欢迎回到世界音乐音乐239 Welcome back to Intro to World Music: Music 239
希望你们看了巴厘岛的视频 Hopefully you've had a chance to look at the video from Bali
如果你注意到slab演奏者 And if you did you noticed the slab player
那个金属slab演奏者在奏出一些音符后 the metal slab player using his thumb to mute
用大拇指按住好消音 some of the notes after he had played them
这样它们就不会一直响 so that they would not be ringing through
和下面他要弹奏的 and conflicting with the next notes
音符相冲突 that he was going to play
这是个很复杂的风格 It's a very complicated style
很特殊的弹奏技巧 and a very specific precise technique of playing this
同样在结尾时你们能看到 Also, you saw toward the end the drummer
鼓手实质上是整个合奏组的指挥 who is essentially the conductor of the ensemble
他负责音乐节奏和速度的改变 It is he who is responsible for changing tempos
还有音乐章节的改变 and for changing to different sections of the piece
希望你们喜欢那个视频 So, hope you enjoyed getting to see that video
现在我们印尼音乐马上就要收尾 Now, as we finish our section on Indonesia
明白我们都学习什么很重要 It's important to realize that what we've
我们学的都是传统音乐 looked at so far is all traditional music but there is
但在印尼还有很多流行音乐 a great deal of popular music being made in Indonesia
课本上有三个例子 And your text has three examples
看一下 that I would like to show you;
三个创造流行音乐的合奏队 three different ensembles that created popular music
第一个叫做Begadang 2 The first of these is a track called Begadang 2
是Rhoma Irama的dangdut风格 which is in the dangdut styel by Rhoma Irama
他实际上是个流行音乐家 And he's essentially a pop musician
决定要把更多的印尼元素 who decided that he needed to bring in
带到自己的流行音乐中 more Indonesian elements into his pop music
那听他的音乐时 So as you listen to his music see if you can
看看自己是否能认出里面的印尼元素 identify which elements of these are Indonesian
又有哪些是西方元素 and which of them are from the west.
哪些是亚洲的和印尼的元素 So what elements of these are Asian and Indonesian
听不清楚 [inaudible]
好 差不多是停下然后又开始 Oh ok. Kind of stopping and then going
这是我没想过的 很有趣 that's an interesting one that I hadn't thought of
也许和巴厘岛的kebyar风格很像 Maybe similar to the Balinese kebyar style
有趣 你说 That's interesting. Yes?
我们听到的他的声音 He was doing the oscillation thing
是振动的 with his voice that we heard.
是 他的声音都加以修饰 Right. His voice has quite a bit of ornamentation
里面有振动 and oscillation that's going on in it
这是在亚洲文化里所有的 that we've heard in other Asian cultures
当然语言是印尼的语言 Certainly the language is Indonesian here
但是如果你听电子音响合成器中这段音乐的声音 But also if you listen to what the synthesizers are playing
有发现有很多模糊的调子 that little melody, there is quite a bit of detuning
可能是为了模仿 that's gone on in there to perhaps sort of emulate
slendro或者pelog的声音 the sound of slendro or pelog just a little bit
至于音响合成器的作用来讲 in terms of what the synthesizer is doing
所以这里有一种 So there is a bit of cross-cultural
文化杂交 fertilization going on here
课本上有歌词的翻译 And your textbook has the translation of the text
我觉得它也是受到了这种文化的影响 which is also I think, very influenced by this culture
周六晚上对那些 "What good is Saturday night for those
屌丝来讲又有什么意义呢 who are not well-to-do
想去派对又没钱 Want to go to a party but have no money
蹲在路边 Wind up squatting by the side of the road
熬夜吧 咱们熬夜吧 Stay up, let's stay up
熬夜唱歌 Stay up and sing even though
即使我们没有钱但也要有快乐 we don't have money we can still have fun."
所以其中有对贫穷的文化参考 So there is a cultural reference here to some of the poverty
我之前提过 As I mentioned before there are people
有人富得流油 that are fabulously wealthy
有人穷的要死 and there are some people who are amazingly poor
所以这两种力量的文化结合 And so this cultural combination of these two forces
导致很多骚动 that leads to a lot of unrest and
和像这样的歌 songs like this one that help to do it
课本指出他的一些歌 As your text points out several of
被政府禁止 his songs were banned by the government
因为它们倾向于制造骚乱 because they tended to create unrest and civil unrest
所以能看到政府对音乐的审查 And so we see a sort of a governmental control of music
所以写这类风格的音乐家 coming in here where the musicians
要特别小心 who write in this style have to be very careful
他们说什么 怎么写 what they say and how they write it
好让自己不用接受审查 so that they don't get censored or
在某些情况下甚至是因为敏感歌词而蹲监狱 in some cases put in jail for writing sensitive lyrics
第二个例子是个 The second example that you have is actually a jazz
爵士组合叫做Krakatoa fusion group called the Krakatoa.
