普雷斯科特:欢迎回到世界音乐导论 Prescott: Welcome back to Introduction to World Music:
音乐239 今天开始讲另一种亚洲文化 Music 239. Today we embark on another Asian culture,
是世界上最早的文明之一 印度文化 one of the oldest cultures in the world,
有谁能告诉我 that of India. And as we do can anybody tell me
什么是重写本? what the word Palimpsest means?
阅读的时候你们有看到重写本这个词么 ? Did you run into that word Palimpsest in your reading?
它在这章的前面部分 如果你还没读到 It's early on in the chapter and if you
你将很快就能看到它的 have not done the reading yet you'll run into this.
它曾经被印度前总理尼赫鲁 It was a term that was used as an analogy for India
在19世纪40年代和50年代 by the former Prime Minister of India Nehru
用作印度文化的代名词 in the 1940s and 50s to represent the Indian culture
重写本是用来书写的羊皮纸 because a Palimpsest is a parchment on which materials
在用过的羊皮纸上可以再写字 are written and then written over the top of that,
可以一次一次的重复利用 and then over the top of that again and again
所以说 原来的文字仍在上面 so that the original writing is
但是被后来的字 still there underneath but then over the top
一层层覆盖了 more and more and more is written.
我们已经学习了一些亚洲文化 And as we've studied Asian cultures
从中国的文化我们可以看到 so far in China we've seen how the old and the new
新旧结合及结合的方式 are juxtaposed in interesting
是多么有趣 and intriguing kinds of ways.
印度也不例外 India will be no exception to this because
因为它也是一种极其古老的文明 here we are dealing with an extremely old civilization.
在幻灯片上有公元前2500年 Your powerpoint has a brief history on it showing
关于印度文化一些时期的 some of the periods of Indian civilization
简短历史 dating back to 2500 B.C. for some of the oldest ones.
英国从1600到1947年间的殖民历史 The English colonial period from 1600 to 1947
也对印度音乐的形成 was also highly influential in India's history as well
产生了很大的影响 in helping to shape the way the music is today.
这些问题我们之后都会谈到 We'll look at all of these issues as we go through
但是记住这是非常古老的文化 but realize that this is an extremely old culture,
是世界上最古老的文明之一 one of the oldest ones in civilization.
印度教是主要的宗教 Hinduism is the dominant religion.
穆斯林也占到了 Muslim is also present about 10%
总人口的10% of the population overall.
但是从北到南这些数字 But as you go from north to south those
变化很大 在印度北部 percentages change so that in the north of India
穆斯林很多 the Muslim concentration is actually much higher
印度教徒较少 and the Hindu population is less.
在南部恰好相反 So in the south it's the reverse of that.
所以 记住这些变化 So, be aware of that particular change.
同时 社会等级制度在印度文化中 Also, the caste system is an important aspect of
也很重要 在这个世袭社会中 the Indian culture; hereditary sort of place
你不能抬升也不能下降 in society where you could not rise above or below.
这有没有让你想起我们之前所学过的东西? Does that remind you of anything we've studied before?
学生:非洲的伽洛鲁乐 Student: The jalolu in Africa.
普雷斯科特:没错 来自非洲的伽洛鲁乐 Prescott: Yeah. The jalolu from Africa,
还有伦西鼓乐 两种都是那种 also the Lunsi drummers, both of those were cultures
你需要在那个部族中 in which you had to be born into that clan
成为他们其中的一员 才能理解的文化 in order to be one of those people. So
种姓制度并不仅局限在印度文化中 the caste system is not unique to the Indian culture.
但是它在印度文化中的普及程度 But it is much more prevalent in India
相比在其他国家更为普遍 因为 then it is in other countries because
它在整个国家的应用实在太广泛了 it is so universal throughout the whole country;
绝对可以说是印度的次大陆 really a subcontinent.
像我之前说到的 伊斯兰教约占10％的比例 Ok. The belief in Islam as I've said is about 10%.
我们也谈到了重写本 And we talked about the Palimpsest;
你们也可以从你们的幻灯片上找到 you find that on your powerpoint slide as well.
世界上五分之一的人口 A fifth of the world's population living in an area
居住在面积和美国东海岸 that is essentially the size of the east coast of
一样大的土地上 对吧? the United States. Ok?
想象下 这么多的人 群居在 Imagine that kind of population clustered together
那么狭小的地方 却拥有15种官方语言 in such a small space. 15 major languages. Ok.
和5000年的历史 所有这一切 5,000 years of history. All of these are going to be
其实都构成了对这种音乐产生影响的要素 components that have an effect on the music.
正如我所说的 As I said before there is a difference
印度北部和南部之间存在着一种差别 between north and south India.
北部一般被认为是印度斯坦族的领土 The north is known as the Hindustani area
即便是信奉印度教的人数 even though the Hindu religion is actually smaller
也比南部的人数要少 there then it is in the south. It's actually more of a
北部其实是穆斯林人集中的地方 Muslim concentration there whereas in the south
而南部才是信印度教的人集中的地方 there's more of a Hindu concentration.
那麽我们所知的卡纳蒂克高地是什么呢 And what is known as the Carnatic Plains. Ok?
那里 就是我们将要在这节课中 This is a large plateau area which, from which
所学习的音乐 诞生的高地 much of the music that we are going to study
卡纳蒂克乐 in this class comes; Carnatic music.
这当然也是印度的符号 And of course one of the major symbols of India,
在塔吉马哈的幻灯片中 我放了张它的照片 I have that picture on the powerpoint of the Taj Mahal.
英国 对印度的文化有很大的影响 English influence; there's a number of them.
英国统治时期曾遗留下了很多的结构 Buildings, a lot of the buildings are leftover
铁路 官僚组织 from the English time there, railways, bureaucracy,
大学 还有大量的乐器 universities and also a number of the instruments
它们都是欧洲风格的 但是有趣的是 from the European Styles. But interestingly although
虽然印度文化中采用了很多英式的外部结构 the Indian culture's adopted the instruments
但是他们并没有采用欧洲音乐的风格 they did not adopt the European styles of music
就像我们看日本时一样 as much as we see in say Japan.
因此 乐器都是被传入的 你们会发现 So, the instruments were brought in and you see a wide
小提琴 单簧管 钢琴 萨克斯风 吉他 的广泛使用 use of violin, clarinet, piano, saxophone, guitar.
