Prescott: 欢迎大家回到音乐239 Prescott: Welcome back to Music 239;
世界音乐入门 特别是非洲音乐 Intro to World Music and specifically music of Africa.
我们今天的这节课上 We're going to try to finish up this unit on Africa
将要结束非洲单元 之后 during this session today and then
我们也会讲讲考试的事 we'll also talk a little bit about the test.
我们上一节课讲到了 We finished in our last session with
达格巴班鼓手和伦斯鼓手 the Dagbamba drummers and the Lunsi drummers.
所以 我们今天要接着讲 So we're ready to continue at this time
安比拉琴音乐 好的 安比拉琴 with the music of the mbira. Ok? The mbira
是非洲最著名的乐器之一 is one of the most famous African instruments.
它也被称为拇指琴 It is also known as a thumb piano.
你真的是用拇指弹的 And you literally play it with your thumbs;
所以它才叫做是拇指琴 that's why they call it a thumb piano.
虽然它实际上是安比拉琴 The actual name for it though is mbira.
你们应该要注意到 And you should notice that
这个乐器上 on this particular instrument
有一小纸片 I've got a piece of paper that is sort of woven
在这各个金属爪镶之间 between the different prongs of the metal here.
当你把那个与弹奏另一边合起来 And what it does when you compare that
它就发出哒哒声 to playing the other side, it creates a rattle.
你们听过纸片的哒哒声吗? You hear the rattle of the paper?
它只是轻微地改变了声音 It changes the sound just a little bit
发掘出声音的另一面 and creates another aspect to the sound.
这种声音却是非洲文化赖以兴盛的奥秘 African cultures really thrive on that rattling sound.
他们真的很喜欢它 They really like it.
许多有弹拨音符或者金属片的乐器 With many instruments that have a plucked note
它们会发出这种哒哒的音效 or a piece of metal they will create a rattling effect
有的是用瓶盖 有的用海贝壳 或者 either with bottle caps or with sea shells or in this case
这种情况 我就只用了片纸片 I've simply created it with a piece of paper
发出了这声音 to create that particular rattle
非洲文化很喜欢这种声音 that African cultures really like.
现在 正因为这个原因 Now for that reason the mbira
安比拉琴被认为是一种混合乐器 could be considered to be a hybrid instrument.
为什么呢? 安比拉琴属于哪一类? Why is that? In which category would the mbira fall?
好的 你怎么想的? Yes sir, what do you think?
学生: 它是属于体鸣乐器 Student: Would it fall between idiophone
和膜鸣乐器之间的一种吗? and membranophone?
Prescott: 没错 它是典型的 Prescott: Right. It would fall typically
体鸣乐器 in the idiophone category
因为它有一种振动 because we have a vibration of something going on
而且不是弦的振动 是吧 that's not a string. Right?
那就是体鸣乐器的定义 And that's the definition of idiophone.
但是因为我在这儿放了纸片 But because I've put a piece of paper in here
我演奏的时候纸片发出哒哒的声音 that's rattling when I play the instrument
它就能算作是一个混合体 it could qualify as a hybrid
体鸣乐器和膜鸣乐器的结合 between idiophone and membranophone.
在你们做的网上测试里 Now in the online quiz that you take,
如果有这种二分法带来的问题 if there are issues created by this dichotomy
在考试结束后请跟我联系 但是 please see me about it after the quiz is over. But
要记住这种特别的结合效果 好吗? be aware of this particular kind of combination effect.
因为那个或许会是 Ok? Because that will,
考察的重点之一 may be an important element of the test.
所以大家要注意 So be aware of that.
这个特别的安比拉琴不是非洲的 This particular mbira is not African. Ok?
它是用一个工具箱做成的 It's been created from a kit and was done
是为了某个人的音乐教育项目所做的 for somebody's music education project.
所以它们被涂上了亮色 So they've got it brightly colored
到处是基本色 with primary colors all around.
我猜绿色不是基本色 是吗? Well I guess green isn't a primary color, is it?
它们有很多漂亮的颜色 应有尽有 But they've got lots of nice colors and everything.
而这个只是用一个工具箱做成的 And this one has been created from a kit
你们可以在网上拿到 which you can get online
这样做起安比拉琴花费也不高 and make mbiras pretty inexpensively.
通常 Now the thing that will often happen
当你听见这个乐器的演奏时 when you hear this instrument played
它是在一个葫芦共鸣器里面发出声音的 is that it will be played inside a gourd resonator.
我今天带来了水鼓里头的葫芦 And I've brought the gourd from the water drum
来给大家演示 to demonstrate that for you today.
因为乐器的声音 Because the sound of the instrument
非常柔和 当你听见它这样弹奏的时候 was fairly subdued as you heard it played like this.
但是如果你把它放到葫芦里 But if you put it inside the gourd,
葫芦就变成了一个共鸣器 the gourd serves as a resonator
你听到更多的声音 and you get a lot more sound out of it.
真的会聚集声音 Really focuses the sound
成为乐器的一个共鸣器 and serves as a resonator for the instrument.
所以你们经常能看见那个东西 And so a lot of times you see that.
它是 "deze" d-e-z-e It's called a deze, d-e-z-e. Ok?
而葫芦共鸣器是一个 And the gourd resonator is a very,
非常非常常见的配备 very common accoutrement to this instrument
在非洲文化里的乐器里很常见 that you see played in the African cultures.
我把这个传下去 大家都试试 I'll pass this around so you all can give it a try.
每个人都有机会弹奏它 Everybody get a chance to play.
两边都试一下 你们才能感受到 Play it on both sides so you get a sense of what the,
弹奏这个乐器需要什么 what it would take to play this instrument.