Krakatoa是什么 你说 What is Krakatoa? Yes?
是印尼的一座火山 It's the volcano in Indonesia.
是个火山 Yes. It's a volcano.
听不清楚 [inaudible]
是19世纪的时候 Yeah, yeah. There was a huge explosion back
大规模喷发 in the 19th century that wiped out...
听不清楚 [inaudible]
使很多人因此而死 Yeah. Wiped out a large portion of the population
还造成了很大的海啸 and created a big tsunami.
我是想说Krakatoa火山是个大事件 I mean it was a big deal, the explosion of Krakatoa
所以乐队以它命名 So this band has named themselves after that volcano
他们都做了什么呢?他们用爵士音乐家 And what they do, they've had a lot of influences
例如Chick Corea影响很大 with jazz artists such as Chick Corea
他们的目标是把印尼的影响力和声音 There goal was to really integrate jazz music
融入到爵士乐中 with the Indonesian influence and sound
所以他们使用一些佳美兰乐器 And so they actually use some gamelan instruments
你会在这里听到它们 in their piece which you will hear in here
还会听到一些slab乐器 You'll hear some of the slab instruments
有时也会听到小提琴的声音 you'll also hear a rebab fiddle playing at one point
他们的目标是把这些带到爵士的概念中 Bringing that into the jazz fusion concept is their goal
他们做的很好 and they've gone a very nice job here
他们还用无品贝司演奏 They also play with a fretless bass, their bass player,
弹贝司的人会弹slendro和pelog so that he can play in slendro and pelog
而不是弹西方风格的调子 instead of playing in western tunings
然后和佳美兰乐器结合起来 and match up with what the gamelan instruments are doing
所以他们在这首歌中是想创造 So they're really attempting to create
这两种文化的真正结合 a true fusion of these two cultures in this piece
歌曲叫做Shuffle and Dong Shuffle and Dong called Shuffle and Dong, Shuffle and Ding.
这名字是怎么来的 Where does that name come from?
课本中有解释吗 Did you read about that in your text?
shuffle本质上是一种音乐 A shuffle is basically a type of music,
从布鲁斯而来 it comes from blues.
shuffle的一条准则是特定的节奏风格 And a gospel blues shuffle isa particular rhythmic style
dong是来自一种乐器gendong The dong comes from one of the instruments, the gendong
ding来自你们都知道的gending And the ding comes from a gending which you all know
现在是一个 by now is the name of an actual
gamelana gending作曲的名字 composition for gamelana gending
所以歌名本身 So it's, the name of the piece itself is
就是东西方的接合 a fusion of east and west
稍微听一下 Here's a bit of that composition.
听起来像是Chick Corea去巴厘岛度假 So it sounds as if Chick Corea went to Bali and on vacation
回来后带了很多slab乐器 and he came back with a set of slab instruments
用来最新的作曲中 and put into his latest composition.
因为深受Chick Corea的影响 Because there is a real Chick Corea kind of influence
印尼影响在这样一首歌中 there and yet the Indonesian influence is
是不会错过的 unmistakable in a piece like that.
本单元最后一首歌 The last piece that you have on this CD in this unit
没有很深的印尼影响 is not quite so Indonesian influenced.
实际上是更严格的西方摇滚 In fact most of it is strictly western alternative rock
但是能看到课本中的歌词 but the lyrics that you find in your text for this tune
叫做Distorsi 意思是扭曲 which is called Distorsi which means distortion are
深受那一地区 very much influenced by the culture
的文化和政治影响 and by the politics of the area.
他得小心自己写的歌词 And he had to be careful about how he wrote it
好不至于坐牢 so that he didn't get thrown into jail
因为他抱怨政府 because he's basically complaining about the government
但是在78年Danny Amad Manoff又推出了重磅一击 But this was a very big hit in 1978 by Danny Amad Manoff
他们总想战胜贫穷 "They always want to combat poverty
但是总有人把钱顺走 but there's always someone who drains off
顺走人民的钱 the money, the people's money.
有人开口抗议做样子 There are show offs who open their mouths in protest
但是他们满嘴酒气太耻辱了 but it's a shame their mouths always smell of alcohol
年轻人醉醺醺 年长的又腐败 The youth are drunk, the elders corrupt.
国家太伟大了 国家太伟大了 Great is this country, great is this country
他们总想伸张正义 They always want to strengthen justice
但是总有丛林法则的残渣 but there is still the residue of the law of the jungle."
所以歌词又接着谈论 So it goes on to talk about the perception of the people
告诉人们政府是什么样的 in terms of how the government is
在消除贫困方面 really doing at combating poverty.