这些乐器都是用来演奏 Ok? These instruments are used to play music
印度式音乐的 in Indian style rather than bringing the
而不是欧式音乐 European style of music in. And so,
这其中当然有文化的影响 there's definitely a cultural influence
但也许并没有你们所预期的影响那么大 there but not so much as you might expect.
如今 文学和宗教在印度文化中 Now, literature and religion play very important parts
扮演着很重要的角色 而书写则使用梵文 in Indian culture and the writing is done in Sanskrit.
其中有两部伟大的著作 And there are two epics that were written
是用梵文写的 a couple thousand years ago that are extremely
对印度文化产生了重要的影响 important to Indian culture;
《罗摩衍那》和《玛哈帕腊达》 the Ramayana and the Mahabharata both of
这两部重要的文献中 which are important literature texts from which
很多的歌曲中都引用了其中的内容 the texts from many of the songs are taken.
因此当你们在听印度歌曲时 So as you start to hear Indian music be aware that
请留意下 很多音乐都取自这些特别的文献 a lot of the music comes from these particular texts.
宗教方面也有着很重要的作品 And then there's important religious works as well.
《吠陀》 《奥义书》 《往世书》 The four Vedas, the Upanishads, Puranas,
这些都是古老而重要的宗教文献 all of these are old and important religious texts
在音乐中有所引用 from which musical references will be made as well.
现在 我们开始学习印度音乐的文化 Now as we start to study the music of this culture
我们要关注三种类别 we're going to look at three different categories,
首先从流行音乐开始 starting with pop music and within that
我们也可以说是电影音乐 c-i-n-e category you can also put cine music, c-i-n-e,
这样的发音名义上来源于"电影"一词 pronounce cine which comes literally
就比如说当你们提到电影 from cinema, just like if you go down to
《16支蜡烛》时 简称"cine" 一样 the Candle 16 Cine. Ok?
使用的是相同的规则 That's the same principle.
因此电影对于印度是极其重要的 So film is extremely important in India
很多和电影有关的音乐 and a lot of the music associated with film
其实都沉浸在印度的文化中 is something that permeates this culture.
然后我们再讲讲印度的古典音乐 Then we'll also look at Indian classical music
还有祷告乐 比如说 其中我们将提到的 and devotional song. There's a song called
一种叫做Bejan的祷告乐 the Bejan for example that we will be looking at.
因此 当我们开始学习这种音乐时 So these three categories are going to be
这三种分类是极其重要的 extremely important as we start to study this music.
如今流行音乐 特别是那种 Now the popular music and particularly that
和电影有关的音乐 电影音乐 associated with the film, the cine music
是一种将东西方风格相溶的神奇混合体 is a very curious blend of east and west.
我想放一段你们CD上的片段 And I want to play an example that's on your CD;
叫做恩都·卡拉马 好吗? it's called Endo Kalyanam. Ok?
它来自于19世纪60年代的一个电影 And it comes from a movie from the 1960s.
的确很过时是吧? It is definitely dated, ok?
听的时候你们将会 And when you hear this you're going to be
发现它在文体上多么像 struck by stylistically how much, like,
西方音乐 但不是现代西方音乐 it sounds like the west but not the west of today.
而是在60年代和70年代 It sounds like something that you might have
能听到的音乐 heard if you were around in the 60s and 70s,
你可能在电视上听到过 you might have heard this kind of thing on TV.
TV对我来说 听起来像60年代的 It sounds like a, to me it sounds like a 60s
电视广告 commercial in some ways.
被拿出来放进了印度电影里了 And it has been taken and put into an Indian film
这里有一些西方的参考 and a number of western references are here. Ok?
但是这是一种东西方混合后 But we have an interesting blend of east and west
彰显出来的歌 其他的一些 that manifests itself in this song and you hear
东西也在发展 对吧 some of the other things that are going on. Ok?
所以 我们开始听的时候我希望 So, as we start to listen to this I want you to
你们能试图辨认出 try to identify what are the elements that
哪些元素来自西方 clearly come from the west and what might be
哪些元素 来自东方 determined to be a more eastern element.
以你现在对东方音乐的了解 From what you know of eastern music so far.
音乐 Music
普雷斯科特:好的 这音乐 Prescott: Ok. This is music that just kind of hits you,
就像给了你们当头一棒一样 like with a frontal assault.
这并不奇怪 There is nothing subtle about this at all.
那这是关于什么的? Now what's it about?
有没有人提前 Has anybody looked ahead and looked at
看了课本? the text that's printed in your book?
好吧 这来自一个电影 电影讲了什么? Ok. It's from a movie, what's going on in the movie?
这对我们听到完全陌生的音乐 That really helps when you hear something
和了解外国文化 this strange and so completely foreign to
是很有帮助的 all the other musics that we've heard in these
当你们遇到这种事情时 cultures, when something like this hits you, you
真的应该看看它是关于什么的 好吗? really need to look and see what is this all about. Ok?
你将会在课本上发现 You'll find this in your text and it is
这大致被翻译作"我们的婚礼" basically translates as "Our Wedding"
所以这里有一张印度婚礼的图片 and so there's the picture of an Indian wedding
上面写着"我们的婚礼是一场 going on and the text reads "our wedding is a
混乱的婚礼 女婿存好钱 confusion wedding. Sons-in-law put up the money
亲家公支起棚子 and the father-in-law puts up
收礼物"对吧? the canopy to receive the gifts." Ok?
然后它继续描述细节 So, it goes into details on what goes on,
"亲家母画着眼妆 "mother-in-law puts on eye make-up while
女婿盯着镜子里的她" the sons-in-law stare at her in the mirror."
好 这都和印度婚礼密切相关 Ok. This is all ritual associated with an Indian
这些歌的风格也容易让人想起 wedding and it's being sung in a style that is very
60年代西方的电视广告 reminiscent of 1960s western television commercials.
那哪些元素我们认为 What elements though might we identify here
是更加亚洲或者印度呢? that are more clearly Asian and Indian?
如果你们听一下印度音乐 If you listen to Indian music in general
最先震撼你们的事情之一就是 one of the things that first strikes you is that
时敲时停的同一个音符 you don't get the same sense of a note being
会给你们不同的感觉 something that is struck and then sustained,
就像我刚刚在钢琴上演奏的那个一样 like the one I just played on the piano.
印度音乐中的音符更加怀旧 A note in Indian music will be more reminiscent
就像图画上的一条线 of a graph of say a line drawing that's going up
上升下降占满了整个画面 and down quite a bit and all over the place.
