普雷斯科特:有多少人知道big smith这乐队? Prescott: How many people know who Big Smith is?
是我们当地的乐队 Ok? Local band. Right?
是由两对堂兄弟 Two groups of, two pairs of cousins
组成的 who are related to each other.
这个乐队是由比利厄一家组成的 The Bilyeu family make up this group and Mark Bilyeu,
主唱之一 马克比利厄 one of the lead singers in Big Smith
是整理出马克西亨特民歌集 was one of the people that put the Max Hunter
并转换了那些歌的人之一 folk song collection together and actually transferred it,
他们有时需要一卷一卷的把歌从 did the digital transfer from a reel to reel or in some cases
磁带中导出来转换成电子格式传到网上 cassette tape into digital format to put on the web.
这样也让他对很多歌有了更深的了解 So it made him aware of a lot of the songs on there.
作业中要求你们听哈里森伯内特版本的 And what you find is that the Harrison Burnet version
漂亮波利 那首歌就被马克比利厄 of Pretty Polly that you listened to as part of
用来制作了Big Smith版本的 the assignment you did is used by Mark Bilyeu
漂亮波利 to create the Big Smith version of Pretty Polly.
不过他们做出了一些细微的改动 But there are some slight differences that they make
现在我想给你们听这首歌 to the song and I want you to hear their version at this time.
音乐 Music
波利 美丽的波利 把我留在你心上 Polly, Pretty Polly can you take me in kind
让我坐在你身边倾诉衷肠 Let me sit beside you and tell you my mind
我想与你在一起永不分离 My mind is to marry and never to part
初次见面便拨动我心 The day that I saw you it wounded my heart
波利 美丽的波利 和我在一起吧 Polly, Pretty Polly come and go along with me
婚前让我们尽情愉悦 Before we get married some pleasure to see
他带着她翻越千山踏遍峡谷 He led her over mountains and valleys so deep
波利并不相信他 开始哭泣 Polly mistrust him and then began to weep
威利 小威利 我真担心你 Willy, little Willy I'm afraid of your ways
你漫不经心的态度让我一头雾水 The way you've been rambling you lead me astray
波利 美丽的波利 你的猜测是对的 Polly, Pretty Polly your guess is about right
昨夜我引你自掘坟墓 Because I dug on your grave the best part of last night
她跪在他面前 苦苦哀求着挽留自己的生命 She knelt down before him a-pleadin' for her life
若不能为你妻 请让我孤独终生 Let me be a single girl if I can't be your wife
哦波利 美丽的波利 世态永不会如此 Oh Polly, Pretty Polly this never can be
你过去的名声让我如此困惑 Your past reputation's been trouble to me
他伏罪入狱却说 He went down to the jailhouse and what did he say
他说"我杀了美丽的波利 He said "I killed Pretty Polly
如今我身心已然崩溃" now my body's going to sway"
普雷斯科特:就你们听到的来说 Prescott: So, what kinds of changes did Big Smith make
Big Smith的版本对以往的 in the song as you have heard it now
马克思亨特版本做了什么改动? from the Max Hunter site?
在big smith的版本里 他们为这场凶杀 In the Big Smith version they add a motive for
添加了一个动机 why he might want to kill her and they also
以及他最终的报应 add the punishment that he receives at the end.
所以他们让这个故事更为充实 So they sort of fill out the story a little bit more
也加了一些细节 and add a few details in.
好的叙述者是这样做的 And good storytellers tend to do that. Good storytellers
他们从不会让故事平淡如流水 hardly ever leave something exactly the way they got it.
相反 他们为故事添枝加叶 They embellish it, they make it their own
加入个人的特色和烙印 by putting their own individual stamp on it
在这个版本里我们能听出这些元素 and I think we can hear that in the Big Smith version
不是吗? of this song. Yes?
学生:我没听到动机 是什么动机啊? Student: I missed the motive what was it?
普雷斯科特:其中一句诗里他说到 Prescott: In one of the verses he said that
"她过往的名声 "this never could be because her past reputation's
让我备受困扰" being troubling me."
学生:是说她以前是娼妓么? Student: Prostitute?
普雷斯科特:那点没说清楚 Prescott: Well, that's not made clear.
能很容易看出这点 It's simply that is his interpretation of why he's doing it.
这也是我们选big smith版本的原因 That's what we're given in the Big Smith version.
还有其他疑问吗? Other thoughts about this? Ok.
把这些和奥扎克人的音乐联系起来 Well, just to tie things up then with the Ozarks music
我想你们会觉得这个版本很好听 I thought you might enjoy hearing that Big Smith version.
接下来我们讲非洲音乐 Now it's time to continue with African music
尤其是加纳耶威族的战舞 and specifically agbekor.
我希望你们能读完这些材料 My hope is that you've had a chance to read
听听文章里推荐的 over this material and listen to the specific examples
战舞音乐 that are in the text of agbekor.
但正如我们之前讲的 But as we discussed the other day,
这种节奏的主要特点之一 one of the major elements of the rhythm of this
就在于其中的3/2拍 particular style is the pull of the three against two.
这种节奏就在于演奏时 And the way that works is by looking at the rhythm that
双音铃 也就是加纳语中的gankogui the bell is playing, the double bell which is known
所发挥的作用 as the gankogui in this style.
这是非常欢快的铃声 Ok? This is actually an agogo bell but if you listen to [bell],
大家仔细听 那个节奏听起来像6拍的 ok, listen to that rhythm that's going on it sounds
1 2 3 4 5 6 铃声 不是吗? as if it's in 6. Right? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. [bell].Right?
减少节拍的方法就是将它一分为二 Which would be reducing it by dividing it be two.
每个节拍如今被分为三份 That would be the division of the measure by three.
然而 另一项帮助作出这种节奏的 However, the other instrument that is crucial
重要乐器 就是axatse鼓 in creating this particular rhythm, the axatse, ok,
而且那本质上是一种响葫芦 and it's basically a gourd rattle, is playing along
演奏时是依着完全不同的节奏来的 in a completely different rhythm
正是这样把曲子一分为二 that actually divides the measure by two.
PPT上有张图 And we see a picture of that on the powerpoint presentation.
