及 that you are referred to in your book
但是我不确定是否写清楚了 but I am not sure that is clear what they mean
好像是Galpe之类的词 and it is the word, Galpe,
有谁看到过这个词吗? anybody run across that terms?
或者是Galpe Adore这个词 Or the term Galpe Adore, so what is it
那么这个词什么意思 和竖琴又有何关系 and what does it have to do with harp playing?
有谁知道吗? 看看图片 Anybody know? Take a look at the picture
书本434页有竖琴师的图片 in your text book of the harpist on page 434
框架是竖琴师的姓名 the frame is the name of the harpist,
此外还有个名叫Raphael的人 but then there is a fellow names Raphael
他正在演唱 他深受感动 who is singing he is actually attached,
事实上他比较靠前 就在麦克风旁边 he is actually in the front next to the microphone
他看起来马上就要开唱 so that it appears that he is going to be singing,
手已经碰到了竖琴 and then he has also got his hands on the harp itself.
然后就发生了 Now, what is happening here, well,
他把竖琴当做鼓来击打 he is using the harp as a drum,
这就是Galpe的意思 and that is what Galpe is,
就是说某人用手 it means somebody is actually hitting
击打竖琴的主体 the body of the harp with his hands
来创造一种打鼓的效果 in order to create a drumming effect
而竖琴家在一旁演奏弦乐 while the harpist plays the strings.
efrain是这个竖琴家 So efrain who is the harpist is
在演奏弦乐 playing the strings of the harp
而Raphael站在前方 唱着歌 and then Raphael is upfront, he is singing
但是他一直和竖琴合着拍子 but he is also keeping time on the harp itself.
这就是Galple的一个例子 And that is an example of Galpe.
Raphael就会被称为Galpeador And in this case Raphael is the Galpeador.
这不会改变弦的音符 No it's not going to change the tone of the strings,
这只是一种合拍子的方式 it is basically just a way of keeping time
产生另一种颜色 红的那部分吗? and creating another color in there, the red parts?
那是竖琴的主体部分 That is the body of the harp
支撑了其他的弦结构 that is supporting the rest of the string construction.
Galpeador演奏的效果 The effect of the Galpeador playing
以及竖琴演奏者的演奏效果 along with the harpist is something that
你们之后会在 you are going to hear quite a bit of
San Huan这首歌中听到很多 in the music of the San Huan
这首歌被作为例子 which is a couple of examples
多次出现在你们书中 that you have in your book from
是厄瓜多尔Kitchua人的例子 Ecuador and the Kitchua people.
我们下堂课 We are going to study that in our next class
开始谈San Huan的时候会深入研究 when we start talking about the San Huan.
这之前 我想要回到 Before we do though, I want to go back
平行五度这个话题 to the whole issue of parallel fifths.
平行五度 Parallel fifths, those of you
上过音乐理论课的同学 who have taken music theory class
老师一定说过不能写这种乐谱 have been taught absolutely don't do this,
不能应用在西方音乐中 don't do that in Western music.
我们只能在其他文化中写平行五度 Only in other cultures do we do that,
事实上 西方音乐 but in fact western music also used to
以前有平行五度 而且几乎每首都有 have parallel fifths in it, almost exclusively.
在12世纪 Back in the 12th century in fact
西方音乐引入了 when polyphony first started
复调音乐 to be developed by western music
和标记法 and the notation of western music.
西方罗马天主教教堂音乐 Music of the western Catholic Church
无一例外地采用了平行五度 was involved with parallel fifths almost exclusively.
如果你听当时 And if you look at the music
巴黎的音乐 that was coming from Paris
也就是12世纪大概1190或1200年 in the twelfth century about 1190, around 1200 or so,
当时最著名的作曲家 the most famous composer of that time
名为Parotin 他的音乐几乎 was called Parotin, and his music tended to
每一首都有平行五度 have parallel fifths in it almost exclusively.
Parotin在巴黎圣母院里作曲 So Parotin was writing in the cathedral of Notre Dam
那是12世纪晚期 in the late 12th century and is credited for
因为发展了复调音乐 developing Polyphony which means that
意味着同一个时间有多个音乐进行 more than one sound going on at the same time,
从公元300年开始 because from about 300 AD and
到1100年 罗马天主教堂的 until about 1100 music in the Roman Catholic church
几乎都是单声无伴奏 was almost entirely monophonic
也就是说没有咏唱 which means that they did not chant,
一次只有一个声音独唱 there was only one voice going on at one time
但12世纪以后 But starting in about the 12th century
巴黎的作曲家开始 the composers in Paris started
体验多个声音同时唱歌 experimenting with more than one voice at a time.
这就是音乐效果 And this is what that music sounds like,
Vidarun Unes是一个绝佳的例子 Vidarun Unes is an excellent example of this
如果你对比Vidarun Unes and if you compare the sounds in Vidarun Unes
和玻利维亚山里Cuterra Bonapac的音乐 with Cuterra Bonapac of the Bolivian mountains
它们具有非常 there is a very interesting similarity
有意思的相似性 in comparison to be made.
这是12世纪Parotin的一些东西 Here is a little of Parotin from the 12th century.
你们可以看到音符 And the notation you see there
这是原始手稿 它们是这样的 is the original manuscript; this is what it looked like.
听到平行五度了吗? Do you hear all the parallel fifths going on?
有时候是平行四度 Sometimes parallel fourths,
以及其他一些替换 and some other intervals too.
所以在这方面 So there are some interesting cultural comparisons
欧洲和拉丁美洲之间可以做一些比较 to be made between Europe and Latin Amrica in this case