这就是印度对音符的感知 So, the Indian sense of a note, and there's
在课本上给出了这个的名称 actually a name for that that you find in your text,
叫做史瓦拉 ok, it's called a swara. If you look in your text
如果你看课本上的图表6.8 at the graphs; figure 6.8 of the Indian notes you
会发现在钢琴上演奏出来的音符 see the comparison of the note played on the
和史瓦拉的对比 piano with the note or a swara in Indian music.
你们看它们很不一样 And you see that it's really quite a different matter.
所以一个印度演奏者也许会有 So an Indian performer might have a note
一个印度的"la"来代替"la" instead of "la", an Indian note might be "la".
就是这样的 That kind of a thing.
现在回来听一下女歌手 Now go back and listen to the female vocalist
在恩都·卡拉马的演唱 singing in Endo Kalyanam. Ok.
听听这首关于婚礼的歌 Listen to that song about our wedding and listen
女歌手是如何表达感情的 to the way that the female vocalist sings her verse.
音乐 Music
普雷斯科特:听到了吗?这个没有 Prescott: Hear that? There's nothing western
一点西方元素 首先 音调主要是鼻音 about that at all. First of all the tone production
我们以前在哪里听过? is very nasal. Where have we heard that before?
鼻音发声? 中国 Nasal tone production? China,
我们在中国音乐中听过 好吧 we heard it in Chinese music. Ok.
所以鼻音发声是非常非常东方的 So that nasal tone production is very, very eastern.
还有呢?你们听到装饰音了吗? What else? Did you hear the ornamentation
有没有听到 在高音的时候 and could you say, maybe, oscillation going on
会有震动? when those pitches were being sung?
这些高度装饰又怀旧 Highly ornamented kind of style but reminiscent
的中世纪民歌 of almost what we heard in the medieval folk song
是日本文化中的卡塔布施 in that Katabushi in the Japanese culture.
所以 明显的从一个商业企业中 So, taking a song that is so clearly from a
从一部电影中提取音乐 commercial enterprise, from a movie and importing
并植入亚洲特点的装饰音 the particular Asian characteristic of the
让我们感受到了 ornamentation there is what gives us the peculiar
东西方音乐的融合 east meets west sound.
音乐像是来自 平?克劳斯贝 The music sounds like Bing Crosby and
和鲍勃?霍普的电影 40年代的喜剧 Bob Hope movies; sort of 1940s comedies
40年代和50年代 kinds of things, 1940s and 50s.
是的 这真的是一种神奇的融合 Yeah, there is a real bizarre kind of mixture.
如果你们自己继续听 And if you continue to listen to this recording
这个录音 你们将发现 on your own you'll hear an imitation of the
有模仿啄木鸟的声音 对吧? Woody Woodpecker voice. Ok?
记得那个卡通吗?有没有人看过? Remember that cartoon? Has anybody seen that?
我知道这有点快 但是你们在 I know it's a little before you time but you'll hear
这首歌里听到模仿的声音 the imitation of that in this song.
正如幻灯片上说的 It is like, just like the powerpoint says
"怎么都行" 它们将会 "Anything Goes". They will, it's like a
像一个音乐百宝囊一样 musical grab bag that they will throw anything
把各种音乐混在一起 不管这 into regardless of how bizarre it sounds in
听起来会多奇怪 很显然这就是个 juxtaposition. And clearly this is a bizarre
奇怪的音乐 剩下的部分你们自己听吧 piece of music. So enjoy the rest of it on your own.
找时间听听吧 但是也许你只会嘲笑 Spend some time with it but you get a good laugh
它一番 但我认为了解 out of it if nothing else. But I think that it's
东西方是如何在这些 important just to understand how the east meets
文化中交融的 west kind of phenomenon happens in
是很重要的 almost all of these cultures.
印度文化是个很好的例子 And in India we see a clear example of it here.
印度音乐中最重要的构建要素 The most important constructional element
与两个术语有关 of music in India has to do with two terms
你们也应该熟知这两个术语 with which you need to become highly familiar;
拉格和塔拉 拉格和塔拉 对吗? raga and tala. Raga and tala. Ok?
它们使印度南北音乐 And they are part of what makes music of
变得相似 是的 north and south India similar. Ok.
这是两种风格的共同点之一 This is one of the similarities of these two styles.
我们接下来将重点说 We're really going to be focusing our study on
印度南部的音乐 但我也会 the south of India but I will be referring to some
提及一些印度北部的乐器和理念 northern Indian instruments and concepts as well.
它们都有拉格和塔拉 They both however have the ragas and
不同的是 talas in common. The difference is that in the north
在北方 它们更即兴 they tend to be much more highly improvisational,
是的 更开放更即兴 ok, much more open ended and improvisational
然而在南方 很多歌曲 whereas in the south you get a lot of pre-composed
是提前写好的宗教歌曲 devotional songs of a religious nature
不像北方歌曲 that are not nearly as improvisational
那样即兴 as the ones that you see in the north.
所以 什么是拉格?什么是拉格? So what is a raga? What is a raga?
印度人定义它为 You know, the Indians defined it as that
给心和脑上色 which colors the mind and the heart.
但正如典型的东方风格 But in a typical eastern fashion this talks around
他们会围绕这个主体说 但并不说究竟 the subject rather than saying exactly
什么是拉格 从西方的角度说 what a raga is. From a western standpoint
拉格是高音的集合 像一个音阶 a raga is a collection of pitches just like a scale.
我们就当它是个音阶吧 We will think of it as a scale.
它有自己的音节 And it has its own syllables that go with it.
不像西方提出的那样有do-re- Instead of what the west came up with,
with do-re-mi-fa-so-la-ti-do right mi-fa-so-la-ti-do
印度的迈拉卡塔体系有sa-ri- instead of that the Indian melakarta system
ga-ma-pa-da-ni和sa uses sa-ri-ga-ma-pa-da-ni and sa.
所以这只是对于相同原理的 So it's just different syllables for what is
不同音节 即使从色彩学来说 essentially the same principle although it's handled
这是完全不同的 considerably differently in terms of the chromatics.
有人知道do-re-mi-fa-so Anybody know where do-re-mi-fa-so,
这些音节是从哪里来的吗? where do those syllables come from?
西方的这个阶名唱法体系 The solmization system as it's known in
其实是约在十世纪 一位叫做桂多 the west actually was invented by a monk
的僧人发明的 named Guido of Arezzo back in the,
他来自阿雷佐 around the 10th century or so.
他从通俗的赞美诗和圣歌 And he got those syllables from popular hymn tunes,
的曲调中提取出来了音节 chants if you will from the church which
这些教堂里的人都会唱 everybody knew in the culture.