也能感受到这种哒哒的效果是什么样的 And then also what the rattling effect is going to be.
所以 我们在这堂课上 So we may hear mbira music being played constantly
总能听见安比拉琴音乐 没有关系 during the discussion today and that's ok.
这对本节课来说 是个很好的音景 是吧 It's a nice soundscape for the lecture. Ok?
所以 在我们的选集里头 So, the music that we have in our anthology
安比拉琴的音乐 叫做nhemamusasa for the mbira is called nhemamusasa.
有人知道是什么意思吗 不查资料的话? Does anybody know what that means, off hand?
"砍树枝来搭棚子" nhemamusasa "Cutting branches for shelter"; nhemamusasa.
在考试的时候 你们可以用非洲语言的 And on the test you are free to use the African title
歌名 也可以写歌名的翻译 of these songs or the translation of the song.
如果你写 如果考试的时候放了这首歌 If you put down, if this piece were played on the test
你写下"砍树枝来搭棚子" and you put down "cutting branches for shelter"
你可以拿到全分 you'd get full credit.
所以 写歌名的译文也是可以得分的 So I'm getting credit for translations as well;
两种都可以 either way.
你们的课本谈到了 And your text talks a little bit about
那起源于何方的问题 where that might have come from.
实际上 这首歌 可以与战争联系起来 In fact this song may well have been
就像我们从其它文化中 associated with war just like some of the other songs
听到的其它歌曲一样 that we've heard from other cultures.
我会让你们看完书上的那部分 And I'll let you read through that on the text.
学生: 我有一个问题 Student: I have a question about that.
Prescott: 说吧 Prescott: Yes.
学生: 关于安比拉琴 Student: About the mbira.
Prescott: 请讲 Prescott: Yes.
学生: 他们不是 看起来貌似 Student: They're not, it looks like
你击打的那个小东西 是任意摆放的 the little things you strike were put in a random order.
对吗? Is that right?
Prescott: 对这一种乐器来说 我想是的 Prescott: In this particular instrument I think it's right.
好吧 Ok?
学生: 哦 那通常不是这样的? Student: Oh, so that's not usually the case?
Prescott: 通常不是这样的 Prescott: Not usually the case.
它们这样摆放是因为 There are actually put in such a way that
它们能被调成某个音调 they can be tuned to specific pitches.
现在 它们可能不是西方熟悉的音调 Now they may not be western oriented pitches,
大多数情况下 it's in most cases
安比拉琴是非西方调音的例子 an mbira is an example of fairly non-western tuning
而且 这个安比拉琴使用工具箱做成的 Again. This particular mbira was created from a kit
事先没有做精细的考虑 and was not created with a whole lot of forethought
没考虑 in terms of
它的音调会是什么样子 what the pitches were going to turn out to be.
所以 不要把这个当成是例子 So don't use that particular example
来判断 as a good judge of
安比拉琴听起来应该是怎样的 what an mbira really is supposed to sound like.
学生: 那他们是怎样给安比拉琴调音的 Student: What do they tune like the mbiras
像科拉琴一样吗 or like the kora harps to?
Prescott: 他们没有一个固定的标准 Prescott: They don't have a standard.
学生: 真的吗? Student: Really?
Prescott: 是的 我意思是 在一些情况下 Prescott: Yeah, I mean in some cases they may use,
现在 他们可能用一些电子调音设备 nowadays, they might use electronic tuning devices
像吉他手有时候会用的那些 但我认为 like guitarists sometimes use but I think that
确实缺乏一个具体的标准 there is a real lack of a particular standard
来衡量那些音调 所以 for where those pitches ought to be. So, that's why
你们才有那么多非西方的调音 you get a lot of non-western kinds of tunings
因为他们没有用一个具体的标准 because they're not using a particular standard.
然而在西方 他们最终 Whereas in the west they eventually,
西方文化最终有了 western cultures eventually got to
根据实际振动来确定的标准 where they were working with the actual vibration
像A440 like A440
而安比拉琴不是那样来调音的 and the mbira tuning is not necessarily set up that way.
这些问题提得好 Good questions.
现在我们来听听nhemamusasa Let's listen to just a little bit of nhemamusasa
你们的CD上也有 on your CD.
音乐 Music
Prescott: 大家都听到了那个哒哒声吗 Prescott: So, did everybody hear the rattling sound
好的 that's going on there? Ok. Yeah.
非洲文化 That is very typical of African cultures
都想听到那个哒哒声 to want to hear that rattle going on
它都成为了一种音景 creating almost a soundscape
其它音乐部分的音景 against which the rest of the music sounds.
如果你们看到书本上的 And if you look at the transcription in your text
安比拉琴音乐nhemamusasa的乐谱 of the mbira music, nhemamusasa,
你们会发现 实际上 you will find that there is actually
这里头有一个3:2的节拍 a three against two pattern going on. Ok?
大家看到乐谱 首先看到 Looking at the transcription, take a look at first of all
音乐的中间部分 the music on the staff in the middle
它显示出3拍 shows a division of the beat by three.
你们可以看到这里有些X乐符 You see how there are three little x notes
在每个指向性图案里头都有 in each one of those beam patterns? Ok.
那就是三三分组 That's a division by three.
如果你只看样本的上边和下边 But then if you look just above and below
该曲子由不同音高组成 of the patterns played by the individual pitches
由很多的手 in the various hands,
很多手的不同手指弹奏 in each of the hands with the various fingers,
你们就能发现有一个2拍的节奏 you see a division by two going on. So,
所以 根据音高本身的安排 by the arrangement of the pitches themselves there is a
音乐中有一个2:3的节拍 two against three pattern going on in this music
你们听到时很难察觉到 and it's difficult to perceive when you hear it.