稍微听一下 Listen to a bit of this piece. As you listen to it,
听得时候会发现它几乎 it really doesn't sound like anything that
不可能不是美国的流行乐声 couldn't be an American alternative pop kind of sound
所以在这个例子中 So, really in this case the only thing
真正来自印尼文化的只有歌词本身 that is truly from the Indonesian culture are the lyrics
和歌词背后的意思 and the meaning behind the lyrics,
其他任何东西都是很西方 everything else is pretty much western in this case
那我们讲了三个这样的例子 So you have three interesting examples of pop there
印尼风格 that are written in an Indonesian style
以一种或另一种方式受到影响 and influenced in one way or another.
我们再复习一下印尼这一单元 Solet's review a little bit about this unit on Indonesia
要知道的术语有首先是佳美兰 The terms to know; the, first of all what is a gamelan
调子和音阶 slendro和pelog The tuning and the scales; the slendro and the pelog
gending gending是什么 The gending, what is a gending?
听不清楚 [inaudible]
佳美兰的作曲 A composition for gamelan.
是 大声和轻声的演奏风格 Right. The loud and the soft playing styles.
大声和轻声的 And what would allow the loud
演奏风格用来做什么 and soft playing styles be used for?
听不清楚 [inaudible]
轻柔风格是为皮影戏伴奏 Soft would be used for shadow puppet.
是 大声的呢 Right? And the loud is used for?
类似婚礼的仪式 Ceremony like a wedding.
类似婚礼的仪式或其他 Ceremonies like weddings or things like that
同样也是在派对上演奏的 And in some cases it's played for parties
在那里人们不需要坐下听音乐 where they're not expected to sit and listen to the music
实际上这是规则 In fact that's the norm.
有一个曲子是关于 There's one composition that talked about
演奏者直到每个观众都离开才停下来 where they would not stop playing until everyone had left
所以是用来 Ok? So it was designed to
送人们出场的音乐 accompany people actually leaving the room
这有点意思 And so that's one of those interesting things
让我想起了 It reminded me a little bit of the story of
Joseph Haydn的送别交响乐 Joseph Haydn's farewell symphony.
有人知道这故事吗 Does anybody know that story?
Joseph Haydn是 Joseph Haydn was the;
你知道这个故事 you know the farewell symphony story?
听不清楚 [inaudible]
是 管弦乐队一个个离开 Right, the orchestra leaves one by one
后来只有 during the last movement until there's only
一个提琴手演奏曲子的最后一部分 one violin player at the very end that finishes the piece
为什么要写这样的曲子 And why was this piece written?
听不清楚 [inaudible]
是 Right, exactly.
听不清楚 [inaudible]
是他们需要休假 Exactly. They needed a break;
Haydn被Prince Esterhazy法庭雇佣 Haydn was hired by the court of Prince Esterhazy
为他们的派对作曲 to write music for their parties,
几乎每天每周他们都开派对 everyday basically or every week they would have a party
但是乐队成员本该休假了 And they were supposed to have gone on vacation
而Prince又举办了另一场派对 and the Prince scheduled another party instead
所以Haydn就写了这个送别交响曲 And so Haydn wrote this farewell symphony
暗示雇佣者 to give his employer the message that
他们本该休假 they were supposed to be on break.
他明白了他们的意思 And so he got the message
后来就都去休假了 and they all got to go on vacation after that.
就我知道的而言没人被开除 As far as I know, nobody got fired.
但是人们一个个离开 But the interesting cultural comparison of essentially
这种有趣的文化对比 having people leave one by one is here
在佳美兰管弦乐队中体现的是 with the gamelan orchestra where they won't stop playing
他们直到最后一个观众离场才会停下 until the whole audience has left.
这是一个有趣的文化概念 That's one of those interesting cultural concepts
我想对比一下 that I like to draw comparisons between.
关于巴厘岛和爪哇岛的不同 On the differences between Bali and Java,
你们都记得哪些 你说 what do you remember about that? Yes?
爪哇岛的节奏音乐更加僵硬 In Java the music is a little more stiff
更加死板 and rigid in their rhythm
巴厘岛的节奏很快 while Bali is very fast and stop and...
好 爪哇岛的节奏音乐更加僵硬死板 Ok. So in Java the music is more stiff and rigid;
另一种表达方式是它停留在同样的节奏 in other words it stays at the same consistent dynamic level
和同样速度上 and the same consistent tempo throughout
但是在巴黎岛音乐更加频繁的 whereas in Bali they tend to have more frequent
改变音调和速度 changes of both dynamic and also tempo.
还有什么 有什么是巴厘岛特有的 What else? What does Bali have that Java does not have?
听不清楚 [inaudible]
那是在苏门答腊 That's in Sumatra. That's,
竹子不是在巴厘岛 the bamboo's not in Bali.
打击效果 he beating effect.
打击效果是的 The beating effect. Yes.
这个在巴厘岛有而爪哇岛没有 The beating effect is in Bali and not in Java.