比如说 每个人都知道 And everybody knew that the syllable that
音节是以re开头的 started with re, for example,
这是个长音 是的 was actually a longer word, ok.
例如 女王 这个词就是这样来的 Regina for example is the word that it came from.
所以每个人都知道re音节 And so that re syllable, everybody knew that it
是以D开头的 对吧? 所以D started on D. Right? And so D became re
在这个体系中变成了re in this system because everybody knew
因为每个人都知道那首歌 that particular song.
它就是这样开头的 It started with that. But then the next one
但是下一个是以mi开头的 started with mi and then there was another one
再下一个是以fa开头的 that started with fa. And those all started with
所有这些都是以不同音符开头的 他用了这些 different notes and so he used those
所以你们应当记住这些音符 so that you would remember those notes
这样才能掌握它们 and thus be able to do it. So relied on
依靠每个人都有的知识 a body of knowledge that everybody had,
依靠每个人都知道的这些音符 that relied on the fact that everybody knew
然后用那些音节 those tunes and thus then they could use those
能帮助它们得到音符 syllables to help them get that note.
这就是他如何发明的这个体系 That's how he invented that system.
我们将谈论一点 There's going to be an interesting parallel here
印度音乐里的一个有趣对比 in Indian music that we'll get to in a bit.
先回到拉格 But back to the raga.
你能在书上找到一个关于Melakarta You will find in your book a chart of the
体系和拉格的表格 对吧? Melakarta system and the ragas. Ok?
我们会发现sa总是一个 You'll find a figure that shows how sa is
相同的音符 是C always the same note, in this case C.
第五个音符pa总是G And pa which is the 5th note is always G.
ma只有两种选择 And there are only two options for ma,
是F和升F there's F and F sharp. And if you look back
再来看ga和ri at ga and ri there are a larger variety of options
它们在拉格作曲和演奏中 that can be used depending on which raga
有很多种选择 is being written and being used for the composition
对吧? 所以你们 that's being performed. Ok? So, you can follow
跟随这小地图 你可以 that little map there and you could choose any one
选择我们展示的任何一种 of a large variety of different ragas that are being
分类下的拉格 used for the piece that we're being shown.
现在 在节奏方面 我们有 Now, on the rhythmic side of things we have
塔拉系统来度量节奏型 the tala system which is a series of metric accents
中的重音 好的 in rhythmic patterns. Ok.
最常见的分类 And the most common groupings, as your
如课本指出的 在印度音乐中 text points out, there are really only 5 different
其实只有5种不同的塔拉 talas that are actually used in Indian music.
你们可以在课本塔拉那章 And you see the names of them in
看到它们的名称 your text in the section on talas.
adi塔拉有8个节拍 There's the adi tala which has 8 beats to it,
其中第一五七是重音 accents happening on 1, 5, and 7.
我们都来拍一下adi塔拉的节拍 So, everybody clap, we're going to clap the adi tala.
好吧 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ok? 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. Ok? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
这是adi塔拉中的重音 That's where the accents occur in the adi tala.
课本后面几页提到了 And as you look down the page you
其它的塔拉 rupaka塔拉 find additional talas. The rupaka tala which is
是一种只有3个节拍两个空拍的 basically just a very short one with just
短塔拉 chapu塔拉可以看做 three beats and two claps. The chapu tala which is,
有5个节拍 could be considered a division of 5,
重音出现在第一三四拍 metric repetition of 5 where the clap happens on
misra chapu塔拉的重音 1, 3, and 4. And then the misra chapu tala where
出现在第一二四六拍 the accents happen on 1, 2, 4, and 6.
最后 triputa塔拉的重音 And finally the triputa tala in which the accents
出现在第一四六拍 但有时 happen on 1, 4, and 6 but there are in this case
会出现7个节拍 there are 7 beats. Ok?
你会发现最后的两个塔拉 They're very similar in these last two if
misra chapu和 triputa you look at the comparison of the misra chapu tala
很相似 and the triputa tala, they're very similar.
所以通过这些 So those are the ones that are used and so
我们就可以选择 by choosing a raga and a tala you have all
用哪种拉格和塔拉 sorts of different possibilities of combinations to
书上有更多的细节 work with. And the book goes into
告诉你怎样用它们 a good deal of detail on how that works.
我们即将听到来自 The instruments that are going to be used here
印度南部的卡纳蒂克风格音乐 for the music that we're going to hear
所使用的乐器是 in the south of India, this is the Carnatic style.
七弦琴和蒙顿鼓 Ok. Are the veena and the mundungu.
七弦琴是弦乐器 对吧 The veena is the stringed, plucked instrument. Ok?
它主要演奏大多数的高音 That is going to produce most of the melodic pitches as
和被称作sruti层的低音 well as the drone which is known as the sruti layer.
这又说了一下层 More about the layers in a little bit.
而蒙顿鼓是管乐器 But mundungu is a barrel shaped,
这个双面股是用来演奏节奏层的 double-headed drum that is used for the rhythmic layer.
印度北部的印度斯坦地区 Now in the north of India which is the Hindustani area
我们并没有太涉及 on which we're not really going to focus,
但是更多有名的印度乐器 but some of the more famous Indian instruments
都在北部 are associated with the north.
有人知道是什么吗? Anybody know what they are?
说一说印度有名的乐器 Name a famous Indian instrument.
学生: 锡塔琴 Student: Sitar.
普雷斯科特:锡塔琴是我们首先想到的 Prescott: Sitar is the first thing that comes to mind.
还有呢?打击乐器类的? What else? What about percussion?
手鼓呢?对吧 How about the tabla? Ok?
锡塔琴和手鼓是 The sitar and the tabla are probably the
印度最出名的乐器了 most well-known and famous Indian instruments.
我们听一下它们的音乐 We're going to see some examples of that music
但是我们不会太 but we're not going to be focusing on it where
着重于它 因为你们的CD your listening is concerned because your CD
主要着重于印度南方音乐 focuses more on the south of India,
卡纳蒂克风格 the Carnatic style.
但是你们也会听到一些北方的音乐 So, but you will be hearing some music from the north.
注意一下它们的不同 Be aware of the difference, be aware of the fact
注意锡塔琴和手鼓是北方的 that sitar and tabla are in the north and that
蒙顿鼓和七弦琴是南方的 the mundungu and the veena are in the south.
这些都是你们要记住的 So that's the important thing for you to remember
因为考试可能会涉及到 where it concerns the test in this class.