这首音乐听起来就像 When you hear the music it sounds just like
一堆混乱的音调 a jumble of pitches going on.
如果你转录它 But if you transcribe it and take a look
看看音符排列的方式 at the way the notes are actually arranged
音乐中的确有2:3的节拍 the two against three division of the beat
正如 is happening in this music just as it did
从伦斯鼓手那儿听到的鼓声一样 with the drums that we heard from the Lunsi players.
我们再听一遍 Let's listen to it again and see if we can hear more of
看能不能发现更多东西 what's going on from that transcription.
音乐 Music
Prescott: 大家回想一下那个鼓声样本 Prescott: You think back to that drumming pattern, ok,
那个有3:2节拍的样本 with the three against two
我们在上节课听过 that we did earlier in the last session
现在把它应用到安比拉琴音乐的音调中 and apply it now to the pitches with the mbira music
你们可以看到为什么这个3:2节拍 and you see how this three against two pattern is
在整个非洲文化里如此重要 好吧 so important throughout so many African cultures. Ok.
对安比拉琴的这首曲子nhemamusasa Any other questions on this piece, nhemamusasa,
有任何疑问吗? 好的 mbira music? So, ok.
非洲音乐特征中 How many elements then of characteristics
哪些因素可以运用到这首曲子里 of African music could we apply to this piece?
我们讲到过一个 对吧? 3:2 复节奏 We did one. Right? Three against two; polyrhythm.
学生: 嗡嗡声 哒哒声 Student: Buzzing, rattling sounds.
Prescott: 嗡嗡声 哒哒声 Prescott: Buzzing, rattling sound.
这是其中的一个特征 没错 That's one of the characteristics. Right.
我们有两个了 还有吗? We've got two. What else?
学生: 重复 Student: Repetition.
Prescott: 重复 肯定的 Prescott: Repetition. Absolutely.
学生: [听不见] Student: [inaudible]
Prescott: 非西方的音调感 Prescott: Non-western sense of pitch.
好的 还有吗? Good. Anything else?
学生: [听不见] Student: [inaudible]
Prescott: 五音阶 不一定 Prescott: Pentatonic, not necessarily
虽然 如果你看到这儿的转录里头 although if you look at the transcription there
你们看不到5个音调以外的东西 you don't see any more than 5 pitches.
你们看不到5个以上不同的音高 It's not a traditional kind of pentatonicism though
因为有一些半音 because there are some half-steps in places
五声调式是不该有的 where you wouldn't expect them to be
但我认为 或许它可以是五声调式 but I think I probably would buy pentatonic
如果你在考试的时候这么些可以得分 if you wrote that on the test.
好的 还有吗? Sure. Anything else?
我们提出了哪些? So we've come up with what?
3个4个还是5个特征 Three or four or five characteristics;
4个特征 好的 four characteristics there, ok,
考试可能会考 that could be used for the test.
所以希望大家记下笔记 So this hopefully will go in your notes and
你们可以用这个来复习备考 you can use this information in studying for the test.
学生: [听不见] Student: [inaudible]
Prescott: 切分法 好的 Prescott: Syncopation. Yeah,
我想 这首曲子里 I think there's certainly a syncopated kind of sound
当然有一种切分音 to what's going on there.
我觉得这是个不错的想法 I think you might be able to sell that.
学生: 但是2:3旋律不会 Student: But wouldn't the syncopation be brought on
带来切分法吗? because of the two against three rhythm?
Prescott: 或许吧 Prescott: Possibly.
学生: 因为整个2:3旋律 Student: Because the whole point of
的意义就在于 the two against three is to
扭曲节拍感 distort the sense of what beat has.
所以 它们的意义是相同的还是…? So are they synonymous or...?
Prescott: 它们可以是相同的 意思是说 Prescott: They can be. I mean, I mean
2:3能够带来切音的感觉 two against three can create a syncopated sort of feel.
你们想想 切分音 When you think about it, syncopation,
我们的定义是 our definition for that was an accented note
节拍之外的重音 that happens off the beat.
所以 如果你的节拍是这样的 So, if the beat for you is here and then you're going;
嗒 嗒嗒嗒 嗒 嗒嗒嗒 嗒 嗒嗒嗒 dun dududun, dun dududun, dun dududun,
嗒 嗒嗒嗒 是一个2:3的节拍 dun dududun and you have two against three going on
然后又有一些重音 then there are some accented notes that are happening
在节拍之外 off that particular beat.
它能被看做是一样的东西 很好 It could be considered one and the same. Good.
每个人都有机会弹奏安比拉琴 好的 Everybody get a chance to play the mbira? Ok. Good.
现在 你们的CD里有一首歌 Now, your CDs have a song that is actually
就是我们之后要听的非洲流行歌曲 a piece of African popular music that comes next.
这首歌背后的观点是 And the thought behind it is that at least
至少对写这首歌的人来说 in terms of the person that composed the music,
安比拉琴音乐对你们听到的歌曲 the mbira music was an influence
产生了影响 看看大家的想法是否一致 on the music that you're hearing. See if you agree.
音乐 Music Speaking Foreign Language
Prescott: 你们听到了里头的安比拉琴吗 Prescott: Do you hear mbiras in there?
学生: [听不见] Student: [inaudible]
Prescott: 是的 没错 Prescott: Yeah, yeah.
在录音里 安比拉琴出现在哪个部分 Where does the mbira sound happen in that recording?