如果看前面两种乐器 If you look at the first two instruments that are there
就会发现双音铃和鼓分别的分区 you see the division of the bell and the division
或者是摇响器和掌声的分区 of the axatse. Ok? Or rattle and handclaps. Ok?
我想找些人上来 Now I want to try to get a couple of volunteers
重现这一段音乐 to come up and reproduce this.
有人自愿上来演奏吗? If somebody would like to volunteer and play?
好的莱恩 上来吧 还有别人吗? Ok, Ryan, come on up. Anybody else?
看来今天我得演奏另一部分了 Well, I could play the other part today
除非有人自告奋勇上来 unless somebody else wants to come up and play.
学生:我来吧 Student: Sure, why not.
普雷斯科特:好的 阿里尔要来尝试一下 Prescott: Ok. Ariel's going to come and give it a try.
你想演奏哪一部分? Which part do you want to play?
你们想演奏哪部分? Who wants to play what?
学生:我演奏双音铃吧 Student: I'll play the bells.
普雷斯科特:你想敲铃吗? Prescott: You want to play the bells, ok.
你能试一下那个节奏吗? Can you practice that rhythm for a second, see how it goes.
那么你就负责敲鼓 And you're going to do the rattle.
现在开始 1 2 3 4 5 6 嘣嘣 So, you're going to go; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, bum, bum, bubum,
嘣嘣嘣 很好 继续 bum, bum, bum, [bell]. Good. Keep that going.
你来敲鼓 第三拍和第五拍 Now you're doing rattle, 3 and 5.
铃音和鼓声 [Bell and rattle]
普雷斯科特:很好 Prescott: Good, good, good.
我们试着节奏放快一点 Now, let's try to do it faster. Alright?
音乐 [Music]
普雷斯科特:好的很好 Prescott: Good. Good.
双音铃组演奏时 When an agbekor ensemble is playing
是跟着三连音的节拍走的 they're basically creating that three against two pull
始终处在声音层的最下方 that is constantly there underneath everything
你们手上的音轨15里能听出 that's going on. Now your recording on the, on track
有3种不同的乐器声 15 of your CD has three different styles of agbekor.
你们听的时候有注意到吗? Did you notice that when you listened to it?
你们需要听完整首 You have to listen to the whole thing
我希望他们能够把整首连起来演奏 and I wish they had banded those individually
看来事不遂人愿 but they did not.
所以你们需要听完全首 So you have to listen to the whole track to hear
才能听到三种不同的战舞声 其中一种是慢舞 all three styles of agbekor. One of them is slow agbekor.
另一种是更为节奏弱化的战舞 The other one is a more, a less rhythmically defined kind
最终我们迎来了快速的战舞 of agbekor. And then finally we get fast agbekor.
如果你们听那段 And if you listen to that and listen to
听一下双音铃有多快 how fast the bell's going it's about twice as fast
它的节奏是我们的两倍 as we just did it. Ok?
如果你们听 就会发现 If you listen to how fast that bell is going.
这是跳快速的战舞时 And that's the one that they use
他们所用的音乐 when they're doing their fast agbekor dance.
真令人惊讶 很好你们做的不错 Quite an amazing thing. Ok, good job.
大家为他们鼓掌 表演的很好 Let's give them a hand. They did a nice performance.
在你们的CD中 如果你们有空 Ok. Yes, on your CD if you've had a chance
听一听CD上的音轨15 to listen to track 15 on the CD you have discovered
就会发现一开始他们演奏的 first of all the Ania Agbekor Society
是慢速的战舞 playing slow agbekor at the beginning.
我给你们播放一段 Let me play just a little of that.
音乐 外语演唱中 Music Singing in Foreign Language
普雷斯科特:能听到铃声 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prescott: Hear the bell there going 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6?
跟刚才莱恩和阿里尔 Which is about as fast as we played it
演奏时的速率一样 when we just did that demonstration with Ryan and Ariel.
到最后时 Now when you get to the end of this particular track
会听到快速的战舞声 可以想象出 and you hear the fast agbekor dancing then imagine
他们聚集时跳起战舞的模样 what it would be like to be playing in the ensemble.
你们需要仔细的听完这首音轨 You have to move ahead in this track
因为音乐的节奏是不断的 in order to hear all three of them because
淡出接着又加强的 they eventually fade this out and then they fade in...
音乐 Music Singing in Foreign Language
普雷斯科特:这是音轨15的第二部分 Prescott: The second part of the track 15. Ok,
我们一会儿来讨论这个 we'll talk about that one in a minute.
不过和战舞的体系相比 But that is a more unmeasured style
那个的节奏更难捉摸 within the agbekor system.
接着是音轨15的第三部分 Then the third track within track 15...
音乐 Music Singing in Foreign Language
普雷斯科特:听见铃声的节奏有多快了吗? Prescott: Hear how fast the bell is going?
试着想象整首曲子的特征 Ok. Try to imagine playing that entire pattern
你们能在这张幻灯片简略出的 that you see outlined in the full background pattern
整个背景特征里看到 of the powerpoint.
试着想象如此快的节奏和相配的舞蹈 Try to imagine playing it that fast and accompanying dance.
实在是让人惊艳 It's an amazing experience;
如果你是鼓手 或是舞者 a mind blowing kind of experience
这真是令人振奋 if you're a drummer and if you're the dancer.
如果想看更多的例子 And if you would like to see some wonderful examples
可以去谷歌一下加纳战舞 of this you can go to do a google search on agbekor
可以在youtube and you can find some examples on youtube
和myspace上找到一些例子 and on myspace that several people
人们上传过相关视频 have posted of fast agbekor dancing
看的时候会让人由衷感叹 真是难以置信的舞 that is just incredible when you watch it done.
其中一些视频只拍摄了舞者 And some of the videos show the dancers only.
有一些全屏 也拍到了鼓手 Some of them pan over to show the drummers as well.
这实在是不错的视角 And it's quite an amazing sight.
我建议你们自己去看一看 So I encourage you to take a look at that on your own
实际演出时的情景 and see what it looks like in actual performance.
这是令人赞叹的 It's an amazing sight.
问题是:有关加纳战舞的其中一张幻灯片 Yes, the question is: on one of the powerpoint slides
显示着两种特性 regarding agbekor it shows the two patterns
就是我们刚刚讲到的 together that we just listened to as a demonstration
我的问题是 进行划分衡量的 and the question is what division of the meter
标准是什么? are we stressing? Ok?