七弦琴有七根弦 The veena is a 7 stringed instrument of which
低的三根是发低音的 the lowest three strings are designed to
高的四根是 produce drones and then the upper four strings
演奏旋律的 are used to produce melodies.
现在我希望你们去比较一下 Now I want you to compare the idea of a
低音弦和日本音乐中的 drone string to the shamisan that we saw when
三味线 we studied Japanese music.
你们还记得乐器的低音弦 Do you remember what the effect was created
能产生什么样的效果吗? by the instrument's lowest string?
可以产生嗡嗡的弦外音 A buzzing effect which created an interesting
共振可以产生 overtone, sympathetic vibration that
一种奇怪的效果 created a very strange kind of effect.
七弦琴三根低音弦 That's the effect that is created by the
产生的效果 lower three strings on the veena,
就是这种嗡嗡声 is that same kind of buzzing effect.
日本音乐中的萨瓦瑞 Instead of being called sawari as we heard it
在印度音乐中叫做加瓦瑞 in Japanese, now it is jawari in Indian.
很显然在语言学和乐器设计上 So there's clearly a connection here both in
它们之间是有联系的 the linguistics and in the design of the instrument.
七弦琴在这种风格的 And so on the veena this is used to
音乐中是用来 produce the drone effect that you hear
发低音的 in so much of the music of this style.
双面的蒙顿鼓 Then the mundungu, the double-headed drum
主要用于南部的卡纳蒂克地区 that's used in the Carnatic south,
在课本和幻灯片上有 you see a picture of that in your text and also
张图片 这两种乐器 on the powerpoint. Two other instruments that
也许也能在这种风格中应用 are probably going to be used in this style as well,
其中一种是舒如提盒子 one of them is a shruti box.
有人知道什么是舒如提盒子吗? Anybody know what a shruti box is?
这是一种电子乐器 It's basically an electronic instrument that
可以不依靠平时常用的 produces the drone without having to rely on the
七弦琴的低音弦 lower strings of the veena or on another instrument
或者坦布拉琴 called the tambura that is also used to
来产生低音 produce the drone. And so creating that drone is
低音是很重要的 但是后来 very important but in later,
最近几年 很多音乐家已经开始 more recent years some musicians have relied on
用舒如提盒子了 它嵌在墙上 a shruti box which basically plugs into the wall
能产生一种合成乐器的 and creates a synthesized version of the drone
低音或者司如提 陪衬整个 or sruti which underlies the entire performance
印度音乐演出 of an Indian piece of music.
这就是为什么我们 And this is done for the same reason that
愿意为钢琴伴奏买 you or I might buy a synthesizer and program in
合成器从而不用 a piano accompaniment so that we don't have to
再添加其他演奏者了 have an additional performer there to do that.
这样更省钱 更容易完成那些演奏 Saves money, makes it easier to get to the gig,
对吧? 这就是西方的舒如提盒子 all of that stuff. Ok? So we see a western influence
对传统音乐的影响 here on traditional music with the shruti box.
好的 卡纳蒂克有三部分 Ok, now, the Carnatic texture is a three part texture
包括旋律 which consists of the melody,
司如提层和节奏层 the sruti layer and the rhythm layer.
如果有歌手 旋律层是由 The melody layer is going to be played
七弦琴或者小提琴演奏的 by the veena or by the vocalist if there's a singer.
司如提是由七弦琴的 The sruti layer is going to be performed by
三根低音弦演奏 either the lower three strings on the veena
或者由坦布拉琴或者舒如提盒子演奏 or by a tambura or by a shruti box,
总之是这几种选择之一 one of those options here. And then
节奏层是由蒙顿鼓演奏 the rhythmic layer is going to be produced by
这就是三层结构 the mundungo. So it's a three layer texture.
你们的CD上有一个祷告歌的例子 Now, you have an example on your CDs of
就包含了这三层 a devotional song that contains these three layers.
所以我希望你们能听听这首歌 And so I want you to listen to this song and
里的三层结构 listen for those three layers to happen but also
同时还有这首歌里的 I want you to listen for the raga and the tala
拉格和塔拉 that are going on in this song.
在你们的CD里 雪山女神 尼耶·图那 对吧? You'll find it on your CD, Devi Niye Tunai. Ok?
雪山女神有鱼形的眼 Devi with the fish-shaped eyes.
是这个文化中的女神 And Devi is a goddess in this culture.
在书里有这首歌的歌词 And you'll find the text of this song in your book
"雪山女神有鱼形的眼 talking about "Devi with the fish-shaped eyes,
居住在南方的那度艾 保护着我们 one who dwells in the south, in Naduai, protect me.
你是世界上的美人 You are the one great beauty in the world who has
抓住了众神之主桑德日撒的心" captured the heart of the Lord of Lords, Sundaresa."
歌词讲了这些词的意思 And your text talks about the meaning of these words
和这首歌是首印度风格的 and the fact that this is essentially a religious
祷告歌 devotional song in the Hindu style.
在歌词的下一页你会发现 The raga is the keeravani raga and you find that
这是科瑞瓦尼拉格 on the very next page of your text.
塔拉是我们刚刚拍过的adi塔拉 And the tala is adi tala which we clapped a few
有8拍 重音 在第一五七拍 minutes ago which has 8 beats with pulses on 1, 5,
所以 如果你想分辨这首歌是 and 7. And so, who might you listen to if you were
哪种拉格 你应该听什么? trying to identify the raga in this song?
应该听哪种乐器? Which instrument might you listen to?
好吧 我再说一遍 Ok, let me start backwards.
如果你想分辨这首歌是哪种塔拉 节奏 Who would you listen to if you were trying to
你应该听什么? identify the tala, the rhythmic version?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:打击乐器 也就是蒙顿鼓 Prescott: The percussion which is the mundungu.
对吧? 那塔拉呢? 拉格呢? Alright? What about the tala? What about the raga,
如果想分辨拉格? if you're trying to identify the raga?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特: 七弦琴 是的 或者声乐 Prescott: The veena, yeah. Or the vocal. Ok.
通过这些结合 你应当能辨别 So, this, by this combination you should be
这是哪种拉格和塔拉 able to identify the raga and the tala going on here.
在歌词中已经标出来了 And you've got them notated in your text. See if you
看看听音乐时这些的作用 can see how that works as you listen to this music.
音乐 Music
普雷斯科特: 它的 Prescott: So what vocal characteristics
声乐特征是什么? are we hearing here?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:震动 是的 Prescott: Oscillation, absolutely.
