老师:欢迎回到音乐239课程 Prescott: Welcome back to MUS 239:
世界音乐介绍 Intro to World Music.
今天我们有特别的表演 Today we have a very special treat.
学生自愿表演 The students in this class have volunteered to
爪哇皮影戏 给大家一个示范 be part of a Javanese shadow puppet
你们要知道 theater demonstration. Now realizing that none
没有一个人之前做过这方面的事情 of them have ever done this before,
我们只是尽力模仿 we're just emulating what you can see
你们可以看到的视频中的 in the videos that you have access to
关于爪哇木偶戏的表演 about actual Javanese puppet theater.
真正的表演会 And realize that the actual event goes on
持续八小时 我们肯定没有那么多时间 for about 8 hours. We're not going to do that.
如果可以 我们的表演大约 We're going to do something that lasts more
为八分钟 like about 8 minutes if we're lucky.
就是想让大家了解整个过程 But the idea is to show how this whole thing works.
我们召集了四个锣手 So we have assembled four gong players
他们会演奏布巴兰 金布尔 巴卡尔风格 who are going to play in the style of
在你们的课本中可以看到这个名字 Bubbaran Kimbul Pakar that is in your text.
在这一部分的曲谱上 And you see that cipher in the section on
还可以看到密码文书似的符号 that particular composition in your book.
还有学生负责 And then we also have students
皮影戏的部分 who are going to do puppet theater
他们在幕布之后操作木偶 behind a screen and we have a light behind them
在灯光照射下 就会产生出 so that the shadows will create
真实事件的感觉 the effect of the actual event.
好的 那让我们开始吧 So, let's get started.
我们挪到这个位置 我们能看到 As we move over this way we see the characters
皮影戏里的角色 一会儿会给这些 in the puppet show. And you'll get to see
角色一个特色镜头 到时候你们就能看到 what they actually look like with a close-up
木偶长什么样了 大家都准备了 in a few minutes. But they are ready to go.
似乎一切就绪 现在我们看到 It looks like they're all set. And now we have
锣队在最左边 the gong ensemble over on the far left.
他们都准备好了 我们呢? And they are all set too. So are we ready?
好的 那我开始数 我们即将欣赏 I'm going to count this off and the actual music
一场爪哇皮影戏 1 2 3 4 开始 is going to accompany. Here we go, 1, 2, 3, 4.
(音乐) Music
老师:好 把屏幕升上去 Prescott: Alright, let's lift up the screen
让我们看看木偶到底是什么样的 and see what the puppets really look like.
哦 你们应该看到 就是这些木偶 There they are. Ok. And we have students
在幕布背后有同学控制着木偶 working the puppets back there.
当我们在讨论锣的时候 And while we're on the subject of gongs
我们提到了中国的京锣 the topic of the Chinese opera gong
为了搞清楚 came up yesterday in terms of whether it really is
锣和铜锣的区别 在这里 a gong or a tam-tam. And in this case
我们所接触到的算是一种混合体 what we're really dealing with is sort of
因为我们看到 乐器上有球形突起物 a hybrid between the two because there is a knob
与印尼锣相比 球形突起物的体积更大 on the instrument but it is much larger
但是效果并不显著 and much less pronounced then the ones
当你敲击这个乐器的时候 on the Indonesian gongs so that when you hit
会有一个调 this instrument there is a pitch
但是实际上会改变 and the pitch actually changes.
锣在振动 调子就会改变 The pitch actually changes as the gong continues
所以这既是一个锣 to vibrate. So it is technically a gong
也是一个铜锣 and a tam-tam, both rolled into one
算是二者的混合体 in an interesting kind of hybrid sort of way.
这是京锣 So that's the opera gong.
我们的锣手为皮影戏演奏的 Now, the music that our gong ensemble played
音乐在你们的课本中可以找到 for the puppeteers is actually in your book
这个密文谱 and it's the transcription that you have
如果你简略地看一看 in the cipher notation. And if you'll take a look
课本上的那一页 at that just briefly, that particular page in your text,
我想指出几点 I want to point out a couple of things about it.
这种特殊的标记方式 This particular style of notation is one
在印尼是很常见的 that is common to Indonesia.
他们的曲谱都使用这种标记方式 They use it there to notate their pieces
这样就可以演奏了 and to be able to play them.
所以这只是一种图 And so it's really just a graph,
像是图表 让你在 like a chart that allows you to play things
非西方传统的五线谱的情况下 without traditional lines and spaces
演奏乐曲 that we have in western notation.
这就叫做密文谱 It's called cipher notation
你们在这一章看到许多 and you'll see a lot of the music in this chapter
这样的谱子 is transcribed in that way;
有一些非常详尽 some of it in great, great detail.
最有趣的事情是 The most interesting thing about this is that
在每一小节第四拍的时候 on beat 4, first of all, of each pattern,
4 8 12 16 都比其他拍更强 4, 8, 12, 16, those particular beats are higher
所以锣声就需要更响 in significance then others. And so a louder,
在这种情况下 a louder gong, in this case
平锣在4 8 12 16拍的时候演奏 the kenong plays on 4, 8, 12, and 16. Ok?
平锣是体积最大的 Now that's the kenong is the largest
壶锣 但是在第十六拍的时候 of the kettle gongs. But then on the 16th beat
你看到一个G在图表上 of the pattern you see a G in your chart there
这就是锣 and that's where the gong,
最大的锣要演奏的地方 the largest gong is played.