学生: [听不见] Student: [inaudible]
Prescott: 电子吉他弹奏的 Prescott: What the electric guitars are playing,
特别是在高音部分 particularly in the high range has that sort of
有一种安比拉琴的声音 mbira kind of sound to it
如果你们把nhemamusasa的录音 as you compare the nhemamusasa recording
和这首叫Nyarai的音乐对比的话 to this composition called Nyarai
Nyarai是一首解放战争的音乐 which is a piece of Chimurenga music
Thomas Mapfumo所作 by Thomas Mapfumo.
你们在课本中会读到 And you can read about that in your text,
整个运动 这首歌叫《惭愧吧》 the whole movement. This song called Be Ashamed
它与津巴布韦的政治有关 having to do with the government in Zimbabwe.
你们读的时候会发现 There's some interesting things in this discussion
这部分有些有趣的现象 as you read over this particular phenomenon.
其中一个与审查有关 And one of them has to do with censorship.
有人在阅读解放战争音乐的时候 Did anybody run into that in your reading
遇到过这个吗? on this Chimurenga music?
它不是你们CD里的那首歌 It wasn't this song that's on your CD
而是他之前写过的一首 but an earlier song that he wrote
评判政府的歌曲 criticizing the government
它受到了政府的审查 was basically censored by the government
但是最终还是出来了 因为大众喜欢它 but it got out anyway because people liked to hear it.
它成了一种地下运动 And it became a sort of an underground movement
那类的歌曲 kind of song.
当把不同文化的音乐 When you think about music of various cultures
与政治相联系的时候 你会发现 in connection with politics you run into
一些非常有趣的现象 some very interesting kinds of phenomenon.
其中一个就是审查 And some, one of those is censorship.
我们在之后的课上 We're going to look at this issue
将会继续讨论这个问题 a little later in the course as well
很多时候 政府不喜欢 but many times governments do not like
有人们指责他们 to have people criticize them.
所以 如果有音乐在评判政府 And so if there is music that is doing that many times
这些歌会受到政府的审查 those songs will be censored by the government
至少政府会试图 or at least the government will attempt
审查这些歌曲 而最终它们肯定会出来 to censor those songs and they'll get out anyway and
所以大家才会知道这些歌曲 that's how everybody ends up knowing about them.
所以说 这是一个很好的例子 So, this is an excellent example
来展示这种现象 of this particular phenomenon.
这样 我们听到的歌曲 In this case the song that we're hearing
实际上是在庆祝 黑人的胜利 actually celebrates the victory of the black majority
在津巴布韦 很多年以来 where there had been a white minority government
都是少数的白人在统治 in Zimbabwe for many years.
你们CD里的这首歌 庆祝了 The victory of Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe
津巴布韦 Robert Mugabe的胜利 was celebrated in the song that you have in your CD.
就是这样 但是我想 And that's what that's about. But I think that
审查问题是我们需要进一步查看的问题 the censorship issue is one that bears a closer look
这门课上我们在学习音乐的过程中 and we will come back to that in this course
还会回到这个问题 as we continue to study this music.
你们CD里的另一首歌 One other song that you have in your CDs
来自BaAka民族 is from the BaAka people of central Africa
它们在中非刚果盆地 in the Congo Basin.
让我们看看那个文化 Let's look at that culture for just a moment.
那是些住在森林里的人 书本上说 These are forest people. The book indicates that
在某些情况下 这个民族被称作是 in some cases these people have been referred to
侏儒族 然而 as pygmies but in fact
那其实是一种民族中心主义的标签 that is an ethnocentric label to put on a culture
要是仅仅把它们称作为森林族 and that it's more appropriate
会更加合适 to simply refer to them as forest people.
我们将听到的那首歌叫Makala The song that we are going to hear from your CD,
是一首撒网捕鱼歌 Makala, is a net hunting song.
它创造出一种美妙的文化音乐 And it creates a fascinating cultural sound
与我所听过的所有歌曲 completely different from any of the songs
都完全不同 现在我们来听一听 that we've heard so far. Let's listen to a bit of that.
音乐 Music Singing Foreign Language
Prescott: 奇妙的音乐 Prescott: An amazing sound,
天外之音 something out of another world.
那么 我们听到的是什么呢? So, what are we hearing here?
首先 它是哪一种织体呢? What kind of texture is this first of all?
我们学过织体 We studied textures
在第一节课就讲到过 at the very beginning of this course.
记得我们讲过单声部织体 Remember we talked about monophonic,
主调织体 复调织体 还有一个是什么? homophonic, polyphonic and what was the other one?
学生: 支声织体 Student: Heterophonic
Prescott: 支声织体 没错 Prescott: Heterophonic. Right. Ok,
那这个属于哪种织体呢? so what kind of texture are we hearing here?
学生: 复调织体 Student: Polyphonic.
Prescott: 当然 Prescott: Certainly
是有一种复调织体的感觉 there is a polyphonic aspect to the texture
因为这首歌在不同的时候 because there are different things going on
有不同的东西 对吧 at different times. Right?
如果你们看到书上的乐谱 If you look at the transcription in your books
你们会发现它们是复调织体 you'll find that they're polyphonic textures
但是它们也是支声织体 but they're also heterophonic texture
因为同一个调子由不同的人 because the same tune is being sung in different ways
用不同的方式唱了出来 by the different people.
所以我们有复调 And so we have polyphony
也有支声复调 and we also have heterophony going on
二者同时存在 at the same time. And that's one of the things
让织体变得如此复杂的东西是 that makes this texture so complicated is that
两种织体同时存在 both textures exist at the same time.
这首歌的声音很像 The sound of this is very much like
小孩唱歌的声音 不是吗? the sound of children singing, isn't it?