我们听到了不同音调的震动 We're hearing the oscillation between
课本上有印度音符 different pitches. We see the representation of
的图片象征 the graph that you have of an Indian note in
它不是维持一个音符 your text in which instead of sustaining a note
而是在演奏音符的时候 there is a great deal of oscillation going on
伴随着很多的震动 whenever that note is performed.
我们听到的三部分结构 And you're hearing the three part texture,
卡纳蒂克结构 有低音 司如提层 the Carnatic texture. We hear the drone, sruti layer,
这里的声乐中还有旋律 we hear the melody going on in the vocal in
我们还听到了鼓 对吧? this case and then we hear the drum. Right?
蒙顿鼓 对吧? The mundungu. Ok?
我们听的时候应当能辨别出重音 And as you listen to it you should be able to
identify those accents; 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2
对吧? 如果你继续听的话应当能 Ok? If you continue to listen to this you should
听到adi塔拉的重音 hear those accents of the adi tala going on.
这就是一首祷告歌如何 And so this is an example of a devotional song
处理声乐的例子 that handles this in a vocal way,
小提琴手也在演奏 where we hear the vocalist working.
对这个例子有问题吗? Any questions on this example?
在你们的幻灯片上 不 是在课本上 There's a style of music that I list on your
有一种风格的音乐 powerpoint that is not, that is not in your text.
叫做柴娜·麦兰 翻译过来是 It's called chinna melan and it is literally
小乐队 translates as small band.
我希望你们能记住它是因为 I just want you to be aware of it because
这是一种普遍的印度音乐形式 it is a style that is prevalent in India although
虽然课本里没有它的例子 we don't have examples from our text.
但是它所用的乐器使它 But the instruments used are what make this
在文体上很有趣 very interesting stylistically.
陈达麦兰 发生在婚礼 The chenda melams happen at weddings,
和故事的开始 那嘎斯瓦日暮 双簧管 openings of stores. The nagasvaram, double-reed pipes
在这种风格中很常见 are very common in this style.
那嘎斯瓦日暮听起来有些像唢呐 A nagasvaram is going to sound a little like the suona,
这是某天我演奏过的中国双簧管 Chinese oboe that I played in class one day;
很嘹亮 很引人注意 very loud, very attention getting kind of instrument.
和它相伴的是塔瓦鼓和 And then along with it tavil drums and a
一个司如提低音 对吧? sruti-box drone. Ok?
在印度音乐里永远都避免不了 You can't get away from the sruti layer
司如提层 wherever you go in Indian music.
所以你可以想象 从吸引人的角度说 So you can imagine what that's going to sound like
这听起来是什么样子的 in terms of getting people's attention in this style.
但是目前你们4张CD里 But by far the largest musical example that
最大的音乐例子就是下一个 you have on your CD in the four CD set is the
卡纳塔卡 桑格塔 对吧? example of Karnataka Sangeeta that comes next. Ok?
这是印度最古典的风格 对吧? This is the most classical designed style in India. Ok?
从古典音乐来说 In terms of classical music,
如果你能想到印度古典音乐 if you wanted to think of Indian classical music
那一定是它 卡纳塔卡 桑格塔 this would be it; the Karnataka Sangeeta.
由此 我们在CD上 And in this case we have an example
有一个例子叫 萨拉斯如哈 on your CD called Sarasiruha
意思是 致女神 萨拉斯瓦提 which is "to the Goddess Saraswati"
她是音乐女神 who is the goddess of music.
你们在看课本的时候 And you see her picture in your text
有她的图片 as you look through.
课本中所说的表演是由一位 The performance in your text is done by
著名的七弦琴演奏家演奏的 a very famous veena player whose picture
你能在课本的这部分找到他的照片 you will see in the text as it talks about this music.
这段音乐长22分钟30秒 This piece lasts 22 minutes and 30 seconds.
我是认真的 22分钟30秒 I kid you not; 22 minutes and 30 seconds.
美国人一般没有耐心 Americans do not typically have the patience to
去听这么长的音乐 listen to a piece of music that lasts that long.
为什么呢?为什么在我们的文化中 Why is that? Why is it that we are in a culture
人们一般不会去听一段长 that will not typically listen to a piece of music
22分钟的音乐呢? 嗯? that's 22 minutes long? Yes?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:这点很好 Prescott: That's a very good point. Television
一般电视广告都多长? commercials which typically last how long?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:30秒 30秒 Prescott: 30 seconds. 30 seconds.
我还是个孩子的时候 电视广告 When I was a kid there were TV commercials that
是一分半钟 你们相信吗?是的 lasted a minute and a half. You believe that? Yeah.
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:它们曾经很长 Prescott: They were just longer.
它们曾经很长 They were just longer.
但是他们发现他们用30秒的广告 But they discovered that they could still sell
依旧可以卖掉产品 the product by only having a 30 second commercial
并且只花了三分之一的钱 and only have to pay a third as much money.
所以 何必要用一分半钟的广告呢? So, why have a minute and a half commercial anymore?
广告就缩短了 They shortened them.
很多人认为这样 And by so doing many believe they have
也同时缩短了美国人专注的时间 shortened American's attention spans accordingly.
你们不愿意等任何事情 对吧?什么? You don't like to wait for anything, do we? What?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:时间就是金钱 是的 Prescott: Time is money. Yes.
我们发明了这句话 时间就是金钱 We invented the phrase time is money.
美国人发明了这句话 Americans invented that phrase.
你知道吗? Did you know that?
你知道这是美国人发明的吗? Did you know that term was invented by Americans?
在密苏里州 我一个历史学院 My colleague on the history faculty here
的同事 已经退休了 叫罗伯特·弗兰德斯 at Missouri State, a retired faculty member named
他曾经讲过美国历史上的 Robert Flanders used to offer a telecourse on
电视广播课程 他讨论过一件事 American history. And one of the things he
这非常有趣 would talk about, and this is a very interesting,
我提到他是因为 I'm giving him credit for this because
我想让人们知道这是怎么来的 I want to make sure people are aware where
但是"时间就是金钱"的概念 this came from, but the concept "time is money"
是一个美国概念 is an American concept that came from
过去欧洲人在出游的时候 the fact that when Europeans used to travel,
如果想在欧洲坐船 if you wanted to go somewhere on a boat in
那就必须去港口城市 Europe you had to go to that port city and wait for
等集齐足够的人后 enough people to gather to make it worth the while
船才会开 所以也许 of the boat to travel. So you might have to
你得等上好几周 你得在旅馆住好几周 stay there for weeks. And you got a hotel and you
直到船要开为止 stayed for weeks until the ship was ready to sail
因为这样他们才会有足够的货物和人 because they had enough cargo and they had enough
值得他们公司花钱开船 people to make it worth the company's money to do it.