第十六拍的时候 平锣 And the coincidence of on beat 16 of the kenong
和大锣都需要击打发声 这种巧合 and the gong together is very important
在演奏中是十分重要的 to this style of music.
这是一种情况 This is one of those situations
音乐反映了文化 where the music mirrors the culture
因为如果你看课本第293页 because if you look at the text on page 293
就是密文谱出现的那一页 where this particular cipher notation occurs
人们讨论说道 这种巧合对于 they talk about the fact that coincidences
文化来说是很有意义的 are of particular significance to this culture.
让我读一小段 Let me read just a bit from this page.
"尽管在西方 我们并不将爪哇文化中 "Although in the west we may dismiss events
一些同时发生的事件 as mere coincidence in Java
当做巧合来看 the simultaneous occurrence of several events,
那些日子 比如说 the alignments of the week and the days,
我们的黑色星期五就是很有意义的一天 like our Friday the 13th can be profoundly
所以人们也会决定 meaningful. It is not uncommon to determine
某一天适合结婚 或者适合迁居 a suitable day for a wedding or for moving a house
又或者 基于一周中 or based on the coincidence of a certain day
某一天的巧合 又或者是 in the 7 day week with a certain day
市场周五天中的一天" in the Javanese 5 day market week."
所以在此文化中 So there are very important significances
这些巧合 这些事件 这些日期 in this culture to coincidences of certain events
都是很有意义的 这就反映在 and days. And this is mirrored in the coincidence of
锣和小吊锣在第16拍同时敲击的巧合 the gong and the kempul on beat 16 of this pattern.
这个所做的就是给乐曲 What this does is to give it
一种非西方的重音感觉 a very non-western sense of accent
因为我们说到过 because as we demonstrated
当我们上节课 when we listened to the Bubbaran
听布巴兰的演示作品的时候 demonstration piece in our last session
从西方角度来讲 it's very difficult to conduct this music
这首曲子很难指挥 重音很难把握 in a western sense and not put one with the accent.
这些重音需要更大的 And the accent is going to be with the larger
发声更显著的乐器来演奏 and more pronounced instrument.
所以我们指挥的时候 So what happens is that we end up conducting it
拍子都不对 with the wrong beats in the wrong place.
你们一定要从文化方面回溯到音乐 You have to listen to it completely backwards from
才能真正欣赏并真正理解 our culture to really appreciate it and to understand
最强拍是第四拍 that the strongest beats are going to be on 4 and
特别是第十六拍 particularly on the 16th beat of the pattern
或者是第四小节的最后一拍 or the end of the 4th measure,
可以这么说 if you want to think of it that way.
再听听你们CD上音轨 Listen again to your track on your CD
也就是威斯康辛-麦迪逊大学的学生 that has the Bubbaran demonstration played by
演奏的布巴兰示范曲 the students at University of Wisconsin Madison
然后试着去用不同的角度听 and see if you can hear it
特别是在你学会第四拍重音这个原理之后 with different ears now with those accents on 4.
(音乐) Music
老师:现在锣加入了进来 Prescott: Now when the gongs start coming in
你会发现重音在哪里 12341 you'll find where the accents truly lie. 1, 2, 3, 4, 1,
234234 你们可以发现重音在4上 41 2, 3, 4... 2, 3, 4. You see the accent on 4? 4. 1.
这是第16拍 412341234 That was a 16. 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4.
所以当你在听那个演示曲的时候 So as you listen to that demonstration piece
一定要记住刚才讲的原则 put yourself in a position of assuming
重音原则 that whatever is accented,
就是有更多锣演奏的音符 the note that has more gongs playing,
往往是在第四拍或者 is always going to be either a 4 or possibly the 16th
那个组合的第十六拍 note of that particular 16 note pattern.
这就是皮影戏的时候 That's what we emulated when we did
我们尽量去模仿的地方 the puppet theater gongs over here.
从某些程度上看 确实挺像 And to some extent it worked.
尽管在登上爪哇舞台之前 Although we need a lot more practice
我们还需要更多练习 I think before we are ready for the stage in Java.
在你们CD上的曲子中 Now, the pieces that you have on your CD,
有两首就是 there are 2 of them that start out
以这种风格开始的 in this particular style.
第一首 布巴兰 京巴 巴卡尔 The first one, the Bubbaran Kimban Pakar
就是我们已经听过的那首 that we have already heard.
让我们再来听听这曲子 Let's go back and listen to it for just a moment
记得将刚才讲过的重音理论 with our new understanding of
应用到这里 这是 where that accent lies. This is an example
爪哇音乐的响亮风格的一个例子 of loud playing style in the music of Java.
(音乐) Music
老师:由于你们已经知道 Prescott: And now that you know more about
重音一般落在哪一拍上 你们现在应该能够 where the accents lie you can understand
理解为什么爪哇音乐听上去是这样的了 why it sounds the way it does
也能理解佳美兰音乐中 and the different interlocking instruments
不同乐器的作用了 making up the gamelan ensemble.
CD上的另一个例子是 The other example that you have at this point
爪哇音乐的缓和风格 on your CD is in the soft playing style from Java.
拉德郎 维拉德隆 And that is Ladrang Wiladrung. Ok?