有人知道答案吗? Does anybody know the answer to that?
答案就在于两种不同的节拍 The answer is two different divisions of the meter.
我们看到的是一个三连音和一个二连音 We're looking at a triple division and a duple division.
换句话说 把一个节拍分成两部分 In other words, dividing the measure by two
或者分成三部分 六部分 四部分 and dividing the measure by three or by six and by four
在于乐者想要让音符 if you want to look at it that way in terms of
分成几个均等部分 how many divisions there are in these measures. Yes?
学生:那重音落在哪儿? Student: So where are the stresses?
我的意思是 这个节奏只和第一拍 I mean they only match up, they match up on beats one
第五拍相配 and beats 5.
普雷斯科特:是的 就是铃音出现的第一拍? Prescott: Right. On the top one that the bell is playing?
重音在第一行的第一个四分音符上 The stresses are the quarter note on the top one.
也就是说 1 2 3 4 5 6 In other words, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the fact is that
六拍里切分音被抵消了 they are offset syncopation- wise by the 8th notes
就在铃音的第八个音符处 that are in there in the bell pattern.
这个能理解吗? Does that make sense? Ok.
我希望你们能理解这些 Yeah, I want to make sure you understand this
因为与双音铃和摇响器在 because the pull of the three against two
战舞合奏中乐器的比重相比 comparing the bell to the rattle or the gankogui
三连音和二连音的转换 to the axatse instruments in the agbekor ensemble is crucial
显得尤为重要 to making the whole thing work.
还有其他问题吗? 克里斯? Other questions about this? Yes, Chris?
学生:关于音乐中的铃声 或者节拍 Student: Are the bell or the meter,
演奏者需要花上很久来切分音符 do you have to spend three hours getting
或者使节奏落在三连音上吗? these syncopated or do you have to be on the triple beat too?
普雷斯科特:铃音的节奏? Prescott: The bell?
学生:是的 Student: Yeah.
普雷斯科特:双音铃在全曲中的节奏 Prescott: The bell plays exactly what you see here
一如既往都没变过 all the time.
学生:好吧 Student: Ok.
普雷斯科特:是的 双音铃一直在演奏 Prescott: Yeah. They always play and it is essentially
对整个非洲音乐来说 它都是不可缺少的 ubiquitous throughout Africa,
总能听到铃声的存在 you hear that bell pattern going on.
不过加纳战舞在非洲就没那么常见了 But agbekor is not something that you find
双音铃的运用是极为常见的 throughout Africa. The bell pattern is very common
但这种连锁式的特征 but this particular interlocking pattern is found
首先存在于加纳和多哥的耶威族人音乐中 primarily with the Ewe people of Ghana and Togo
这是我们这章会学到的 还有问题吗? as we are studying in this unit. Good. Other questions? Ok.
你们听完整首乐曲 了解背景特征后 As you go through and look at the full background pattern
就会发现更多的乐器加入到合奏中来 then, you find more instruments joining.
kagun kidi琴 totogi 和 kroboto The kagun, the kidi, the totogi and the kroboto
都是书中介绍到的乐器 are all instruments that you will see in your books
第三章里还有这些乐器的 and they have little drawings of those instruments
小插图 in the unit on agbekor in chapter 3. Ok?
每件乐器都配有 You'll find little drawings of the names of each
一幅小图 of those instruments.
测验里我不会考你们 I will not expect you to know the names of
这些乐器的名称 放心吧 those instruments for the test. Ok?
你们不需要知道axatse是什么 You don't have to know what the axatse is for example
不过至少得了解双音铃 but you do need to know about the three to two relationship
和摇响器在乐曲演奏中的相对关系 between the bell and the rattle.
这是我希望你们能学到的 That's the kind of thing I'll expect you to know for the test.
不用死记硬背 I don't want you to go memorizing all the names
那些乐器的名字 除非你有特殊兴趣 of those instruments unless you would like to
因为这的确是个很棒的研究课题 好吗 because it is a fascinating topic. Good? Ok.
所以 不同鼓之间的一连串配合 So, this interlocking pattern of drums is
是这首舞曲的精髓所在 what makes the whole thing work
人声的演奏又盖过了乐器声 and then the vocals happen over the top of that.
有时候人声正是由乐手唱出的 And in some cases vocals happen by themselves
音轨15第二段就是如此 as we heard in the second example on track 15.
我们还有些无伴奏的人声演唱 We have some vocal music unaccompanied.
如果你们把课本往后翻 And if you turn ahead in your books to the places
翻到后面慢歌里人声部分的乐谱 where the transcription of the vocal happens
这部分是慢速的 乐谱中可看到 in the slow paced songs you'll see a transcription
很多五声音阶 of it which is largely pentatonic
我们之前也提到过 as we've discussed earlier in this class.
我们往前倒带 听一听前面部分 Let's go back and listen to just a bit of that.
这是音轨15上的中间部分 This is the middle agbekor example on track 15.
音乐 Music Singing in Foreign Language
普雷斯科特:能听出其中的一些五音符 Prescott: As you listen some of it sounds pentatonic
不过书里指出 从E大调开始的第二个音阶 but as your text points out the second scale degree
实际上是F音或者升半调的F音 which if you start on E would be either F or F sharp,
每次演奏时的音符都不一样 that note is different every time they come to it.
如果看乐谱 And if you look at the transcription you see that
会发现 有时这个音符是升F sometimes they transcribe it as an F sharp,
有时则直接是F音 sometimes as an F.
而他们实际想要的音 And what they really mean is something actually
是处在中间的 a little in between there;
是一个在西方八音度的 a note that does not exist in the western 12 note division
12音符划分中不存在的音 of the octave system.
我们之前也遇到过一次这种情况 We ran into this once before.
有人记得是什么情况吗? Anybody remember what that was?
学生:是讲美洲印第安人音乐时的吗 Student: Was it with the Native American...
普雷斯科特:没错 Prescott: Yes.
学生:是在中心上的那堂课吗? Student: It was in the center?
普雷斯科特:美洲印第安人的长笛与电子键盘 Prescott: The Native American flute vs. the synthesizer.