实际上 他们不是小孩 But in fact they are not children.
他们是成年歌手只 因为他们人小 They are adult singers. They're just small people and
所以声音比我们预期的更高 so their voices are higher than we expect them to be.
另一件事是 The other thing is that there's a good deal of
他们用了很多岳德尔唱法技巧 yodeling technique going on in what they're doing.
什么事岳德尔唱法呢? What is a yodel?
描述下这个术语 请讲 Describe it in technical terms. Yes.
学生: 它是快速地 Student: It's a rapid flip
从胸腔音转换到头音 between chest and head voice.
Prescott: 好的 是快速地 Prescott: Right. It's a rapid motion
从胸腔音转换到头音 between chest and head voice.
我们在讲印第安人文化假声的时候 And we talked about that when we discussed falsetto
讨论过这种技巧 in the Native American cultures
我们在很多印第安人音乐的例子里 and we heard falsetto in many of those examples
听到了假声 of the Native American music.
现在 在森林族的音乐里 Here in the forest people music
我们听到了岳德尔效应 we hear the yodeling effect of going back and forth
在胸腔音和头音间快速来回转换 between head and chest voice in a rapid kind of way
那就是岳德尔唱法 and that's what yodeling essentially is.
我们在这个织体里听到过好多次 And we hear that quite a bit in this texture. Ok.
现在 你们看到这首歌的转录时 Now as you look at the transcription of this piece
你们看 得要多少人参与 you see how many people must be participating
才能演奏出这样的曲子 in order to make this happen.
他们编写了 How many different lines of music
多少条不同的音乐线? do they have transcribed here?
学生: 13 Student: 13.
Prescott: 13. So Prescott: 13
至少有13种不同的东西同时发生 there's at least 13 different things going on at once.
学生: 哦 下一页还有更多 Student: Oh, there's even more on the next page.
Prescott: 下一页还有 Prescott: And there's more on the next page.
那总共有多少? So how many total?
学生: 25 Student: 25.
Prescott: 事实是 Prescott: Well the fact is that
不是所有这些都是同时出现的 not all of these are going on at the same time. Ok.
这些其实是 These are actually separate staves.
所以 如果你看看 So, if you look, if you look at
它出现的方式 你会看到 the way this is happening you see where it has A
它先有A 再有B 再是D 好吧 and then B and then D. Ok.
其中有一些 Some of these things are not happening
不一定是同时发生的 all at the same time necessarily.
但是 还有很多不同的声音 But, there's a significant number of separate voices
同时出现 all happening at once
编曲者在这里写出了这么多 that the transcriber is coming up with here.
然而 那与这个文化有什么关系呢? Now how does that relate to this culture,
BaAka民族的文化? the BaAka people's culture?
好的 如果你看到书本这一页下边 Well, if you look at the page a little further ahead
它讨论了 in your text where it talks about
这个社会的文化 the culture in this society,
我将会读一部分 I'm going to read just a little bit from your book
它这部分说 where it says
"社会体系还不正式 也不灵活 "the social system was informal and flexible.
男人和女人拥有 Men and women had roughly
大致相等的权力和义务 equal power and obligations.
交感决策是通过争论协商的 Consensus decisions were negotiated by argument.
小孩受到温和的对待 Children were treated gently.
个人都不是处于正式法律 遥远的领导 Individuals were not coerced by formal laws,
或者是吓唬人的神灵的束缚之下 distant leaders or threatening deities.
森林就是神灵 The forest was god
众生都是森林的子孙" and the people were the children of the forest."
所以 这个文化里 So we have a culture here
每一个人从本质上说都是平等的 where everybody's essentially equal.
每一个人都要有投入 Everybody gets to have input into
参与生产的过程 how things are going to be done.
我认为这在他们的音乐里头 And I think there's a reflection of this
也有所反映 as you look at their music.
每个人都在参与 Everybody's participating,
每个人的部分都很重要 everybody's part is equally important.
所以 这是个非常平等主义的社会 And so you have a very egalitarian kind of society
里头的法律和结构 whose laws and structures are reflected
都在他们的音乐本身上有所反映 by their music itself.
而我认为 那真的是本节课有关该音乐 And I think that's really the most important part
最重要的部分 of the lesson to be learned from this music.
让我们倒回去 再听一点点 Let's go back and listen to just a little bit more of it.
听听岳德尔调效应 And listen to the yodeling effects and also
也在完全民主的角度上思考一下它 think about it from a standpoint of total democracy.
音乐 Music Singing Foreign Language
Prescott: 在我们刚听到的这一部分里 Prescott: Yodeling is very apparent in that section
岳德尔唱法非常明显 好的 遗憾的是 that we just heard. Ok. Regrettably
森林族人遭受到其他族的侵犯 the forest people have been encroached upon
后者侵占他们的土地 by people tearing up their land
砍伐他们的森林 and cutting down the forest
并从外边带回来其它文化 and bringing in other cultures from the outside
而且他们与外界的相处 and they have not fared very well
不是很融洽 with their interactions with the outside world.
遗憾的是 这个文化或许 And regrettably this culture is probably
在几年内将会消亡 going to disappear within a few years.
我想 有一点很重要 那就是 It's important to be able to, I think,
要记录下来 这样的文化曾经存在过 keep a record of the fact that a culture like this existed
其中一种方式 就是倾听他们的音乐 and one of the ways is by hearing their music and
理解并记住他们的音乐带来的享受 understanding and remembering what their music did.
关于考试 What about the test.
我们怎样用我们学过的特征来 How could we characterize this music
描述这种音乐的特征呢? in terms of our characteristics?