在你们的课本中 曲谱是时控的 And that composition is timed for you in your text.
在303页你们可以看到 And you can see that on page 303.
CD中的只是曲谱的一部分 There is a timed listening of this composition.
当你们在家听CD的时候 And as you listen to your CD at home
我希望你们在听音乐的时候 I urge you to spend the time to listen to it
能够看看这个 这样你可以看到 while looking at this so that you can see
关于这首乐曲的描述 理解到底怎么回事 the description of what's going on in this music.
这首曲子是为皮影戏演出准备的 This is a composition that accompanies shadow
就像刚才我们做演奏的音乐一样 puppet theater like the music that we just did.
不同的是 当我们尽力模仿皮影戏时 In fact what we did when we emulated shadow
我们演奏的是响亮风格的音乐 puppetry, we played a piece in loud style
这种风格不会出现在那个文化中 which actually wouldn't be in that culture
不是真实情况下会出现的音乐 the music that actually accompanies it.
但是对于我们来说 将其放在一起很简单 But it was easier for us to put together.
这就是为什么我那样做 So that's why I did it that way. In fact,
事实上 缓和风格的乐曲就是 a soft playing style piece like the piece
跟CD上的音乐一样 that you have here, Ladrag Wiladrung
拉德郎 维拉德隆就是用来给皮影戏伴奏的 is going to be the one that accompanies
让我们来听一听 shadow puppetry. Let's listen to a bit of it
顺着我们之前听的继续 and follow along on the timed listening as we do.
(音乐) Music
老师:你们需要仔细地 Prescott: You would need to go through it
聆听这首曲子 with that level of detail
才能真正理解 to truly comprehend all of the different things
在曲谱中 that are really going on here
所有不同的事情 during this composition and look at it
我们并不会 with that timed listening. We're not going to take
将一共八分四十一秒的音乐都这样做 time to do all 8 minutes and 41 seconds of it here
但是如果你真的想要理解这首曲子 in class but it's the kind of thing that
这就是你自己 if you really want to gain an understanding of it
需要做的事情 you would need to do on your own.
好 所以现在我们 Ok. So we've seen so far then an example
已经欣赏了两种风格的爪哇音乐了 in Java of both the loud and the soft music.
让我们来说说 Let's talk a little bit about the construction of
佳美兰乐器的构造 a gamelan and particularly the construction of
特别是大吊锣 也就是最大的锣 the agengs, gongs themselves, the largest,
还有沙龙琴以及各种锣的构造 the sarons and the gongs. Does anybody know
有人知道怎么制作钟吗?有人知道人们是 how they make bells? How they used to make bells
怎么 在14世纪左右建造大钟塔还有带大钟 in the, say the 14th century or so for big bell towers,
的教堂的?一个钟是怎么被制成的呢? churches? How would a bell be made?
学生:(听不清) Student: [inaudible]
老师:人们没有把钟造在塔里 Prescott: They didn't make them up in the towers
因为钟是铜做的 because they're made of bronze.
所以更像是 So it's going to be, at some point
一种溶态金属 it's going to be a molten metal, right,
来制造这些乐器 that they're casting these instruments.
学生:(听不清) Student: [inaudible]
老师:是的 对那么在密苏里州立大学的 Prescott: Yeah, ok. The bells that we have
排钟上的钟是什么做出来的呢? in the carillon here at MSU, how are they made?
都是用铜 溶态金属铜 They were cast in bronze, molten bronze
放在一个模子里制造的 所以人们将 in a mold of some sort. So they have to pour
溶态金属铜倒进模子里 that molten bronze into a mold made of something
然后冷却 other than bronze and then ultimately let it cool
并且不能裂开 and hope that it doesn't crack. Right?
这样你就做好一个钟了 在欧洲 And then you have a bell. In Europe,
大约14世纪的时候 没有钨钢或者 in the 14th century they didn't have tungsten steel
钛金属或者其他强度 or titanium or any of those kinds of alloys
强于铜的合金 that are stronger than bronze
所以人们就在地上挖一个坑 and so they had to dig a pit in the ground
然后将一个一般是由木头做成的模具 and then put a mold inside it made of wood usually,
放在坑里 等溶态金属变干到一定程度 once it dried to a certain extent, to create the bell.
钟就做成了 也就是说 人们将挖出来的坑 Ok? So they basically dug a big hole to serve
当做是铸造中介 as the casting agent for the bell. Ok?
印尼的铜锣 The bronze gongs are made in Indonesia
也是以相似的方式制造出来的 in a similar kind of way
制造历史已经有一段时间 and have been for centuries.
制造者必须非常小心 They have to be very careful
这样才能避免在冷却过程中 that a crack doesn't occur as they are
出现开裂的情况 由于这个原因 in the cooling process. And so because of this
还由于乐器的 and because of the cultural
文化和宗教意义 and religious significance of these instruments
制造一个钟或者锣是一件 to the culture it was a very religiously oriented
具有宗教意义的事情 event to make a bell, to make a gong,
在这种文化中 制作锣的铁匠 I should say. And the metal workers who did it
往往能够受到大家的尊敬 are held in very high esteem in this culture
然而在我们的文化中 as a result whereas metal workers in our culture
铁匠并不会得到这样的礼遇 don't tend to be held in high religious esteem.