还有专门的术语描述那种很快的节奏 And also there's that term for the very fast playing style
听不清楚 [inaudible]
Kebyar是 巴厘岛中很快的节奏 Kebyar. Yeah, kebyar, that fast playing style of Bali.
一定要知道这些不同 So make sure you know those differences.
然后当然打击效果 And then of course the beating effect you,
我们刚才提到的 we just mentioned but it's good to have an idea of
最好知道这效果是怎么来的 how the beating effect is created.
巴厘岛的音乐有点极端 Bali tends to go from extremes like very loud
从很大声到轻声然后很快又变得很大声 to very soft, very quickly whereas Java tends to maintain
或者轻声然后一直保持下去 the same loud or soft level all the way through.
好问题 Good question. Good question.
关于这单元还有问题吗 Any other questions on this unit? Ok.
下一个作业是思考作业 The next assignment is another thinking assignment. Ok?
思考作业 Another thinking assignment.
我想让你们写一篇小论文 And what I'd like is another essay in which
拿出自己的本科生教育目录 you get out your undergraduate catalog
但是你们看到的是通识教育的目标 but what you'll find are the goals of general education
我们为什么要这样做 Why are we doing this?
我想让你们做的是把在这个课堂上 And what I'm asking you to do is to relate things
学到的东西和这些目标联系起来 you have learned in this class to those goals.
写5点 So, take those 5 points
我想让你们 and what I'd like you to do in this is actually just
列个单子12345 和每个目标联系起来 list, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, for each of these goals
不仅仅是个单子 and more than just a list, 1 through 5,
每点写一小段 I'd like you to write a short paragraph about each one
关于从这个课堂中学到的 in terms of the aspect of this course that
如何达成这些目标 you have found fulfills that goal. Ok?
这就是下一篇小论文 So that's the next essay.
有什么问题吗 Are there questions about that? Yes?
听不清楚 [inaudible]
是网上的 对那个目录 This is online. Yeah. Oh, a catalog.
在网上能找到本科生教育目录 Yeah, you can find the undergraduate catalog online
在大学网站的学术板块 if you go to academics on the university's website
找一找 Navigate through until you find it.
可以复制粘贴一下 Yeah. You should be able to cut and paste that if you need to
在印尼单元的结尾 Ok, let me finish up this unit on Indonesia
我要说这是我们的课程中 by saying that this is the last aspect of Asia
学习的最后一个亚洲音乐 that we will study during this course.
我们学了一些亚洲文化 And we've studied several Asian cultures here
我最初说的时候 and when I first talked about it I mentioned that
提到了是东方遇到了西方这样的话 it was an east meets west kind of thing.
我们也说了东方和西方 And we talked about some of the differences
的一些不同之处 between the east and the west.
我们也看了 And some of the, we've seen some of
双方之间的跨文化影响 the cross-cultural influences on one or the other;
东方对西方西方对东方等等 east influencing west, west influencing east.
我还想指出一点 One more of those that I'd like to point out
来结束我们这个单元以及 to sort of tie up this particular unit and our study
亚洲研究 那就是极简主义 of Asia in general is the process of minimalism.
所谓的极简主义开始于80年代左右 So-called minimalism which began in about the 1980s or so
虽然我认为根源其实在时间上更靠前 although I think the roots of it come a little sooner than that
极简主义最有名的一些作曲家 And some of the composers who are most famous for that
写一些西方艺术音乐的是Steven Reich are writing western art music are Steven Reich,
Terry Riley和Philip Glass Terry Riley and Philip Glass,
也许Glass是最有名的 probably Glass being the most famous or the three to,
在这三个中对于一些非音乐界的人来说 certainly to non-musicians.
作曲家们所做的是去东方 What these composers did was to go to the east
研究东方音乐然后带回西方 and study eastern music and then bring it back to the west
用他们在东方所学 and reshape western art music in the image of the things
来重新塑造西方的音乐 that they had learned in the east.
大概就是这个意思 And that's just a gross generalization.
叫它极简主义实际是个误称 It's actually a misnomer to call it minimalism
因为这个风格的作曲家 because the composers who write in this style actually
实际上指的是过程音乐 refer to it more as process music,
其中音乐经历一个变化的过程 where the music is undergoing a process of change
慢慢随时间变化 little by little over time.
我举几个形象的例子 Let me give you a couple of graphic examples.
Steve Reich有一首叫做钟摆音乐的歌 Steve Reich has a piece called pendulum music
四个麦克风挂在 in which four microphones are hung in front of
扩音器前面 两个粘在一起 individual loudspeakers attached to the microphone
如果你把麦克风挂在 so that when you hang a microphone
扩音器前面会怎么样 in front of a speaker, what happens?
反馈声音 You get feedback.