长笛演奏的某些特定音符 And we heard that certain notes that the flute
是不存在于电子键盘的音符系统的 was playing were not in the system that the synthesizer
所以听起来就像乐手 was playing and so that it sounded like it was simply
演奏得走调了似的 out of tune.
事实上 其中一些乐器所调的音 The fact is that some of those instruments
是和西方调音系统不一样的 are tuned to scales that are not in the western system
接下来讲其他文化时 of tuning and we're going to talk more about that
我们会更多的谈到这点 as we get into other cultures that use that exclusively.
非洲文化中 这个特定音符 In this culture we see what, this one particular note
每次都处在不同的位置上 that is in a different place each time.
讲到下一章非洲-美洲音乐时 And as we move forward in the course to the next unit
我们会具体研究 on African-American music we are going to
同样的一些"偏调"音 look at some notes that are the same way.
这之间有种相似关系 And there's an interesting kind of parallel to be drawn here
因为加纳耶威族人 because the Ewe people of Ghana were some of the people
是黑奴贸易中的受害者 who were originally taken as slaves for the slave trade
不幸的是 他们刚好就住在海岸边 because they lived right on the coast.
因此 他们被贩卖到了美洲 And so, they come over to America,
最终影响了爵士乐以及蓝调音乐的 they ultimately influence the birth of jazz
产生 以及众所周知的 and the birth of the blues and the use of what is known
忧郁音符 我们下一章会讲到 as blue notes which we'll study in our next unit.
因此实际上耶威族人的有些音 And so the fact that the Ewe people have certain notes
每次演奏时都处在不同的调上 that are in different places every time
就西方的音符标记法而言 and that are sort of in the cracks if you will
这无疑是难以接受的 between our western system of notation is
不过这对我们对比非洲音乐 I think very important as we compare African music
和非洲-拉美音乐来讲是至关重要的 to African-American music
大家注意下之间的联系 and look at where those connections take place.
开始学习下章时一定要牢记 So, keep that in mind as we begin our study in the next unit.
就这章的收尾 关于加纳战舞 A couple other things about agbekor
还有一些其他的内容 as we finish up this particular part of the chapter.
首先 每个人都参与到了舞蹈中来 First of all, every one participates in agbekor in this society.
无论是鼓手或者舞者 Everyone participates either as a drummer or as a dancer.
对耶威族人来说 没能参与到战舞中 And non-participation in the Ewe society
就等于被从族里驱逐了 is tantamount to excommunication from the tribe.
没参与的人 If you don't participate in dancing you are essentially
毫无疑问不会被视为族人 not part of the community
并会受到所有人的排斥 and you can be essentially ostracized.
其中一项惩罚措施就是 And one of the penalties for that
这个人不会像族人那样 could be not being given a proper burial place
拥有可以长眠的墓穴之地 with the rest of the community when you die.
也正因此 衍生出了很多 So, there are some interesting participation kinds
有趣的参与方式 有什么问题吗? of ramifications here. Yes, question?
学生:如果某人体有残疾无法参与呢? Student: So what about if someone is physically unable to?
比如说 他有先天不足 Like maybe someone has a deficiency
不能参加到 that creates so they're not able to participate
战舞的表演中来 in one way or another.
普雷斯科特:很好的问题 Prescott: Good question.
我回去查一下这个问题 I'll have to research that and find that out.
之前我也没想过这点 I haven't thought of that before.
不能跳舞的话 说不定他会充当鼓手? It's possible that they might be participate
或者演唱者之类的 as a drummer or as a vocalist if they're unable to dance.
耶威族是一个讲究共享的部落 But it's a participatory society which is,
这也联系到了我之前提过的一个话题 touches on an issue that I've mentioned before.
和我们的文化相比 If you compare it to our culture, we are becoming more
我们正在向消费文化而非共享文化发展 and more a culture of consumers rather than participants.
人们听歌就会想到ipod People who say they like music own ipods, right?
而非参与到实际的表演中 They don't necessarily perform.
进行文化对比 So, you compare cultures,
就会发现很多有趣的变化 you see some interesting changes there. Yes?
学生:有没有非族人 Student: Are individuals that aren't actually members
例如来自其他部落的 of the community, visitors from other tribes
或者外国人参与到战舞中来? and say foreigners...
普雷斯科特:有的 Prescott: Yes.
学生:他们也必须参与吗? Student: are they expected to participate as well?
普雷斯科特:他们可以参与 Prescott: They are certainly allowed to participate
在扉页有张图 and you see a picture in the book of the author
是70年代时作者亲身参与到 participating as a drummer with the Ania Agbekor Society
战舞中 当时他是鼓手 back in the 70s.
所以 我想如果你们去参观的话 And so, I think that if you were visiting you probably
不会被强制表演 would not be expected to perform
但如果你能歌善舞的话 是会被邀请 but you would be invited to if you had the ability
参与到舞蹈中的 有其他问题吗? and had worked with them. Other questions?
现在大家研究一下战舞的节奏 Ok. Now I really want you to study these rhythms
因为在接下来的一堂课中 for agbekor because in one of our sessions
我们会试着表演 that is coming up we are going to
一次战舞的合奏 put together an agbekor ensemble.
从幻灯片上能看到的 And we're going to need, as you can see
我们需要 from the powerpoint,
6名乐手 we're going to need 6 players to make it work.
所以我需要6个人 So, I'm going to be looking for 6 people to volunteer
自愿上来表演 to be part of an agbekor ensemble.
不久前我们刚刚有2个人演奏了 We just did two of the six a few minutes ago.
我们会再试试6个人的合奏组合 We'll be coming back to this and trying to
同时也尝试下其他的 put it all together and do some other African rhythms
非洲舞蹈节奏 做好准备吧 in the same session. So, be ready for that.
一定要踊跃报名哦 Be ready to jump up and volunteer.
我会挑选合适的人进行演奏 I'll be looking for people to do that.
接着往下讲 As we continue on with our study of Africa we move on
我们会研究马里的曼丁人 to the Mande people of Mali.
在CD的音轨17中 And a composition called Lambango that you find
有首曲子叫lambango on your CD track 17.
有三名乐手在演奏 And there are three performers in this track.
Ariatu Kuyate是演唱者 Ariatu Kuyate is the singer in this example.
Kakuta Suso是科拉琴演奏者 Kakuta Suso is the kora player.