但是这是印尼文化 But they are in this culture.
如果你们看课本中 If you look at the description in your text
关于锣的构造的描述 你们会发现 of gong construction you'll see a little bit about
我所说的其中的宗教意义 what I mean by the religious significance.
课本说道:"锻造铜乐器不仅需要 It says "forging bronze instruments not only
高超的技艺还保持着一种神秘的 requires great skill but retains a mystical
意义"明白吗?"由于这个原因 significance." Ok? "For this reason
铁匠需要宗教仪式般的准备 the smiths make ritual preparation
并可能会在铸造过程中 and may actually assume mythical identities
承担了这种神秘的身份 during the forging process.
首席铸造师在宗教上转换为潘吉 The chief smith is ritually transformed into Panji,
爪哇文化中的一位强大的神秘英雄 a powerful Javanese mythical hero.
可能需要一个月的劳动加上一车的 May require a month of labor and a truck load of
煤来完成乐器的锻造"这是一项 coal for the forge." Quite a large,
相当浩大的工程 包含了许多过程 involved operation to make this happen
当然 铸造师需要非常小心 and again they have to be very careful
因为一次错误的击打就会 because a false hit as they are tuning the gong
导致锣上的裂痕 could cause a crack
这样一来 所有努力就白费了 锣就没用了 and render the whole thing useless.
所以在锣锻造完成之后 So then after the gong is forged
还需要有一个调音的过程 then it has to be tuned in just the proper
这时在铁匠以及其助手 kind of way. And there will be a lot of
之间会有很多分歧 disagreement among the smith
人们的分歧在于 and his assistants in terms of exactly
怎样调音才能使得这个锣 what tuning to arrive at for this gong to reach
获得那种神秘的宗教意义 the mystical significance that this gong
这种意义是锣在乐团中应该具有的 is supposed to have in its ensemble.
课本上对此深入讲了几点 Your text goes into some detail on that
很有趣 你们可以读读 and it's pretty interesting to read
这整个过程是多么复杂 how involved this whole process is.
人们认为这个过程会使得人 The process is believed to make people vulnerable
容易受到精神世界的危险力量的威胁 to dangerous forces in the spirit world
所以铁匠们做这些准备 and so the smiths do this preparation
为的是让自己免于危险力量的攻击 to keep themselves from being attacked essentially.
好 到此我们所听到的音乐 Now, the music that we have heard so far
都是响亮风格的音乐 is designed in the loud playing style to be used
被用于宴会 婚礼 这些地方 for ceremonies, weddings, those kinds of things.
而缓和风格的音乐则是用于 The soft playing style is used a lot largely
皮影戏 就是之前我们模仿的那一段 for the puppet theater, ok, that we emulated earlier
所以爪哇皮影戏是我们课程 today. And so the puppet theater is
接下去的重点 what we're going to focus on next
并且会相对深入一点了解 and look at it in a little bit more detail.
当你在阅读课本的时候 As you read through it in your text you find
你会发现爪哇皮影戏叫做 that the shadow puppet theater
Wayang Kulit 一般来说 which is called Wayang Kulit normally lasts
时长为八小时 而且没有幕间休息 about 8 hours without intermission.
大概从早上九点开始 It starts at about 9 o'clock in the evening
一直持续到傍晚 and continues on until dawn.
这里有许多该音乐的选段 There's several sections of this piece, of this music,
但是都是一直持续 but it goes on continuously
没有任何暂停 without any intermission.
人们在此期间可以进出走动 And people can come and go
但是皮影戏的操偶师和乐手必须留在那里 but the puppeteer and the musicians have to stay
并且要一直从早上 the whole time and be involved in this process
待到表演结束 from beginning to end of this performance.
操偶师操纵着所有木偶 The puppeteer operates all the puppets
用他自己的话来讲述一个 and then tells a story in his own words of
有名的故事 故事一般来自印度 some famous tale usually from one of
比如摩诃婆罗多 或者是 the Indian texts like the Mahavrata or
伟大的印度叙事诗之一的罗摩衍那 one of the other great Indian epics like the
这些就是故事的来源 Ramayana. That's where these stories come from.
你们课本中还有另外一个例子 And the example that you have in your text,
应该说是在CD中的例子 the example that you have in your CD I should say,
是八小时表演的 is just a small fragment of the 8 hour performance
一小部分 that is going to be happening.
这是这本书的作者 And this was an actual recording of
录制的一段录音 a performance that the author of the book made.
我们来听一小段 Let's listen to just a bit of it. And realize
我们课前的表演 as we do that this performance
时长只有三分钟长 only lasts about three minutes or so.
但是在皮影戏表演的时候 But that during the puppet show
当录制这段特殊的选段得到时候 when this particular excerpt was recorded
操偶师重复了十八次 the puppeteer called for it 18 times.
这只是在皮影戏表演的 And that was just during the particular segment
特别的一段 of the shadow puppet theater
从9点持续到凌晨1点30 that went from 9 o'clock until about 1:30
这个特别的选段 in the morning. Ok? This particular excerpt
演奏了十八次 was played 18 times during the show.
所以当你在听这段音乐的时候 So you get a sense of
你会对时长大概有个概念 the length of this as you begin to hear it.
(音乐) Music
老师:我会给你多点时间 Prescott: Ok. I'll let you spend more time
让你们自己去听剩下的部分 on your own listening to the rest of that music.