所以他故意创造这种反馈效果 And so he deliberately produces feedback
然后把四个麦克风挂在 and then he suspends each of the four microphones
天花板上 然后在扩音器钱来回的摇摆 from the ceiling and swings them back and forth
这样当麦克风到 in front of the speakers so that when it comes
扩音器前时就会有反馈声音 in front of the speakers you get the feedback howl
摆到最高处时 and then when it comes up on the top of the pendulum
又没有了 you don't hear it at all.
这样就能得到很有趣的效果 And you get these interesting kinds of effects
因为有四个来回不停的摆 because you have four of them going on.
这首歌一直持续到 And the piece lasts as long as
停止摇摆 it takes for the pendulums to stop.
大概有15分钟 That's usually about 15 minutes, it turns out. Ok?
所以你听了15分钟的反馈声音 So you listen to 15 minutes of feedback loops in sort of
很有趣的结合在这首歌中 interesting combinations and that's the piece. Ok?
另一个例子很简单 Another example of a piece is taking a very simple
钢琴上的五指模式 five finger pattern on the piano
然后两个人一直弹这个 and having two players play this pattern over and over
不停的弹 然后一个人慢下来 and over again and then slowly one of them slows down
和另一个人脱节 and goes out of phase with the other one.
慢的足够久然后又合在一起 And then slows down enough that it goes in phase
但是音符不再一样了 but the notes don't line up with each other anymore.
然后第二个人又开始慢慢加快 And then the second player slowly starts to
音乐脱节 speed up again, goes out of phase and eventually comes
最后又完全和在一起 back in total phase with the first player and the piece ends
曲子结束 大概花25分钟 This takes 25 minutes to do. Ok?
所以你得一直听一个调子听25分钟 So you're listening to that same pattern for 25 minutes
听不清楚 [inaudible]
Steve Reich把它佳作钢琴相位 是 It's called piano phase by Steve Reich. Yes.
听不清楚 [inaudible]
第一个叫做钟摆音乐 The first one was called pendulum music. Ok?
这两个音乐我都听过现场 I got to hear both of these performed live
在一次音乐会上听到的 on the same concert one time.
这两段音乐就是整场音乐会的内容 And that was the whole concert. Yes?
从你个人角度来看你认为这是音乐吗 In your personal opinion would you consider that music
普遍的痛苦 这是什么 Universal pain? What is that?
你认为这是音乐吗 Would you consider that music?
普遍 Universal...
从你个人角度来看 In your opinion.
这两段? Oh, these two pieces?
是 从你个人角度来看 Yeah, in your opinion.
是 设计的很人性化的声音 Yes. Humanly organized sound,
我认为是音乐 yeah, I think it's music.
我认为这是声音艺术 I see it as sound art.
是 我去了Philip Glass的音乐会 Right, right. But I went to a concert of the Philip Glass
那是1982年 音乐的节奏一直在重复 ensemble in about 1982 and it's very repetitive music
要花很长时间 it takes a long time for it to happen
因为这是个过程 because it's a process that's taking place
长期的过程 over a long period of time.
在这个过程中音乐慢慢的变化 The music is changing very, very slowly over that period
我去了他的Philip Glass音乐会 And I went to a concert of the Philip Glass ensemble
我所在的大学的艺术系主任 after which the Dean of Fine Arts at the university
他也去听了 where I was attending, who also attended that concert
第二天他的话被引用在学生报纸上 was quoted in the student newspaper the next day
说他认为这是 as saying he imagined this would be the music
一个完全的核武器大屠杀之后留下的音乐 that would be left after a total nuclear holocaust.
这是他的观点 他不太喜欢这个 That was his opinion. He wasn't too fond of it.
是东西方的碰撞 It's east meets west.
这是基于东方听众 It's taking the whole concept of the fact that
他们不介意坐下来一整夜 the eastern listener doesn't mind sitting
来听音乐的概念 and listening to music for all night.
我们听到的印度音乐会可以 The Indian concerts that we heard about
持续一整夜 你CD上那个Sara Seruha would go on all night. The Sara Seruha piece
可以持续23分钟 是吧 on your CD lasts 23 minutes. Right?
有多少人听完了 How many of you listened to the whole thing?
只有一部分 有人听了 Only a fraction. Right? Some of you did,
但是不是所有人都花时间听了 but not all of you took the time to listen to that whole thing
对 因为你们的注意力集中时间不一样 Right, because you're working on a different time span
那个皮影戏持续多久 The shadow puppet theater goes on how long?
8小时 8小时 所以我就一直说东方人 8 hours. 8 hours. So, the eastern frame of mind is
处理时间的方式 dealing with time in a different way then the west is
和西方人很不一样 as I've been saying all along.