我们能想到什么? What could we come up with?
学生: 复节奏 Student: Polyrhythm.
Prescott: 复节奏 当然 Prescott: Polyrhythm. Certainly
有许多不同的旋律同时上演 lots of different rhythms going on at the same time,
不是吗? 好的 还有呢? 请讲 aren't there? Ok. What else? Yes.
学生: 或许还有合唱 Student: Maybe Choral singing.
Prescott: 合唱 当然有 Prescott: Choral singing, absolutely.
学生: 重复 Student: Repetition.
Prescott: 重复看起来有很多 Prescott: Repetition seems to be there quite a bit,
不是吗? 还有吗? doesn't it? What else?
学生: 五声调式 Student: Pentatonic.
Prescott: 五声调式 好的 我想是这样的 Prescott: Pentatonic, yeah, I think so.
如果你看到这儿的转录 If you look at the transcription there
你可以在许多唱出的音符中 you see very pentatonic kinds of influences
看到非常显著的五音调式的影响 with the number of notes that are being sung.
好的 还有吗? Ok, good. Anything else on this?
学生: 有人说过非西方化的音调感吗? Student: Did someone say non-western sense of pitch?
Prescott: 非西方化的音调感 我也认同 Prescott: Non-western sense of pitch. Yes, I think so.
当你听到那首歌音调的时候 As you listen to the pitches that are going on
你真的能听到一些音调 there you really do hear some pitches
它不属于12音技法内 没错 that fall outside the cracks of the 12 tone system. Yes.
学生: 其中有呼和应吗? Student: Is there some call and response?
Prescott: 呼和应? Prescott: Call and response?
或许你可以说 There's a possibility that you could say that
当然有些声音跟着其它声音之后 certainly some voices following other voices
其中有一点点间隔 或许可以这么说 a little later on, possibly.
虽然 不像在其它的歌曲中 Not quite as pronounced
那么明显 as what we saw in some of the other pieces though.
学生: 伴随有肢体动作? Student: Accompanied by body movement?
Prescott: 伴随有肢体动作 Prescott: Accompanied by body movement.
当然 这首歌有伴舞 There is dance going on with this sure.
你们在整理备考的时候会发现 So, you see several different categories into which
这首歌和我们学过的其它歌曲 this piece and all of the pieces that we studied
属于几个不同的类别 could fall as you begin to get your thoughts together
待会儿会继续讨论这点 for the test; more about that in just a few minutes.
我们先来讨论一下 But first let's talk about something
你们的书本里没有的东西 that's not in your text
它就是非洲手鼓 which is the drum called the djembe.
它很常见 And it is so commonly used
在非洲文化中非常具有代表性 and so representative of African cultures
所以 即使它没在课本上出现 that even though it's not in the text
在这儿也可以提一提 it seems appropriate to mention it here.
在考试后的下一堂课上 我们会试着 We will have a couple of djembes in class
重现Agbekor(西非加納耶威族的戰舞) when we try to reconstruct agbekor
到时课堂上会有一些非洲手鼓 during our next session after the test.
你们可以在PPT的图片里头 And you can see pictures on the powerpoint
看到手鼓是什么样的 of what a djembe looks like
还可以看到关于手鼓的一些描述 and the little bit of description about it.
但如果你对非洲鼓有兴趣 But if you're interested in African drumming
手鼓是一个很好的起点 the djembe is a great place to start
而且它们很容易学 and they're pretty easy to get.
几乎每个乐器商店 Just about any music store
都有非洲手鼓 will have access to a djembe.
你们也可以从网上购买 You can also get them online. Great,
若你对该风格感兴趣 它是很好的起点 great place to start if you're interested in this style.
正如我之前提到过的 And then as I mentioned before
请在今天之内完成第三章的网上测试 please complete the online quiz for chapter 3 today
这样我们的非洲单元就结束了 so that we can get our unit on Africa finished up.
我们来谈谈考试的事 Let's talk about the test.
首先 考试会涉及目前为止所有 First of all the test will cover all of the units
我们讲过的单元 that we've covered so far
包括从第一章到第十章的材料 including material from chapters 1 and 10
就是第一个PPT上边展示的 which was the very first powerpoint presentation,
第二章 美洲土著 第三章 非洲 chapter 2 on Native America, chapter 3 on Africa
之后还有一个小单元 and then also the small unit we did
是关于欧扎克传统音乐的 on Ozarks traditional music. So,
所有材料在第一场考试中都占一定分量 all of that material will be fair game for the first test.
考试的形式 The format of the test
将会是多方面的 will be multi-dimensional design. So
例如 我们会以听力部分开始 we will begin for example with the listening section.
测试时会有五首歌 There will be 5 pieces to listen to on the test.
我准备了一张单子 And I have a list prepared that you should find
网站上也有 on the website as well
那是所有在听力部分可能会考的歌曲 for all of the listening possibilities for test one.
我把CD上所有歌曲都包括进去了 So I've not included everything from the CDs
但是在这12首歌里 but there are 12 pieces there
只有5首会在考试中出现 of which 5 will be taken for the test.
而且它们每一首 And when those appear
都占五分 there will be 5 points available for each one.
识别曲子 一分 You get one point for identifying the composition,
也就是歌名 可以是原语 也可以是译名 the title and that can be either in the original language
要是识别使用的乐器和声音 or the translation. You'll get another point
你们可以拿到另外一分 for identifying the instrumentation or the voices.
例如 声音是哒哒声 So for example if it's for voice and rattle, for example,
例如 在Yeibichai里头 simply identify voice and rattle in the case of
只要简单地指明声音 和哒哒声就行 say the Yeibichai, for example. Yes.