这被称为en slendro pathet nem This is described as en slendro pathet nem.
是什么意思? What does that mean? Slendro pathet nem,
是什么?有什么暗示或者含义吗? what is that, what's the implication? Anybody
有人知道吗?从你们书中找找答案 你说 know that, discover that from their reading? Yes?
学生:斯连德若不是一种音阶吗 Student: Isn't slendro one of the scales...
老师:是的 Prescott: Yes.
老师:斯连德若是两种音阶中的一种 Prescott: Slendro is one of the two scales.
好 这首曲子 Right. So, this piece is performed
用的斯连德若音阶 using the slendro scale.
这就是那个词的意思 很好 That's what that means. Good.
那么 pathet nem是什么意思 What does pathet nem mean?
在这一章中有一部分是讲 pathet的 There is a section of your chapter about pathet
书中不是很精确地翻译成 which is loosely translates as,
对于西方音乐家来说 to a western musician, as the key
就是演奏的调子 但是实际上 that you're playing in. But there's actually
这个词的意思比key更丰富 more to it than that. It's more complicated
更复杂 than that. And it's really
已经超越这门课的范畴了 beyond the scope of this course
很难去深究到底什么是 pathet to get too much into what a pathet is.
不过当你们阅读课本的时候 But as you read through it in the text
你会感觉到 you can get a sense of the fact
这个词和曲子演奏的 that it involves the pitch level at
音高水平有关 which the piece is played
但是也和某些方面有关 but then also certain aspects
比如说重音模式 involving the accent patterns.
还有其他方面能够说明 pathet There are other aspects about the pathet
对于我们来说并不仅仅是一个音高转变 that make it more than just a key change to us.
不过这个独特的 pathet 被称为 nem But this particular pathet is called nem.
所以 这就是为什么当曲谱上标记着 And so that's why having this composition labeled
slendro pathet nem就是告诉音乐家 as slendro pathet nem tells the musician exactly
用哪一音阶哪一个调 what scale to use and exactly essentially
来演奏 what key they're playing in.
这就那个词告诉我们的信息 So that's what that information gets across.
不要担心考试的时候会考你 Don't worry about knowing information
Pathet这个词的意思 on pathet for the test; it's not something
这个并不属于本课的范围 that is within the scope of this course.
当你看过 And as you go through this,
课本中的这个章节后 your book here, this chapter, you'll find
你会发现很多曲谱被改成密文谱 a great deal of cipher transcription of some of
其中有一些 these pieces. Some of them, much more detailed
会比你想象的还要具体 than you could possibly imagine.
如果你在未来对佳美兰音乐产生兴趣 This is a great opportunity for you
那么这些谱子就是 to have a resource here in case
很好的研究资料 you get interested in gamelan music in the future.
我不会要求你们抄写任何 I won't be asking you to transcribe any gamelan
任何音乐的密文谱 所以这也 music using cipher notation so it's not something
不在考试范围内 that you need to know for the test
你们不必知道得那么详细 in terms of this level of detail
不过这就是在告诉你 but it's just there to show you how complicated
这种演奏了好几个世界的音乐 and how developed this music really
是多么复杂 多么成熟 is having been played for many centuries like this.
所以 对pathet要有意识 So be aware of the pathet,
对密文谱也要更敏感一些 be aware of the cipher notation of these pieces.
我认为需要理解的最重要的事情是 And I think the most important thing to understand
音符上的巧合 is the fact that the coincidence of notes
是最重要的方面之一 is one of the most important aspects
这个事实 of what's going on. The fact that those
也就某些锣在第16拍 coincidences of certain gongs happening on beat 16
或者说在四音符模式中的第四拍敲击重音的 and on the 4th beat of the 4 note patterns
巧合 对于理解爪哇音乐是十分重要的 is extremely important here.
你们CD上的曲子事实上有 There are actually two versions of this piece
两个版本 一个版本是 on your CD. You have a version that was played for
为皮影戏演奏的 one particular puppet theater show
还有另外一个版本 and then there's another version
是在几天之后演奏的 that was played several days later.
但是二者听起来有点不一样 And they actually sound quite a bit different
就是你们CD上的音轨5和6 from each other. That's tracks 5 and 6 on your CD.
就是为了让你们明白 And that's just there to show you
同一曲子在不同场合 that the same piece is not going to sound
听上去是不一样的 the same way on two different occasions.
一场演出和另一场会有变化 That quite a bit of variation can occur from
你们需要记住这一点 one performance to another. So be aware of that.
下一次考试就是关于这一单元 When we come to the next test on this particular
我会缩小一点范围 unit I will be limiting the actual possibilities
这样在测试的听音环节 so there will be only a few of these
你们需要知道的东西 that you'll be responsible for knowing
就比较少了 for the listening section of the test.
你们不必知道这个曲子的两种版本 And you won't have to know both versions of this.
我会缩小范围并 I'll limit that and cut
为你们削减一些内容 that back just a little bit for you.
你们书本中指出的一件事 One of the things that your book points out
很有趣 就是人种音乐学家之间 that's pretty interesting is that there are differing
有着分歧 他们争论这种音乐 opinions from ethnomusicologists on whether
到底是衬腔式复调音乐还是复调音乐 this music is heterophonic or polyphonic.