在70年代末80年代初一些电影制作人 Now, in the early 80s and late 70s Philip Glass was approached
找上Philip Glass 让他为电影作曲 by some film makers to assist with soundtracks of films
最有名的一个电影叫做 And one of the most famous of these is called
Koyaanisqatsi 这是个霍皮印第安语 Koyaanisqatsi. Ok? Koyaanisqatsi is a Hopi Indian word
意思是生活失去平衡 meaning life out of balance.
有人看多这电影吗你看过 Anybody seen that film before? You have.
听不清楚 [inaudible]
是有三个 Yeah, there's three.
实际上是个三部系列电影 It's actually a trilogy, isn't it yeah.
听不清楚 [inaudible]
myspace上有一些人 Yeah. Ok. So, there's a myspace group
算是追随这些电影的狂热分子 and it's sort of a cult following of these films.
如果有机会了解他们 If you get a chance to check them out
看看他们 and would like to watch them sometime
现在估计得花钱买了 you may have to buy them nowadays,
我不清楚现在音像店还有没有 I'm not sure they check them out at the video store anymore
总之电影名是Koyaanisqatsi 意思是生活失去平衡 But Koyaanisqatsi is a film entitled life out of balance
是墙对墙音乐和视频图像 It's wall to wall music and video images.
没有对话 There is no dialogue. Ok?
生活失去平衡意思是 And life out of balance means basically that life
这个星球上的生活 人类所做的 on this planet is what the humans are doing is
已经失去了和自然相匹配的平衡 out of balance with what nature has actually intended
电影的第一部分是很平静的镜头 So the first part of the film you see some very serene shots
都是沙漠海洋和自然景观 of desserts and oceans and natural kinds of phenomenon.
然后慢慢的能看到人类对自然的影响 And then slowly you start to see human influence creeping in
电影最后你开始看到 And toward the end of the film you start to see
人类和社会如何 how humans and society have mechanized
在很大程度上把自己机械化 themselves to a large extent
希望你们有机会看这部电影的片段 So hopefully you got the chance to view the segment of
那个叫做 the film entitled Koyaanisqatsi and the particular segment
Grid的片段中能听到很多 called The Grid in which we see a great deal of
过程音乐 process music taking place
感受到社会的机械化这一观念 and the idea of the mechanization of society.
其中有很多有趣的镜头 A lot of interesting shots in there particularly the segue
尤其是在热狗从输送带上下来 between the hot dogs coming down the conveyor belt
和人们上电梯之间的音乐断断续续之间 and the humans going up the escalator
是个直接的对比 that is a direct contrast
然后还有生产线工人的被机械化 and then also the way that the mechanization of
在音乐响起时 the line workers happens in time to the music.
所有这些Philip Glass的音乐 All that music by the way played by the Philip Glass
合奏队使用原声的 ensemble was played live with acoustic
合声的乐器 and synthesized instruments and none of it
所有都不是电脑定序的 was sequenced by computers.
所以听着它如何被创造出来真的是很让人着迷 And so it's really fascinating when you listen to
另一个例子是 how it was created yet another example of
人类机械化 human mechanization I suppose that
我觉得电影在传递这种信息 the movie is trying to get across.
我们最后看了一下东方遇见西方 So we finished this unit on Asia in this course
并且评论了一下 by looking at east meeting west
Koyaanisqatsi中的社会机械化 and making a social commentary about
来结束课程的亚洲部分 the mechanization of society in Koyaanisqatsi.
虽然澳大利亚音乐严格来讲 Although it is not strictly part of the Indonesian culture
不是印尼音乐的一部分 that we are studying, the music of Australia is
但是在地区上和巴厘岛及爪哇岛很接近 very close regionally to the music of Bali and Java
所以就特别想让你们看一下 And so I could not resist showing you some footage of
我一个学生的视频 他学了如何吹didgeridoo a student that learned how to play the didgeridoo.
Brayden Elliot是这里的学生 Brayden Elliot was a student here at Missouri State
学了音乐239这门课 and actually took Music 239.
期末项目时学习didgeridoo And as his final project he learned to play the didgeridoo
他的展示做的很好 And it was such a fine presentation
我想让你们看一下 that I wanted to include it in this course.
欢迎 也希望你们喜欢Brayden Elliot的作品 Please welcome and enjoy the work of Brayden Elliot
我今天要讨论didgeridoo I'm going to talk about the didgeridoo today.
为听众着想 For your benefit I'm going to try to make it
我会做的有一点教育意义又有一点娱乐精神 a little bit educational and a little bit entertaining.
先看一下这个乐器的历史吧 Let's start with the history of the instrument.
didgeridoo是澳洲土著的 The didgeridoo is the traditional rhythm instrument of
传统乐器 the Aboriginal Australian culture
我觉得是和吼板以及拍板 I guess along with the bullroarer and clapsticks
或者boomarang一起敲 or the boomarang, hit it against anything,
这是我们发现的 that's really the only primitive music that we've really
澳洲土著最原始的音乐 found in Aboriginal Australian culture.
didgeridoo一般是由 The didgeridoo is typically made from a branch of
白蚁蛀空的树做成的 a tree hollowed out by termites.