而Zaney Jopate担任了解说 And finally Zaney Jopate is the speech
及打击乐手 and percussion on this recording.
我们听一段吧 Let's listen to just a bit of it.
音乐 Music Singing in Foreign Language
普雷斯科特:大家知道科拉琴是什么吗? Prescott: So what is a kora? Yes?
学生:有点像竖琴或者七弦琴 Student: It's sort of like a harp or a lyre.
普雷斯科特:是的 它是种竖琴 Prescott: It's a harp. Right.
而且还是种特别的 And there's a particular type of harp
有尖状齿桥的竖琴 that is being represented here, a spiked bridge harp
也就是说 which means that there is a,
这种乐器看起来像座桥 that the design of the instrument actually looks like a bridge.
像座吊桥 I mean that looks like a suspension bridge
在中间还有个巨大的尖状物 and that there's a big spike in the middle
支撑着齿桥 that essentially holds up the bridge,
和整个乐器 holds up the instrument.
看书中的图片会发现 And if you look at pictures in your text you find that
很多情况下这个乐器的基座 many cases the base of the instrument is created
是葫芦状的 就像 with a gourd, just like the gourd that we saw the other day
我们那天见的水鼓 只不过葫芦被一分为二了 for the water drum except instead of cutting it in half
制造者利用了中间的空隙 they use the whole thing about this size
将底座置入其中 with the other hemisphere and creating the base for the kora.
而这些琴弦 巨大的尖状物 And then the strings, the big spike coming up
是用来支撑齿桥 以及所有 to create the bridge and then all of the strings coming down
自下而上的琴弦 up over the handpost that goes up to the top. Ok?
这就是这个乐器的设计创意 That's the design of the instrument.
不幸的是 我手头没有实物给大家看 Unfortunately I don't have one to show you.
不过我们能听着录音 But we can hear the recording of the performance
自己想象一下 on the CD and imagine what that instrument
这个乐器是什么样的 would look like in person.
那么 表演者是谁?他们具体做些什么? Now, who are these performers and what do they do?
是的 流浪艺人 Ok. Griot, what's a griot or a jalolu?
流浪艺人为社会做的贡献 The function of a griot in this society is to actually
就在于他们记录并传递了历史 be the historical record keeper. Ok?
在乐器出现的早期 During the early days of these instruments,
正是这些人将历史和故事口口相传 these were the people who transmitted the oral history
代代传递 of their people and kept the history alive through song.
有时他们还会 And in some cases they would be praising the king
赞扬统治者的存在 for being such a great king. Ok?
某天国王醒来 会听到 And the king would wake up in the morning to the griot
流浪艺人弹着科拉琴歌颂他的美德 or the jalolu playing the kora and singing the king's praises.
就像国王的闹钟一样 一觉醒来 That was the king's alarm clock, somebody waking you up
听见别人在歌颂自己的美德 telling you how great you are and playing an instrument.
你们能想象吗? Can you imagine having one of those?
是的 那时的文化就是如此 Yeah, that's the culture.
学生:用西方术语理解的话 Student: So it's sort of like if you want to put it
他们有点像宫廷乐手 in western terms, sort of like a servant of the court,
像是小丑一样? like a jester?
普雷斯科特:是的 像个小丑 或者说吟游诗人 Prescott: Yeah, a jester or a minstrel.
西方历史上 Thinking of it in terms of western history there
总会有些吟游诗人作诗 were minstrels or troubadours who went around singing
讲述统治者的得与失 for the court. Yeah.
有没有人看过蒙提·派森系列剧 If you've ever, anybody seen Monty Python
或者圣杯传吗? and the Holy Grail here? Yeah.
里面罗宾爵士身后老跟着个行吟诗人 Remember Sir Robin had a troubadour going around
歌唱着他有多么伟大 behind him singing about how great he was
当他试图逃离的时候 and then when he ran away from that
那个诗人又开始唱着 one fight the troubadour singing about
他试图逃跑 罗宾费了很大劲让他停下 how he ran away and he's trying to get him to stop.
记得那段吗?大家都觉得 Remember that? Ok, they had a lot of fun with that
那段很好笑 in that movie.
有人看过电影《根》吗?很久前上映的 Anybody see the movie Roots? It's been awhile.
好吧是70年代的电影 It was on back in the 70s. Ok.
讲述了一名非裔美国人决定 Where an African-American person decided to go back
回到非洲找寻自己的家族 and find his African roots.
最终他找到了自己的部落 And ultimately found the tribe and had to listen to
不得不耐心听部落里的长老 this big long discourse of the tribe's storyteller
讲述部落从开始到最后的 and historian telling the history of their tribe
漫长历史 from the very beginning
因为人为的讲述又不能 because you couldn't just fast-forward
快进到中间 to the middle somewhere,
必须从最开始讲 you had to start at the beginning.
他听了很多天 And so he had to listen for several days
终于到了有关他祖先的部分 until he got to the part that concerned his actual
他的祖先 ancestor and the disappearance of his ancestor
被奴隶贩子带走了 when the slave traders came. So, the griot
吟游诗人在这种文化里起的就是这样的作用 and jalolu in this culture served that function.
他们口述并记录着部落的历史 They keep the oral history of the tribe. Ok?
这就是他们的作用 That's their current function.
关于这点有疑问吗? Questions about this aspect of the culture? Ok.
这就是曼丁人 接着我们要讲的 That's Mande. Now, the Dagbamba people of Ghana
是加纳的达格班巴人 are the next track on the CD.
他们是家族性的lunsi鼓者 And these are Lunsi drummers.
是世袭氏族 And this is a hereditary clan.
也就是说 想成为鼓手 This is where you have to be born into the clan
必须是氏族里的一分子 of drummers in order to become a drummer yourself.
所以安迪 这可能是 So, Andy, that may be the point
你之前疑问的关于 that you were thinking about earlier
音乐的世袭因素的重点 in terms of the hereditary aspect of it.
同时这些人也担任口头艺术家 地方理事 And these also serve as verbal artists, councilors,
和文化专家 cultural experts.
他们有两种不同的鼓 They play two different drums; the gung-gong
即锣鼓和隆加鼓 这是形容那种 and the lunga. And these are the specific names
特殊的两头鼓的专有名词 for the double headed drums that you see in your text.