这样你才能走 美国 And then you went. America,
美国人想出了个方法 Americans were the ones who came up with the plan,
船在这天这个时候开 the boat leaves on this day at this time.
如果你没赶上 那太糟糕了 And if you're not on it, too bad,
你得等下一艘船 you'll have to catch the next one.
时间就是金钱 根据历史学院的 Time is money. So, according to Dr. Flanders
弗兰德斯博士 这是文化中 from the history department that was a major change
和理念中的一个大改变 in culture and so that whole concept.
其它专注时间缩短的例子 Other shortening of attention span things.
嗯?流行音乐一般是两分三十秒 Yes? Pop songs are generally between 2 minutes
到三分三十秒之间 and 30 seconds and 3 minutes and 30 seconds
这取决于歌里有 in length depending on how many verses
多少歌词 但是 很显然 they put in there. But yes,
这些都造就了我们 对吧? those clearly are something that program us. Yes?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特: 快餐 Prescott: Fast food.
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:快餐 我们需要昨天的 Prescott: Fast food and we want it yesterday.
是的 我们需要它一分钟就弄好 还有呢? Yeah, we want it in a New York minute. What else?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:手机 这是… Prescott: Automobiles. How does that...
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:是的 Prescott: Right.
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:对 是的 Prescott: Ok. Yeah, we're used to having our car
我们习惯了开车去我们想去的地方 and be able to go where we want when we want to.
对吧? 在其它许多国家 Right? In a lot of other countries you have to get on
你们需要坐火车或者公共交通工具 a train and use mass transit systems to get places
然后再走路或骑单车到一个地方 是的 and then walk or bicycle. Yeah.
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:网络 我指网上购物 Prescott: Sure. Internet. I mean online shopping,
易趣 这些东西都在逐渐缩短 eBay. All of that stuff has a tendency to shorten
我们专注的时间 我是说 our attention span. I mean,
我曾经收到过一封邮件 上面说 I got an email from somebody one time that said
"我两个小时前给你发了邮件 "I sent you an email 2 hours ago and I
但是现在还没收到回复" 你知道 我是说 still haven't heard back." You know, I mean,
他的期望就是 因为邮件是以光速传递的 there is this expectation that because email can
所以我也必须以光速 travel at the speed of light that I must be able to
回复他 对吧? travel at that same speed. Right? Yes?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:哦 是的 Prescott: Ah, yeah.
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:哦 是的 很好 Prescott: Oh sure. Yeah well,
所有这些手机类的东西 all the cell phone stuff.
不要让我吐槽我的手机 Don't get me started on my cell phone talk
因为这会花费太多时间 because it goes on too long for this class.
所以 我们总要求立刻到来的喜悦 So, we want immediate gratification and
这就产生了很多东西方的差异 there creates a clash between east and west.
我们没有时间听七弦琴和蒙多鼓演奏的 We don't have time to listen to a 22 minutes and
长２２分３０秒的曲子 30 second composition for veena and mundungu.
就是在这ＣＤ上的 And that's what this is, on this CD.
我想鼓励你们每个人去寻找一种方法 I would encourage every one of you to find a way,
找到时间去听整首曲子 find the time to listen to this whole piece.
找到时间 努力在你的日程中找到时间 Find a time; try to find a time in your schedule when
可以听这个２２分３０秒长的曲子 you can listen to a 22 minutes and 30 second piece.
因为这是你理解它和欣赏它 Because that's the only way that you will be able to
唯一的方式 这是专注时间更长的 comprehend it and appreciate it the way an Indian
印度人的方式 person would who has a longer attention span.
这音乐含有冥想的理念 This music is very meditative in concept.
你读课本的时候会发现 And as you read your text you find that an Indian
印度的音乐会都持续整晚 music concert will go on all night.
我是说 这个长２２分钟的音乐 I mean, this 22 minute piece is
只是音乐会上其中一个 only one of what would take,
在下午８点开始 would probably start at about 8pm and would
直到早上７点才结束的音乐 probably end up around maybe 7am to this concert
这真是很长的时间 很长 对吧? that would go on for a long, long time. Yes?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:他们是为了那些听这个音乐 Prescott: They do for the people that listen
的人做的 他们期待你们能 to this music. They expect you to be able to
长时间的专注于这个音乐 focus on this music for a long period of time.
是的 是的 Yeah. Yeah.
如果你看它的结构 As you look at this composition you need
你应该意识到它有好几个部分 to realize that there are several sections
书上也讨论了这些部分 to it and they discuss these sections in your book.
如我所说 萨拉斯如哈是 As I mentioned it's about Sarasiruha who is,
致女神萨拉斯瓦提的 it is to the goddess Saraswati.
看一下我在幻灯片上放的图片 And you see a picture that I've shown on
这是这一部分的核心 the powerpoint here. There is the central section
叫克里特 of this piece is called a kriti.
克里特就是主要事件 And the kriti is what is referred to as the main event.
这也是这一章的核心元素 Ok? This is the central element of the piece
也是你们所期待已久的 and the one which you have been waiting for.
其余的都是克里特的前言后语罢了 Everything else is a prelude and a postlude
在你们的CD中 to the kriti. The kriti in the performance that
克里特这种表演艺术完全是乐器演奏出来的 you have on your CD is entirely instrumental
但与最原始的方式不同 but it is not originally that way.
克里特在最原始的方式中本应是带有文本的 Originally this kriti would have had text
每个人都了解这些歌 with it and everybody knows the song.
也因为每个听歌的人都知道这种音乐 Everybody who's listening to it knows
所以音乐本身是不需要歌词的 the song and so they don't need the text because
因为他们每个人一生中都听过这些歌 they've heard it all their lives and the tune
曲调和歌词都烙印在他们的心中 and the words are ingrained. Ok?
在我们的文化中也有一些像那样的歌曲 We have songs like that in our culture too.
人们要做的就是 带着一些爱国思想 All somebody has to do is play the tune to
演奏《上帝保佑美国》的旋律 God Bless America and you think patriotic
至少说 应该带着那种思想 thoughts or at least you're supposed to because
因为这种想法的出现本身就是音乐预设好的 that's what you've been programmed to do.