大部分是桉树做的 It's usually a eucalyptus tree.
有时候是竹子 Sometimes you make them out of bamboo
竹子天生中空 which grows rather hollow naturally.
做didgeridoo的人经常砍下 A didgeridoo maker, they usually cut off the branch
树顶端的枝干 wherever it flares at the end of the tree.
顺便说一下这个不是传统的didgeridoo This is not a traditional didgeridoo, by the way.
所以尾部有点鼓 So it'll flare a little bit at the end,
一般来说didgeridoo上都有些线条好产生压力 it usually has a couple curves in it to give it back pressure
然后把边缘磨滑涂点蜂蜡 And then round off the edges and put some beeswax on it
做成合适的大小 so that you can make it the proper size,
形状和舒适的开口 shape and general comfort level of opening.
它吹起来像个低音的铜管乐器 It's played much like a low brass instrument.
吹didgeridoo就像吹大号一样 You can play a tuba just like a didgeridoo,
只不过它有更加金属的声音 it just has a little bit more in the metallic tone
因为它里面都一样 because it's a more uniform inside
是更坚固的同质的材料做成的 and a much sturdier uniform metallic material
比起这整个乐器来讲 that the entire instrument is made out of.
对于didgeridoo常见的误解是 One common misconception about the didgeridoo is that
它只是个嗡嗡响的乐器使人冥想 it's just a drone meditative instrument.
但是在澳大利亚 Now the way it was developed
它的发展和培养 and the way it was cultivated in the Australian practice is
是按很有韵律很有活力的乐器来的 a very rhythm oriented, a very lively instrument
我一会儿学一下 and I'd like to try to imitate that later today.
给你们展示所有这两个方式 I'm going to show you both styles.
didgeridoo在文化上的意义很重要 Culturally the didgeridoo is significant because now,
在今天21世纪的世界中 in today's world, 21st century,
我们认为didgeridoo是澳洲的文化符号 we think of the didgeridoo as a cultural symbol of Australia
尤其是在悉尼奥运会之后这么认为 especially after the Sydney Olympic Games.
但是如果你们看过Rabbit Proof Fence这个电影 But if you've ever seen the movie Rabbit Proof Fence
或者真正研究过澳洲土著文化 or really looked into Aboriginal culture you probably
你也许也会像我一样发现 have found in your research just like I did
土著人民在几百年来 that the Aborigines were suppressed nearly
一直遭受压迫甚至到了种族灭绝的程度 to the point of extinction for hundreds of years
他们的文化发展繁荣 Their culture grew and flourished and set itself up
使他们千年来屹立在澳洲 for thousands of years on Australia
但后来西方殖民者尤其是大英帝国 but then western colonists, especially from the British Empire
来到了澳洲 说我们技术先进 sailed in one day and said that we're technologically superior
我们接管澳洲 所以 and we're taking over. Therefore the Aborigines might
土著人最好灭绝 as well be extincted or extinguished
因为他们比我们低等 because their inferior to us
我们有所有权利拥有这片土地 and we have every right to this land.
所以要解决他们 So we're just going to get rid of them.
他们划出土著区域 They would fence off Aboriginal areas,
偷走土著人的孩子 they would steal Aboriginal children to
把他们放到学校灌输思想 put them in indoctrination schools.
这就是电影Rabbit Proof Fence的内容 That's really what the movie Rabbit Proof Fence is all about
这刚过去没几十年 So it was only in the past couple decades,
大概是六七十年代音乐文化家们发现 like maybe the 60s or 70s that ethnomusicologists discovered
didgeridoo作为传统乐器 the didgeridoo which was still played as
仍在演奏 尤其是在Arnhem Land a traditional instrument especially in Arnhem Land,
那是在澳洲中北部 which was north, yes north-central Australia.
是土著文化得以延续的地方 Andthat's where the Aboriginal culture had managedto hang on
即使他们几百年来一直受压迫 for the hundreds of years that they were being repressed
所以音乐文化家 So ethnomusicologists brought
把didgeridoo从澳洲带出来 the didgeridoo out of Australia.
现在被认为是世界级的乐器 It was accepted as a world kind of instrument now
部族聚会的时候会看到人们演奏它 You can find it at pretty much any tribal hippie gathering
一群人演奏新时代的冥想风格 A bunch of people playing in new-age meditative styles
认为didgeridoo有助于治疗和冥想 saying the didgeridoo's an aid for medication, or meditation
让你身心平静 It calms the body, it levels you out.
让你出神 It almost puts you in a trance state.
但是这就有点给 But that's almost kind of a bastardization
这乐器本身降格了 of the instrument itself.