在你们的课本里 有非常长的一段传记 And there's quite a long,there'is quite a long biography
介绍鼓手阿布巴卡里卢那 in your text of Abubakari Luna who is the drummer
并且详细的介绍了 who is featured here and it goes into their work
他们的工作 in some detail.
这里有个与科拉琴 隆加鼓 There is a term that comes up in regard to
加纳锣鼓相关的 both the kora harp and also the lunga
专有名词 and the gung-gong instruments that we're studying here
也就是土著性 and that is indigenous.
有人见过那个术语吗? Has anybody run across that term?
土著性 这是什么意思? Indigenous, what does that mean?
学生:专属于那个地区 Student: Of that area.
普雷斯科特:对 还有什么 Prescott: Of that area. Ok. What else.
学生:土生土长 Student: Native to that place.
普雷斯科特:土生土长 也对 Prescott: Native to that place. Yeah.
不仅如此 It probably means more then that that it actually
它也代表由那儿起源 originated in that place.
这里是那种乐器的归属地 This isthe place where this instrument was invented.Ok?
所以谈到科拉琴 尖状齿桥竖琴 And so where the kora is concerned, the spiked
都会想到土著性这个词 bridge harp,it's described as an indigenous instrument.
这点很重要 因为 And that's very important because as we continue
接着往下讲 我们就会发现 to look at world cultures we're going to begin
某些文化受到了其他文化体的影响 to see cultures which have been influenced
因此 有些乐器仍然保留了 by other cultures and so there are instruments
原有的土著性 是极为重要的 that people think are indigenous
实际上它们是产生于另一种文化 but in fact they were brought by another culture
但这由来已久 人们都不记得 but it's been so long ago that they just don't remember
这些乐器并非土生土长 the fact that it was not actually invented there.
举个例子 拉美洲的竖琴 An example of that is the harp in Latin America
被很多人认识是起源于当地的 which is considered by many to be an indigenous
但实际上 它是15世纪时 instrument but in fact it was brought by the Spaniards
由西班牙人带过去的 in the 15th century.
因此 由于存在已久 人们都以为它是 So it's just been around for so long that people consider
本身自有的 这样来看 科拉琴和达格班巴人的 it that way. In this case the kora and these drums
鼓 都可看作土著性的乐器 in the Dagbamba people are indigenous instruments.
认清这点是很关键的 And it's important to make that distinction.
接着要鉴赏的音乐 Now, the music that we're going to look at
被称为Nag Biegu from this culture is called Nag Biegu
翻译过来就是 有人能翻译这个吗? which translates, anybody get the translation of that?
有人见过这个词没? Anybody run across that?
学生:残暴的野牛 Student: Ferocious wild bull.
普雷斯科特:是的 残暴的野牛 Prescott:Ferocious wild bull. Yes. Ferocious wild bull.
这首歌是关于什么的? And what is this song about?
谁是残暴的野牛? Who is the ferocious wild bull?
学生:一个敌方领导人 Student: An enemy leader.
普雷斯科特:没错 Prescott: An enemy leader. Right.
他发生了什么事? And what happened to the enemy leader?
学生:他被人杀了 Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:是的 他被杀了 Prescott: Yes, he got killed.
达格班巴人的国王将要获胜 The king of the Dagbamba people was able to defeat
很可能还杀了残暴的野牛部落的领导人 and probably kill the ferocious wild bull leader
这首歌是用来庆祝的 of the other tribe and this song is a celebration of that event.
和加纳战舞相似 So, similar to agbekor which was drumming
这首歌首先是让所有人做好作战准备 that was basically designed to firstget everybody ready
接着就是庆祝 for war and then later to celebrate the fact
部落的胜利 that the tribe had won the war,
Nag Biegu是同样的庆祝形式 Nag Biegu is the same sort of celebration of
我们听一段吧 a military victory. Let's listen to just a bit of that.
音乐 Music Singing in Foreign Language
普雷斯科特:还记得之前我们在桌上打鼓吗? Prescott: Now remember when we had our drums out
让我们再做一次吧 on our table? Let's do that again.
从这点到那儿的人是第一组 Everybody from about this point on be in group one
那边的是第二组 and everybody over here be in group two.
就把你们的桌子当成鼓 And just take, get your tables out, your desks,
尽兴的敲吧 get your drums out. Ok?
我们又要打鼓了 And we're going to play the drums again.
记住 跟着3/2拍的节奏 And remember we're going to do three against two.
这次 这一侧的同学 So this time this side of the room,
你们跟着二连音的节奏 you're going to divide by two,divide the measure by two
你们跟着三连音的节奏 You're going to divide the beat by three.
我再说一遍 Let me say that again.
这边的人敲二连音 This side of the room is dividing the beat by two.
这边的敲三连音 This group, dividing by three.
所以你们就是1 2 1 2 的节奏 So if we go along, you're going, 1 and 2 and 1 and 2.
那么开始吧 Ok. Go ahead and play.
声音大一点 敲出气势来 A little louder, we need some volume here.
很好 你们敲三连音 Good. You're going to divide by three.
准备 1 2 3 就按这个节奏来 Ready and 1 and a 2 and a 3. Keep that going.
是的 很好 Right. Good. Good. Good.
听出3/2拍了吗? You hear the pull of the three against two?
你们能做到的 And you can actually do it, everybody try this.
敲桌子 敲自己的膝盖 Try on your desk or on your knees
都随你们 or however you would like to play.
试试一只手敲二连音 See if you can get two going on in one hand
另一只手敲三连音 and three in the other like this. [drumming] Ok?
这不容易吧? Yeah. Not easy is it?
需要一心二用 You have to think in two different ways just like
就像边走边嚼口香糖一样 walking and chewing gum at the same time.
要同时想不同的事情 You have to think of two different things at once.
所以敲出3/2拍是很难的 So getting that two against three happening is not that easy.
我们把Nag Biegu倒回去 Now, go back and listen to the drums at the very beginning
再从头听一下 of this Nag Biegu piece and see
看能不能听出 if you don't hear that same two against three pull
我们刚敲的3/2拍 that we just created here.
音乐 Music
普雷斯科特:听见了吗?我们再放一遍 Prescott: Hear that? Listen again
这是这首曲子非常重要的元素 because that's a very important element of this piece.