有人说 这是衬腔式复调音乐 Some people say, well it's heterophonic
因为人们演奏的都是 because they're all essentially playing
同一支曲子 但是 the same thing but they're playing it
在不同时间演奏不同版本 at different times and different versions.
其他人说 But others say that the extent to
乐手演奏不同乐器 which they are playing different things
就能看做是复调音乐 really qualifies more as polyphony
而不是衬腔式复调音乐 rather than heterophony. And so there's quite
所以人种音乐学家之间进行多次辩论 a bit of debate going back and forth
争论到底什么组成了这个音乐的本质 between what texture this really constitutes.
我们之前讨论过 Now, we talked before about the fact
在之前的一张地图上 that on the map that you saw previously,
爪哇和巴厘看上去 Java and Bali looked like they were
似乎是一样的 但是如果你们 pretty much the same. But if you look at
看下一张地图 你们会发现 the next map that I have you'll find
巴厘和爪哇是分开的 that Bali is actually separated from Java
中间有一道海峡 by a small strait of water.
如果你们看巴厘的放大图 And if you see the enlarged version of Bali there
会看见实际上并不是相连的 you can see that it is not actually connected.
所以 因为岛屿的分离 And so what happens is that the music of Bali
巴厘的音乐 is quite a bit different and yet clearly related
和爪哇的音乐相关但是又有点不同 because of this division of the islands.
巴厘岛可是一个极其美丽的地方 It's a place of spectacular beauty.
很多人都选择巴厘岛作为度假地点 A lot of people like to go to Bali on vacation.
我的一些朋友就去过那里 Some friends of mine went there one time.
去那花的时间还挺长 It takes a long time to get there.
离夏威夷是8小时的路程吧 I think it's about 8 hours from Hawaii. Ok?
当你到了夏威夷 还需要 Once you get to Hawaii then you keep going
再花八小时才能到巴厘岛 for another 8 hours and you eventually get there.
路途真是遥远呐 但是景色确实美丽 It's quite a long way. But spectacular beauty.
跟爪哇有点相似的是 And sort of like Java a great deal of blend of
巴厘岛上有印度教和古代的 religion with the Hindu and also the older island
祖先崇拜 宗教比较复杂 worship of ancestors happens quite a bit here.
而在音乐上的区别 The difference in the music is really
是一项很有趣的研究 an interesting study though.
因为我们研究的仍然是佳美兰音乐 Because while we still have gamelan,
不过在巴厘 人们会写成"Gambelan" although sometimes they spell it gambelan there,
在接下去的课上 there's a very interesting thing that goes on
我们会研究在巴厘音乐中 with their gong tuning that we're going to be
锣的定音问题 studying in this class. And that has to do with
这个和差拍现象产生的一种闪烁的效果有关 a shimmering effect that is produced by beating.
我们之前讨论过波斯尼亚的音乐 And we talked about that when we studied
我们讲过差拍现象 Bosnian music, we talked about the beating effect,
以及这种效果是怎么产生的 right, and how it was produced.
在这里效果更显著 Well, here it's going to be even more pronounced.
事实上 在波斯尼亚音乐中敲击并不多 In fact in Bosnian music we really didn't get beats
因为音程太过靠近 所以敲击无法实现 because the intervals were not quite close enough
但是在巴厘音乐中 to make that happen. But in Bali when they forge
当他们锻造锣的时候 the gongs they make them close enough
锣在音调上很接近 所以 to each other in pitch so that
当乐手们在同一时间演奏时 when they're played together at the same time
这些击打会自动产生 those beats will actually automatically occur
然后会产生一种闪烁的效果 and it will create a shimmering kind of effect.
再回头来看看这张图表 Looking back at that graph that I created
图上展示了差拍现象是怎么产生的 that showed how the beating effect is created.
我希望每个人都能明白 I want to make sure everybody understands
频率指的是在一秒的时间内 that frequency implies how frequently the crests
波峰波谷出现的频繁程度 and the troughs occur within the space of a second.
幻灯上的图表显示 So the chart that you have on your powerpoint,
这被占据的整个空间 the entire space taken up there represents
代表的一秒的间隙 然后波峰和波谷 one second in time. And then the crests and
代表的是在那段时间间隙内的 the troughs represent the frequency of
波动的频率 the wave form within that time.
这是一秒八个周期 这是七个周期一秒 So 8 cycles per second, 7 cycles per second;
图表显示了不同的频率 those two different frequencies are represented here
频率的不同 and then the difference between them
是由于波峰波谷的数量 because of the sum and difference of the crests
以及区别造成的 and the troughs creates the beating effect
这些差拍现象我们曾经碰到过 that we have experienced in the instruments
在课上我们听过的一些乐器就有差拍现象 that we listened to in class.
现在我希望你们做的是 Now what I want you to do is to listen to
听听CD上来自巴厘的第一支曲子 the first piece on your CD from Bali
听听开头发生了什么 and listen to what happens at the very beginning
锣什么时候演奏 不过在这支曲子里 when the gongs play, actually they're not gongs
这些并不是锣 只是金属打击乐器 in this case they're the metal slab instruments
随着打击乐器的振动 你会听到 that play and then you hear that beating effect
我们所说的差拍现象 这就是为什么 happening as they sustain. That's the reason that
乐器持续振动因为需要创造 they're sustaining because they want you to hear
那种差拍现象 让我们来听 that beating effect that goes on. Let's listen to just
一小段:克萨莉亚 阿雷尼 a little bit of this piece: Cosalia Areeni.