大家都知道 Television commercials that have been playing
电视广告中已经放映这样的音乐很久了 for so long that you know that,
你们也知道这样做会发生什么 you know what the product is.
一些时候广告只需要放旋律 Sometimes they'll just play the tune and
而不需要任何的歌词 对不对 no longer have to do the words at all. Right?
大家想个例子? Think of an example?
瓦纳只? Vanage?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
嗯 对 他们只放了旋律 Prescott: Oh, ok. They play that little tune. Yeah.
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
就像一个好的邻居一样 Prescott: Like a good neighbor,
好像家园农场一样 State Farm is there.
他们所做的一切只是演奏旋律而已 对不对 All they have to do is play the melody. Right?
这叫商标 你都不需要给产品命名 It's called a logo. You don't even need the product
听歌就行了 name anymore; you just have to hear that music.
其实在我们的文化中有很多很好的例子 So there are lots of great examples of this
这也是我们应当思考的 in our culture. This is the same way you should
在印度文化中的克里特的正确方式 think about the kriti in this Indian piece
因为所有人都知道想表达的话已经融在音乐里 because everybody knows the words that go with
所以也就不需要真正的文字了 it and so you don't even need it anymore.
编曲是又纳太拉格这种传统印度曲调写成的 The composition is written in Natai raga
在课本中能找到 which you find in your text. And the interesting
有意思的是 它的第二音阶 thing about it is that its second scale degree
有一种表达音乐引申意的特性 has a characteristic shake to it. Ok?
它们是D sharp 这之后 They are which is the D sharp on the way down it
有个小的颤音符号 has a little vibrato symbol there
意味着 每次在表演这种拉格时 which means that when it comes down
当它降下来的时候 it has a characteristic oscillation or vibrato that
就有震动或者颤音的特征 goes on each time this particular raga is performed.
在这方面 你们的幻灯片很有用 And your powerpoint is very helpful in
所以我希望你们能看一看 this case and I'd urge you to take a look
因为幻灯片将歌曲 at that because what the powerpoint does is
分解成了很多部分 to break this down into the components of the song
同时也把CD安排的很好 and it gives the CD timings as well.
所以 第一部分 阿拉帕纳部分 So, the first section, the Alapana section is
是对拉格的探讨 它形式很自由 an exploration of the raga. And it's very free-form,
并没有什么韵律 it doesn't have the rhythm behind it.
你也听到了 那种特别的拉格 And you hear that particular raga being explored
在复杂难懂之处和声音风格上 in terms of its intricacies and the particular flavor
得到了探究 这种情况下 蒙顿鼓目前 of those sounds. So, in this case the mundungu
还没有出现 has not even entered yet.
蒙顿鼓将在3分20秒处出现 Then the mundungu is going to enter at
在这时 音乐将变得 about 3:20 and at that point it becomes
更加有节奏 同时 more rhythmically defined and yet the
七弦琴部分即兴创作的拉格 improvisation of the raga in the veena part continues
也一直在上层继续 over the top of that.
让我来放一点它的开始部分 Let me play just a tad of the beginning of it
这样你们就能感受一下它是什么样子的 so that you can get a sense of what this is like. I'm
我不会展示整整22分钟的 not going to play 22 minutes of music for you there.
音乐 Music
普雷斯科特:这里有很多震动 Prescott: A lot of oscillation going on here.
你们听到了司如提的低音 You hear the sruti drone going on and
和对拉格的探究 you hear the exploration of the raga.
现在如果你们前进到3分20秒 Now if you move ahead to about the 3:20
你们将听到蒙多鼓的加入 mark you'll hear the mundungu enter.
在3分20秒音乐变得更加有节奏 It becomes much more rhythmically defined
然后如果你们前进到8分25秒 at 3:20. And then if you move ahead to 8:25
克里特最终也开始了 then the kriti finally begins.
这就是你们等了这么久 So this is like the main event that you've been
所期待的主要结果 其它所有的东西 waiting for all this time, everything else
都是通往它的装饰 is just window dressing leading up to it.
这就是克里特 你们等待的瞬间 And now the kriti, the moment that you've been
终于到来了 它在到达之前 waiting for is finally here. So they make you wait
让你等了8分钟25秒 对吧? 8 minutes and 25 seconds until you get there. Ok?
它们延伸了你们对时间 They're really stretching your sense of time
的概念 对吧? in this whole thing. Yes?
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特: 是的 我们来自 Prescott: Yeah. We come from a culture which
一个快节奏的文化 expects things much faster. But the thing is that
但是印度慢节奏的文化使印度音乐家 by delaying gratification the Indian musician makes
作出了更甜美的曲子 it even that much sweeter when it finally arrives.
这就是 推迟喜悦 That's the concept here,
从而变得更好的原理 is to delay the gratification and make it even better.
你以前这样做过吗? Have you ever done that for yourself?
推迟喜悦 Delayed gratification, you really
你特别想吃圣代冰欺凌 want that ice cream sundae, you know,
你特别想吃安迪的冰蛋糕 you really want that trip to Andy's Frozen Custard
但是你会一直等到 but you're going to wait until you get your paper
完成论文后才去 这样做过吗? written before you go. Ever do that?
不可能 你们都没这样做过 No way. None of you have done that.
学生:(听不见) Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:是的 有些你特别 Prescott: Yeah. So some other thing that
想做的事情 就试着推迟喜悦 you really like to do delay that gratification until it
然后得到一个更好的感受 finally becomes so much better to get it that way.
在听这首歌的时候 Something I want you to listen to too
我也希望你们能听到 on this song is that the mundungu is very much
蒙多鼓在特定的音高上很协调 tuned to a particular pitch and so that when
所以在某些鼓点 这个鼓音对司如提层 particular points are hit on this drum it's very much
也就是音乐的关键 a tuned drum which has been tuned to the sruti layer,
是非常和谐的 to the actual key in which the music is
这不仅仅是南方 being performed. This is a characteristic not only
蒙多鼓的特点 of the mundungu in the south but also of the
也是北方打击乐器的特点 percussion instruments in the north and
特别是手鼓 我鼓励你们 particularly the tabla. I urge you to spend the time to
花时间听听 萨拉斯如哈 听听这个 listen to Sarasiruha, listen to the 22 minutes and 30
22分钟30秒的音乐 seconds that it takes to get through there.
为了这音乐 使自己处于冥想状态 Put yourself in a meditative state in order to do that.
这将对你理解这个音乐 It will make a difference in terms of
有很大的影响 how you perceive this music.
我们下次见 We'll see you next time.