音乐 Music
普雷斯科特:好了 这就是3/2拍 Prescott: Ok. There's the three against two
负责打鼓的就是 in that drumming pattern there with those drummers
达格班巴的鼓手们 of Dagbamba.
这里的三连音 And the three division that's happening there
如果看书的话你们会发现 if you look in your text you find that
这段其实是有唱词的 there are actually words that go with this.
非洲语言唱词 Foreign Language
大家可以看到这段歌词 This is a transcription that you'll find in your text
跟lunsi鼓手有关 having to do with the Lunsi drummers.
非洲语言唱词 Foreign Language
这里实际上鼓声在相互交流 There's actually words that are being communicated here
还记得当时 by the drums. You'll remember that
我们谈到鼓声传递着讯息 we talked about the talking drum in our last session
以及鼓在某种方式上 and how the drums would represent African speech
如何代替了语言的作用 in some ways.
所以当听到这些鼓 And so that when you heard the drums
演奏着特定的音节时 playing the actual syllables would come to mind
打鼓也是一种交流 and you would be actually speaking by playing the drums.
这里鼓声代替了和声 Here the drums are actually playing the chorus of the song.
因此这段音乐实际 So this music is actually set up
是一种赞美诗合唱的结构 as a verse chorus kind of structure.
诗篇是由歌手唱出的 The verse is sung by the vocalist.
而鼓声则扮演了和声部分 And then the drums are playing the chorus:
隐喻 这分别是什么含义? Foreign Language**. Which means, what?
翻到下一页有注释 If you turn to your next page you see the translation.
学生: Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:那就是残暴的野牛 Prescott: It is Nag Biegu, that's him.
是那个凶残的敌方领导人 It is Nag Biegu, it is the ferocious wild bull.
我们在战争中击败了他 We defeated him in battle. Ok?
这就是不断重复的和声部分 That's basically what this chorus is saying
所表达的含义 as it continues to repeat.
不论歌手唱什么 鼓声都会有 So, whatever the singer sings is answered by the drums
相应的回应 非常好懂 in this case. And the words are simply understood
因为大家都知道这段的意思 because everybody knows what those mean.
书里面有一段讲到 In your text you'll find a section where they discuss
怎么去敲击这些鼓 how you learn to play these drums.
我简略的把这段 Ok, I'm going to read just briefly this paragraph
读给你们听 from your text.
这是作者所提到的 lunsi鼓手阿布巴卡里 This is part of the biography of Abubakari that
部分传记 the author includes in the book who is the Lunsi drummer.
"我跟父亲呆了很长时间 有5年多 "I was with my father for a long time, more than 5 years.
他非常严厉 教学很严格 My father was hard. I faced difficulty
让我觉得跟他交流压力很大 with my father because of his way of teaching.
他不会为你示范打鼓 My father would not beat the drum for you.
只会唱着歌 让你用卢那鼓 He would sing and you had to do the same thing
敲出相同的节拍 做不到的话 on the Luna. If you couldn't do it, he would continue
他就会一直逼迫你敲下去" until you got it before adding another."
所以是父亲唱着音节 So the father would sing the syllables
而儿子用鼓敲出相同的节拍 and then the son had to reproduce that with the drum
这就是他学习的方式 and that's how he learned to play.
所以lunsi鼓手 或者说很多非洲人 So when a Lunsi drummer or many African people
听到鼓声就自然而然 in this culture hear the drum play they're going to
会想到唱出的音节 actually hear the syllables that are being sung
也能理解歌声的含义 and they're going to understand its meaning
因为这就是他们成长时 because this is the way they've grown up
学习和倾听音乐的方式 learning to play and learning to hear this music. Ok?
如果这种乐曲出现在考试中 So, if a piece like this were to appear on the test
也许就是我们听的最后一首 Lambango or perhaps the last piece that we heard, the Lambango
或者加纳战舞 piece, right? Or the agbekor piece.
如果考试中出现了这类曲子 If some of these pieces were to appear on your test,
你们会加上什么非洲特征的标签? which African characteristics would you apply to them?
翻回到讲非洲音乐特征的 Go back to your page on African characteristics
那张幻灯片 that's on the powerpoint.
看看有哪些能形容 And let's see which of those we might be able to
今天听的三首乐曲 apply to the three songs that we have heard earlier today.
从加纳战舞开始吧 Starting with the agbekor. Ok?
告诉我 非洲音乐有哪些特征 So, tell me some of the African characteristics.
学生:重复性 Student: Repetition.
普雷斯科特:重复性 加纳战舞里有吗? Prescott: Repetition. Do we have any of that in agbekor?
学生:有的 Student: Yes.
普雷斯科特:是的 不断重复的层次 Prescott: Absolutely. This pattern gets repeated over
很好重复性 还有呢? and over again. Sure. Ok. Repetition. What else?
学生:5声音阶 Student: Pentatonics.
普雷斯科特:5声音阶? Prescott: Pentatonics? We certainly had pentatonics
从战舞改编来的歌曲中 in the transcriptions that we saw of the vocal music
也有这个特点 很好 from agbekor. Right.
学生:非西方调式系统音高 Student: Non-western sense of pitch.
普雷斯科特:非西方调式系统音高 Prescott: Non-western sense of pitch.
这点在战舞的歌曲改编版中 There's an excellent example in agbekor
被渲染的淋漓尽致 非常好 还有? in that transcription of the vocal music. Good. Yes?
学生:呼喊和呼应 Student: Call and response.
普雷斯科特:呼喊和呼应 Prescott: Call and response.
是的 还有别的吗? Absolutely. Ok? What else?
学生:双重节奏 Student: Polyrhythm.
普雷斯科特:双重节奏 尤其是3/2拍 Prescott: Polyrhythm. Specifically three against two.
你们答对了不少 还有别的吗? So you've got several right there. What else? Any others?
学生:切分音 Student: Syncopation.
普雷斯科特:切分音 Prescott: Syncopation.
学生: Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:麻烦再说一遍 Prescott: I'm sorry say that again.
学生:在铃声里有切分音 Student: I said in the bells there's syncopation.
普雷斯科特:在铃声里 是的 Prescott: In the bells, certainly, yeah,
铃声就是个切分的音符 还有别的吗? the bell is a syncopated figure. What else?