(音乐) Music
老师:这就是差拍现象 Prescott: That's the beating effect.
这就是如何达到这种效果的方法 And that's how they're getting it.
乐手们有这两种音乐 They have those two instruments
二者调子很相近 that are tuned so close to each other
这样就会产生差拍现象 that they're producing that physical effect of
你也可以将其认为是闪烁的现象 beating. You could think of it as a shimmering
这就是巴厘音乐和 as well. Ok? So, that's one of the major differences
爪哇音乐最主要的区别 爪哇人对 between Bali and Javanese music. The Javanese are
那种声音不敢兴趣 不过巴厘人喜欢 not interested in that sound but the Balinese are.
所以当你们在听这两种音乐时候 So make sure to make that distinction
记得要分辨得出两种音乐 as you listen to these two styles.
对于我来说 关于巴厘音乐最有趣的事 The most interesting thing to me, I think,
我认为是 在这个文化中 about Balinese music is that in this culture
几乎所有人都是搞艺术的 almost everyone is involved in the arts in some way
不管是作为音乐家 还是画家 或者是工匠 as either a musician or a painter or a craftsperson
或者是木偶戏的操偶师 or somebody that is involved in puppetry,
整个岛的人几乎都和艺术有关 the entire population of the island is involved
所以可能有人在白天 in the arts. And so somebody might be
是一个街头小贩 a street vendor during the day
但在晚上 就摇身一变成为木偶大师 but at night they're a puppet master.
或者白天在农田耕种 Or they might work on a farm,
是一个农民 they might be a farmer during the day
但是在晚上就成为了佳美兰乐队的一员了 but at night they play in a gamelan ensemble.
这种和艺术的联系实在是令人惊讶 There is an amazing cultural connection
这会是一个很有趣研究 to the arts there that makes this a fascinating study.
在课最开始的时候 I spoke earlier in this course
我说到过门诺派教会 about the Mennonite congregation here
这个教会在欧扎克 我曾经造访过 in the Ozarks that I visited one time
并且发现了教会中的 and discovered that everybody
所有人都会视唱 in their congregation could sight sing
因为他们在学校中学习阅读 because they had grown up in their school learning
形状音符 所以每个人都知道 to read shape notes and so everybody knew
怎么做 在这个情况下 这种文化 how to do it. In this case there was a culture
就已经根植在每个人心里了 每个人 in which everybody was involved in singing
都在教堂唱歌 因为没有乐器 in their church and there were no instruments at all
所以每个人都需要靠自己的耳朵 and so they had to rely on their ears to be able to
才能找到调 在巴厘文化中 make it work. In the Balinese culture there is
因为每个人都算是搞艺术的 a comparison to be made here
就有了一个对比 because everybody does the arts.
这只是我的想法 My own, this is my own personal soapbox, ok,
我要说这只是我的看法而已 so my disclaimer is this is my opinion only.
不过我还是要说 我们的文化 But in my opinion our culture is one
正在变成一种艺术消费者文化 that is becoming a consumer culture of
而不是艺术的创造者文化 the arts rather than a producer culture of the arts.
我们体验艺术的渠道是通过iPod So many of us experience the arts through an iPod
而不是通过亲身参与音乐演奏 或者 and not through actual participation in music or in
戏剧表演 或者其他艺术形式 这很不幸 art or in drama and I think it's an unfortunate thing.
我希望我们能够改变这种趋势 I wish we could reverse that trend
然后让更多的人参与到 in our own culture and have more people
艺术的创造中去 不管用什么形式或方式 be involved in the arts, doing art in some way
然后简单地只是去看电视 rather than simply experiencing it by watching it on
或者用iPod听音乐而已 TV or listening to it on an iPod.
这是我自己的观点 That's my own personal soapbox.
不过这跟巴厘文化 But it does tie into this Balinese culture
也有关系 很有趣的关系 in an interesting way.
再听听克萨莉亚 阿雷尼 Listen to a little bit more of Cosalia Areeni
因为这段音乐还有另外一个特点 because there's another feature here
你们的课本上叫做克比亚 that your book talks about called kebyar,
k-e-b-y-a-r 我希望你们对此要有所熟悉 k-e-b-y-a-r, that I want you to be familiar with.
克比亚翻译过来就是闪光或者闪耀 The translation is flash or dazzle, kebyar.
(音乐) Music
老师:现在你们来比较一下 Prescott: Now as you compare and contrast
这段音乐和我们听过的爪哇音乐 this music with the music we heard from Java,
你们还能发现其他不同点吗? what other kinds of things could you point out?
我们之前讲到了闪烁效果 We've got the shimmering, right,
和差拍效应 还有什么? with the beating effect. What else?
学生:音乐总是停止又开始 Student: It stops and starts.
老师:是的 很频繁 Prescott: It stops and starts a lot more, yeah.
爪哇音乐更加连贯 The Javanese music tends to be more continuous.
但是这个音乐就断断续续 And this music stops and starts a lot more. Right.
这就是克比亚的感觉 There's also this feeling of kebyar
闪烁的 一亮一暗 一停一起的感觉 which means flash or dazzle.