学生: 要是 Student: How, like,
我们用母语书写 if we're writing in the native language,
拼写算分吗? how much is spelling going to count?
Prescott: 哦 只要我能看懂那是什么 Prescott: Oh, as long as I can recognize what it is,
我就会给你分 I'll give you credit for it.
我或许会更正你的拼写错误 I will probably correct your spelling
但是你有写错的地方 可能也不会丢分 but you won't probably lose credit if you misspell
例如 Shizhane'e for example, Shizhane'e. Ok.
你忘了在e's上加重音 Forget to put the accents over the e's
这类错误都没有关系 and stuff like that.
你们会得到应有的分数 I'll give you credit for it
不过我或许会在旁边注明 although I'll probably write it in parenthesis
它的正确书写方式 这是其中的两分 the way it should have been. Ok? That's two points.
第三分的要求是 The third point is acquired
你要识别歌曲起源的 by identifying the specific culture
具体文化 from which the song comes.
只写非洲这种大范围是不够的 And by that I don't mean Africa. Ok.
我的意思是 你们要写修那民族之类的 I mean the Shona people.
Yeibichai来自哪个文化? I mean the Yeibichai is from which culture?
学生: 纳瓦霍人 Student: Navajo.
Prescott: 纳瓦霍人 没错 别说美洲土著 Prescott: Navajo, right. So, don't say Native American.
我需要的是歌曲所属的 I'm looking for the specific culture
具体的文化 请讲 from which the song comes. Yes?
学生: [听不见] Student: [inaudible]
Prescott: 好的 从听到的段子识别出 Prescott: Ok. From the listening;
歌曲名 使用的乐器 the title, the instrumentation,
歌曲起源的特定文化 the specific culture from which the song comes.
然后是这首曲子的特点 And then characteristics of this music.
由于还有另外的两分 And since there are two more points available
所以考试时 you'll need at least two characteristics
你还需要写至少两个特征 for the minimum on the test.
如果你想要写更多 So if you want more
你可以加上一些特征 you can add more characteristics if you want
但是总共只有5分 请讲 but only a total of five points will be available. Yes.
学生: 当你在放音乐时 Student: When you're playing the pieces
你会从开头的部分开始放吗? are you starting from the beginning of the songs?
Prescott: 是的 不过 Prescott: Yes. I will probably
我可能不会把整首歌都放完 not play the entire song though.
我可能只会放… I'll probably just play...
学生: 但你不会在中间的时候开始放? Student: But you won't start like in the middle though?
Prescott: 不 我不会在中间开始 Prescott: No, I won't start in the middle of the song.
我会从开头的地方开始放 I start from the beginning of the song
我只会放歌曲的一部分 请讲 and I'll only play a certain portion of it. Yes.
学生: 如果你在前面一些地方扣分了 Student: If you miss some points off
比如在第一部分的时候 like the first four parts of it
然后你写了两个以上的特征 and you put more than two characteristics
这会给你额外的加分吗? will that make up some points you missed?
Prescott: 不 这不能给你补上 Prescott: No you can't make up for
写错歌名扣的分 missing the title of the song.
你要是写错了歌名 You'll still have to miss a point
或者是写错了歌曲的起源文化 for not getting the right title or
还是要扣一分的 putting it in the wrong culture or something like that.
学生: 所以 写两个以上的特征 Student: So putting more than two
不会有任何帮助咯? isn't going to help you really?
Prescott: 写两个以上的特征 Prescott: Putting more than two
不会在这方面帮到你 is not going to help you.
但是如果你想写 欢迎大家多写 But you're welcome to do it if you want. Yes.
学生: [听不见] Student: [inaudible]
Prescott: 当然了 你选一首歌吧 Prescott: Sure. Pick a song.
学生: 那就最后那首 Student: The last song.
Prescott: 好的 最后一首 是Makala 对吧? Prescott: Ok, the last song, Makala. Right? Ok.
那首歌的话 你可以说 From that song you would certainly want to say that
它是五声调式的 对吧? it was, you could certainly say pentatonic. Right?
我们在课堂上提到过的一些东西 Some of the things we mentioned in class,
希望你们做了笔记 hopefully you were taking notes.
你们当然可以说它是合唱 That you could certainly say that it was choral singing.
也可以说 You could certainly say that
有重复 是吧 there was repetition going on. Ok?
学生: 所以 如果我们说五音调式 Student: So if we say pentatonic
有50%的几率我们是对的 there's a 50% chance that we're right.
Prescott: 没错 Prescott: Yeah.
学生: 好的 Student: Alright.
Prescott: 很有可能 Prescott: Pretty good chance, yeah.
还有件事 我的意思是 Now here's the thing, I mean,
这个问题让我想起一件事 and the question that came up about the fact that well,
你们要是写两个以上的特征不会多得分 you're only going to get credit for two characteristics
你们为什么要写? for each one so why should you put any more.
想想 要是这些写错了怎么办? Well what if one of those is wrong? You know.
如果其中一个特征是错的 If one of those characteristics is wrong
那样的话 多写几个是有好处的 that would be good for you to list some others
那样你得全分的几率更大 so that your chances of getting two of them right
所以 我鼓励大家 are increased. So, I'd encourage you
多写一些特征进去 to put more characteristics
如果只能想到两个 那就写两个 then just two if you can think of them.
学生: 如果我们不小心写错了 Student: If we accidentally put the wrong one
你会扣分吗? will you not count off for it or...?
Prescott: 没错 我意思是 Prescott: That's correct. I mean if I see two
如果我看到两个正确的 我可能会圈上 that are correct I'll probably circle the one
我不认同的那一个 但我不会扣分 that I disagree with but I probably won't take off for it
只要除那个之外 if you've got two of them that are correct
你写对了两个 in addition to that.