学生: Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:由肢体舞蹈伴奏 是的 Prescott: Accompanied by body movement. Right.
加纳战舞是为舞蹈创作出的乐曲 Agbekor is music for dance. Absolutely.
还有呢?我们已经总结出了 What else? Well we just came up with about
7 8个特性了 7 or 8 right there.
顺便说一句 考试就是这样的方式 That's the way to study for the test, by the way.
下节课我们会更多的提到考试 And we'll talk more about the test in our next session.
不过复习的有效方法之一 But one of the ways to study for the test here would be
就是自己做个非洲音乐特性归类图表 to create the same kind of chart that you created
就像之前为美洲印第安人音乐做的 for Native American music for African music
看看每首曲子你们都能 and see how many of them you can apply to
总结出多少特点 each of these compositions.
接着我们看看lambango里的科拉琴和人声 Moving on to Lambango for kora and singer.
威尔 这首曲子有什么特点? What do we have there Will?
学生:口述历史 Student: Storytelling.
普雷斯科特:是的 没错 Prescott: Yes, absolutely.
歌曲伴随着口述的历史 还有呢? Songs associated with storytelling. What else?
学生:双重节奏 Student: Polyrhythm.
普雷斯科特:你说双重节奏? Prescott: Polyrhythm?
学生:等等 我搞错了 Student: Oh wait, I'm sorry.
记成加纳战舞的特点了 I was talking back to agbekor.
普雷斯科特:是的这首节奏的双重性并不突出 Prescott: Yeah, this one's not quite as, not quite
所以复习考试的时候 as clear cut. So if you were studying for the test
对这首曲子的研究 and you had to get your examples on this one
需要更深入透彻一些 you might have to dig a little deeper.
在lambango里面可能找不到 Probably you're not going to find
3/2拍这种 the three against two polyrhythm kind of thing
重复性的节拍 happening in Lambango. Yes.
学生:有重复性 Student: You've got repetition.
普雷斯科特:我想可能有 Prescott: Repetition I think is a real possibility.
我们再听一遍吧 Let's go back and listen to it again.
你们还提了呼喊与呼应? And you also mentioned call and response for Lambango?
好吧 再听一遍 Ok. Let's go back and listen to that again
看能不能找出这两个特征 and see if we can come up with those two.
音乐 Music Singing in Foreign Language
普雷斯科特: 我想科拉琴演奏的那一段 Prescott: Certainly repetition I think is evident
很明显是有重复性的 in what the kora is playing, that same pattern over and over
不断重复的乐章 至于呼喊与呼应? again. Call and response, what do you think.
学生: Student: [inaudible]
普雷斯科特:没错 这应当算是 Prescott: Right, right. You might be able to make a case
典型的说唱呼应的例子 for the fact that the spoken text is a response
你们可以把它作为范例 to the sung text. And you might make a case for that.
和下首曲子 鼓声与人声相互呼应相比 It's not quite as clear cut of a call and response
这首曲子里呼喊与呼应 as we see in the next example for example
可能表现的不是那么明显 where the drums are the response to the vocal text.
有问题吗安迪? Yes Andy?
学生:人声独唱 还有非西方调式系统音高 Student: Solo singing and then non-western sense of pitch.
学生:对 我也觉得有非西方调式系统音高 Student: Yeah. I think non-western sense of pitch.
普雷斯科特:非西方调式系统音高是有的 Prescott: I think non-western sense of pitch is good.
学生:在科拉琴那段 Student: In the kora.
普雷斯科特:特别是在科拉琴演奏部分 Prescott: Especially in the kora where the tuning of it
调音方式非常不同于西方 is not particularly western in its design.
安迪还说了有人声独唱 是的 And Andy says some solo singing. Certainly.
还有其他想法吗? Ok. Other thoughts on this one?
好 我们回到这首残暴的野牛上来 Ok, let's go back to Nag Biegu; ferocious wild bull.
音乐 Music Singing in Foreign Language
普雷斯科特:这首曲子有什么特别之处? Prescott: Ok. What characteristics do we have here?
学生:双重节奏 Student: Polyrhythm.
普雷斯科特:是的 典型的3/2拍 Prescott: Certainly polyrhythm; three against two.
还有呢? Absolutely. What else?
学生:呼喊与呼应 Student: Call and response.
普雷斯科特:呼喊与呼应 非常明确的特征 Prescott: Call and response. Clear cut case there. Yes?
学生:切分音 Student: Syncopation.
普雷斯科特:在鼓声中有一些明显的 Prescott: Syncopation, certainly in the drummers there
切分音符 还有别的吗? are some syncopated features. What else?
学生:口述历史 Student: Storytelling.
普雷斯科特:口述历史 是的 他们在讲述着 Prescott: Storytelling. Yep, we're telling the story
这场战斗 这点很明显 of this battle, aren't we? So that's a very clear-cut case.
还有别的吗?还有一点 What else? One more. Yes?
学生:即使里面有呼喊与呼应 Student: Even though it's call and response
自始至终也只有一名演唱者 there's only one person singing.
普雷斯科特:是的 Prescott: Right.
学生:这为什么不是人声独唱? Student: Wouldn't that be considered solo singing?
普雷斯科特:我想你把它归入 Prescott: Well you could certainly give it
人声合唱 也没太大问题 the solo singing category, I think.
说它是呼喊与呼应 Even though it's call and response
是因为这首曲子里 呼应是由鼓声作出的 because in this case the response is by the drummers
而非演唱者本身 明白吗? and not by the vocalist. Ok?
很好 这样你们就明白了 Good, ok. So you see what to do here.
总结方式和美洲印第安人音乐 The same kind of thing we did
那章是一样的 with the Native American chapter
就是找出非洲音乐独有的特点 and that is to take the characteristics
分别为每首曲子归类各自的特点 and apply each of them to each of the songs
这样复习的时候 and that way you will be well prepared
就会轻松些 也能为考试 I think for the test when you are studying
做好准备 for that test. That's coming right up.
这是今天要讲的 Ok, that's all for today's session.
明天我们会结束对非洲音乐的讨论 In tomorrow's session we will finish our discussion
接着谈点别的 of Africa and then we will talk somewhat
包括下周的考试 以及之后的安排 about the next test and what is going to be on it.
下堂课见 We'll see you next time.