到了有些地方 There are places that when they play
会演奏地非常快 来使得观众产生炫目之感 they play very fast, to dazzle their audience.
然后音乐停止 And then they stop and listen to
让观众听锣或者金属打击乐器 the shimmering effect of the beating
敲击后的闪烁效果 of the gongs or the slab instruments.
然后速度又变快 And then they play fast again.
再停止 这种停止与开始 And then they stop. This stopping
和这种速度非常快的演奏方式 and starting and this very fast dazzling playing
就叫做克比亚 called kebyar is completely different
和我们在爪哇音乐中听到的完全不同 then what we hear in Java.
关于这个音乐 还有一件事 The other thing about it is
就是在一支曲子中 that there are significant changes in dynamics
会有动态的比较大的变化 that happen within the same piece.
这是加重或者柔化的改变 There will be loud and soft changes
这都发生在一支曲子中 that are happening within the same piece of music
这个特点在爪哇音乐中是听不到的 that you don't hear in Javanese music.
在爪哇音乐中有响亮的 Now in Java they will have a soft playing style
和缓和的演奏风格 and a loud playing style
但是每支曲子用的只是一种风格 but it will typically be one or the other.
不会混合起来使用 It won't be both mixed in so quickly
所以我觉得 within the same piece. So I think it's fair to say
说爪哇音乐和巴厘音乐的区别 that the differences between Javanese
就是爪哇音乐 and Balinese music is that Java has
保持一致的动态水平 more consistent dynamic levels
以及一致的节拍速度 and more consistent tempos or tempi,
也就是音乐速度的快慢保持一致 how fast or how slow the music is going.
巴厘音乐在动态和拍子改变上比较大 Bali tends to have fast dynamic and tempo changes,
这就是克比亚风格 featuring the kebyar style
还有差拍效应 and also the beating effect.
大家都明白了吗 Ok? Does everybody get that?
我们刚才说的二者之间区别都清楚了吧? Those differences between Bali and Java?
CD上也有一些来自苏门答腊岛的音乐 Your CD also has some music from Sumatra.
不过这个不在考试范围内 You're not going to be responsible for
不过有一件事要知道 that on the test but the one thing
我要指出的是 I would like to point out about it
在苏门答腊岛这个音乐中 that's kind of interesting is
有一件事很有趣 that in this example from Sumatra
人们用一种用竹子做的很有趣的乐器 they emulate the gongs by the use
来模仿锣 of a very interesting instrument made of bamboo.
而且听起来也很像锣的声音 And it actually sounds very much like a gong,
叫做竹筒琴 a bamboo tube zither. And you can read about
在课本中可以读到 我现在希望你们做的是 that in your text. What I want you to do is
去听听CD上的苏门答腊岛 to listen just to the very beginning
和巴塔克音乐 of this track involving the music from Sumatra,
只需要听开头的一部分 the traditional Batak music
因为音乐中有和巴厘音乐中 because it has the same beating effect
金属打击乐器的差拍效应一样的效果 that we heard in the slab instruments in Bali.
有两个竹筒琴 So they've got two bamboo tube zithers
不过调子定得稍有不同 that are tuned just slightly apart to create
这样来创造一种差拍效应 that same beating effect here with this instrument.
(音乐) Music
老师:这种乐器的使用让我很感兴趣 Prescott: And that really fascinates me the use of
这种竹制的乐器 an instrument made out of bamboo
模仿得很像 听起来很像锣 that is essentially emulating and sounding
并且制造是时间 very much like a gong. And yet probably took
也比较短 a fraction of the amount of time to create.
从制作乐器的角度来看 I mean working with bamboo is a whole
用竹子作为制作材料 lot different then working with bronze
和铜相比是很不同的 in terms of constructing an instrument.
所以从 So it's a fascinating study
乐器的制作 in terms of how they have taken
以及乐器的使用方面来看 that instrument and completely dealt with it
这个研究真很有趣 in a different kind of way.
接下去 我们将看一个短的视频 We're going to finish this segment about Bali
关于巴厘佳美音乐 and Java by watching a short video
来结束我们关于巴厘和爪哇音乐的部分 having to do with Balinese gamelan music.
这个视频也展示了 This segment also shows
巴厘传统舞蹈 the traditional Balinese dance.
你们能在音乐图书馆 And you'll find this on the same collection
找到一样的合集 in the music library, the JBC Video
世界音乐与舞蹈合集 第九卷 东南亚地区 Anthology of World Music and Dance, Volume 9,
在合集的前两段就有 Southeast Asia. You'll find it on the first
你们可以按这个查找 two segments of that if you want to check that out.
视频很好看 It is a fascinating look because you'll see
因为你不仅可以看到所有锣和板式乐器 in this video not only the, all of the gongs
还能够看到在乐队中央的鼓手 and slab instruments you'll also see the drummer
之前说过 鼓手就是指挥 in the middle who is controlling
控制着节拍与速度 the tempo of everything
然后还有苏玲笛 and then a bit of the suling instrument,
也就是之前我们讲过的一种笛子 the flute that we experimented with in our class.
所以 我希望大家去看看 So, you get to see a bit of this in performance
看看巴厘音乐中的乐队设置 in a Balinese setting. And we'll close
我们就以这个视频来结束今天的课吧 today's segment with that video.
谢谢你们 下次再见 Thank you. See you next time.