它技术上是同样的乐器 It's the same instrument technically,
是个管子 你可以吹 it's a tube that you blow on one end
一些人会循环呼吸 and some people have learned to circular breathe with it
但是也不算发现了澳洲土著 But it really doesn't open up any of the potential of
吹didgeridoo的技巧潜能 the instrument that the Aborigines developed with it
我给你们稍微演示一下 I'm going to do a couple little brief, I guess,
展示一下他们可能使用的技巧的片段 clips of some techniques that they would use.
首先这是基本的低音 First of all there's the basic drone.
下一个吹基本低音时用上声带 Next there's your vocal cords used in conjunction with
这样就能通过吹这一个乐器 the basic drone so that you can create a harmonic
同时得到和谐 or a dissonant interval at the same time
或者不和谐的间歇声音 playing through the one instrument.
也可以得到像kookaburra的效果 You could create sound effects like the kookaburra
didgeridoo这个名字其实是Yidaki The name of the didgeridoo is actually Yidaki is
一个土著名字 one Aboriginal name.
音乐文化家们发现它之前 It wasn't called the didgeridoo
并不叫这个名字 until ethnomusicologists discovered it because
didgeridoo这个词的发音就是 the word didgeridoo was the sound most commonly made
吹didgeridoo经常发出的声音 whenever didgeridoo players got into their groove.
最后吹几种声音对比一下 Finally I'm going to give you kind of a contrast of styles
你会区分出来这两部分 First, and you'll be able to tell the two sections apart
我先吹一个特别慢的 first I'm going to play a really slow droning
新时代的冥想风格的片段 meditative new-age style piece or just session
然后是稍微快点的 And then I'm going to play a faster
土著人们的传统的风格 more up-tempo traditional Aboriginal style.
中间我会用这个回飞镖 And in the middle I'm going to set the tempo up
作为转折加快速度 with this boomerang here which was traditionally used
土著人把回飞镖当拍板使 by the Aborigines much like a clapstick.
一手拿一个 You would have a stick in each hand.
但是这次吹didgeridoo的人敲打didgeridoo But this time the didgeridoo player would hit the didgeridoo
奠定基调然后整个群体也是 set the tempo and then the group would go off that.
有时可以一直不停的吹 Sometimes they'd play for hours without stopping.
现在我们大致说了一下 Now that we've basically covered the playing of
如何吹didgeridoo the didgeridoo you probably noticed that
我可能注意到了我呼吸都不怎么明显 I really wasn't taking noticeable breaths as much,
尤其是低音的时候 especially on the drone part.
你估计也看到了 You probably saw me breathing in
我吸气的时候声音也没停 while the sound kept going.
这种技巧叫做循环呼吸 It's a technique called circular breathing.
这是现代的做法 你可以记得 Contemporary uses you might remember that
Kenny G吹一个音符时可以坚持4到5分钟 Kenny G could hold a note for something like 4 or 5 minutes
这是一种技巧 It's one use of that technique.
我不知道这是不是最好知道循环呼吸 I don't know if it's the best necessary use of circular breathing
但我想让大家也做点练习 But I want everybody to try a little exercise.
首先嘴里鼓满气 First of all fill your cheeks with air.
然后把这些气 And then what you're going to do is push out
用嘴巴呼出来 with your cheeks through your mouth
同时用鼻子 and at the same time you're going to breath in
吸进空气 through your nose into your lungs.
你不用有意识地这样做 You're going to, you won't think about this consciously
但是你的会厌 but your epiglottis is going to
会分开你的食道和气管 separate your esophagus and your trachea
这样空气就不会从鼻子中进入后 so that the air that's going in through your nose
直接通过支气管到达肺部 has a straight path down the bronchi into your lungs.
而是留在嘴里 And the air that's in your mouth
不管你合适鼓动脸颊 whenever you compress your cheeks
都不会进到肺里去 won't push back down into your lungs
因为不再和肺连接了 because it's not connected to your lungs anymore.
你可以问个学医的 You could probably ask a medical person
可以知道更专业的知识 for a little bit better explanation of that.
就是这样 But the one simple move looks like this.
所以在现实中循环呼吸 And so in practice the use of circular breathing is
就是在不打断口中呼出空气的同时 to refill your lungs without interrupting
使肺部再次充满空气 the airflow out of your mouth
这样好吹奏管乐器 so if you're playing a wind instrument
你可以接着从口中呼出气 you can continue to blow that stream of air out your mouth
巧妙的地方在于 And then the tricky part for me is reintroducing the air
之后重新使肺部充满空气 that you have in your lungs next after that.
所以循环呼吸是这样的 So, the continuous circular breathing would look like this
我希望这个能让你们学到点东西同时又很受到启发 And I hope that this has been educational and enlightening
也许我们可以 and inspiring and that maybe we've spawned
做一个didgeridude或者didgeridudette a didgeridude or a didgeridudette.