好的 那是听力部分 Alright, so that's the listening.
会有五道那样的题 There's going to be five of those.
它占100分里头的25分 So that will be a total of 25 points out of 100;
考试成绩的四分之一 a quarter of the test.
下一部分是配对 The next section will be matching.
那会是10分 占的份额很小 That will be 10 points; fairly small portion.
将术语与定义配对 Matching terms with definitions.
第三部分是多选题 Third section of the test will be multiple choice.
共20题 每题2分 There will be 20 of those worth two points each
总共40分 for a total of 40 points.
下一部分是简答题 The next section will be short answer,
共13分 填空 fill in the blank for a total of 13 points.
最后是一篇作文 12分 And then there will be an essay worth 12 points.
作文里 你们要 On the essay I will be looking for you
用完整的句子 和 正确的语法 to use complete sentences and proper grammar.
请写得工整些 让我能认出来 Please also write so that I can read it,
这对你们是有好处的 that would be very helpful.
而且 我要具体的例子 好吧? And also I'll ask for specific examples. Ok?
所以 知道所有的听力例子 So knowing all of the listening examples
会对你很有帮助 will be very helpful to you
这样的话 你们可以依赖这个知识库 because then you can rely on that pool of knowledge
用一些具体的例子 to use those for specific examples of the points
来论证文章里的一些论点 that you're going to make in your essay.
所以 你们手头上要有一些例子 请讲 So you'll need to have some of those on hand. Yes.
学生: 关于作文题目以及要写多少 Student: Can you give me an example essay question
您可以举个例子吗? or in terms of how much you want to talk about?
Prescott: 写多少字? Prescott: How much you'll have to,
要写多长? in other words how long should it be?
学生: 比如 你希望答案写得多深 Student: Like how in depth do you want the answer?
Prescott: 我想只要涉及该话题就行 Prescott: I think just so you cover the topic.
学生: [听不见] Student: [inaudible]
Prescott: 抱歉 请再说一遍 Prescott: I'm sorry, you'll have to repeat that.
学生: 像Pretty Polly这篇文章 Student: Like the Pretty Polly essay
我们用正反对比 where we're just comparing and contrasting
只要谈到了话题 就行 and as long as we cover it, it's good.
Prescott: 没错 Prescott: Right. As long as you cover the material
一篇好的作文 I would say a good essay should
大概一页那么长 probably last about a page.
我的意思是 你们会有一页的空白来写 I mean you'll be given a page and if you fill that up
如果你写满了 或者多于一页 and maybe go a little beyond
你们的作文应该是不错的 that you're probably going to be fine.
所以 你只要扣题 Just so you cover the topic.
还要注意的是 要有 And one of the main things I'm going to look for is
具体的例子 specific examples.
所以 我的意思是 And so, and for that, by that I mean
具体例子的歌名 好吧? titles of specific examples. Ok?
如果你在对比 So if you are comparing and contrasting the use of,
举个例子 这儿有一个可能的问答题 let's say, here's a good possible essay question
考试不会考这题 that's not on the test.
比较我们学过所有音乐中 Compare and contrast the use of repetition
反复的用法 in all of the music that we've studied so far.
这道题 你们至少要写五个例子 好吗? So, then, and use at least 5 specific examples. Ok?
你们从我们学过的文化中 So then you could grab five specific examples
拿5个例子 from the cultures we've studied so far
对比它们反复的用法 比如 and compare and contrast the use of repetition
拿Folsom Prison Blues和Pretty Polly in say Folsom Prison Blues compared to Pretty Polly
还有Cutting Branches for Shelter对比 compared to Cutting Branches for Shelter.
它们的相同点和不同点? How are they different and how are they the same? Ok.
在Folsom Prison Blues里边 Well in Folsom Prison Blues the repetition happens
有反复的部分是合唱 when the chorus keeps coming back.
在Pretty Polly 里头有反复是因为 In Pretty Polly the repetition happens
它们基本上是同一种旋律 because they basically use the same melody
每次诗出现的时候都有同一种旋律 every time the verse happens.
Cutting branches for shelter 那首是什么? Cutting branches for shelter, what's that piece about?
有人记得吗那首歌讲的什么吗? Remember, anybody remember what piece that is?
Nhemamusasa. Nhemamusasa
学生: [听不见] Student: [inaudible]
Prescott: 那是安比拉琴 Prescott: That's the mbira.
是的 也叫拇指琴 安比拉琴的音乐 Yeah, that's the thumb piano, the mbira piece.
那么 这首歌的反复在哪里? So how does the repetition work there?
学生: 只是创造一个背景氛围 Student: Just creates a background ambience.
学生: [听不见] Student: [inaudible]
Prescott: 那些片段 Prescott: The patterns.
是的 短的旋律片段 Yeah, the little melodic patterns
都一遍一遍重复 是吧? are repeated over and over again. Ok?
如果你想要把Folsom Prison Blues So, if you wanted to compare Folsom Prison Blues
与Nhemamusasa 对比 with Nhemamusasa
你们可以说 反复在两首歌都出现了 you could say yes repetition occurs in each one
但是它们的出现方式 but it's a completely different design
有所不同 in terms of how it happens.
这就是一个好的问答题题目 That's a good topic for an essay.
有点跨文化对比的感觉 That kind of cross-cultural kind of comparison
这是很好的论文材料 is excellent essay material.
关于考试 还有问题吗? Other questions on the test?
好的 再见 好好准备 Alright, we will see you then. Study hard.