欢迎大家回到音乐239课程 Welcome back to Music 239,
世界音乐入门 introduction to world music.
在昨天课程的基础上 我想问大家一个问题 I have a question for you based on yesterday's discussion;
发音单位真的是无意义的音节而已吗 are Vocables really meaningless nonsense syllables?
学生: 不是 STUDENT: No.
有些人说不是 好的 还记得发音单位是什么吗 Someone says no. Ok remember what Vocables are?
它在美国本土音乐特点列表上的第三项 They are the 3rd on our list of characteristics of
昨天我们已经稍微讨论过这一内容 Native American music and we talked about them a little
在有一点上 我将它们形容为 bit yesterday and I described them at one point as
无意义的音节 nonsense syllables.
书上写是无意义的音节但有些人却不这样认为 In the book it says meaningless but someone says no,
为什么它们不是无意义的呢? why not? Why are they not meaningless?
是由于文化背景和听者不同的原因吗? Ok so it depends on the culture and who is listening?
有人能回答这个问题吗? 好的 Any other answers to that? Yes.
事实上 音节在语言中并没有实际的含义 So the fact that the syllables don't have an actual meaning
这并不意味着对于说话的人 in the language doesn't mean that they are nonsense or
它们是随意的或毫无意义的音节 meaningless syllables to the person that is singing them
实际上我们今天要学习的主要内容之一 and in fact particularly one of the pieces that we are going
Yebichai之歌 你会发现 to study today, the Yeibichai, you're going to find that the
在这里他们向上帝喊出的这些音节 Vocables that are happening there are cries out to the gods
意义极其丰富 and so extremely meaningful as far as the syllables go.
我今天想以一个重点开始 So an important point that I wanted to start with today.
上一节课我们讲到 Ok now we left off in our last session with discussions of
纳瓦霍族文化和生活方式 我们发现 the Navajo culture, way of life, ok we discovered that
他们在亚利桑那 犹他和新墨西哥州 they have a very large reservation in parts of Arizona,
有着很大的聚居地 Utah, New Mexico and that
他们的生活来源很多样 that they have sources of livelihood from a variety of
包括了美国政府内政部 places including the US government department of interior
对他们的补助 这一协定在十九世纪就形成了 that helps to subsidize them based on treaties signed in the
纳瓦霍人同时 像你们教科书中所写的那样 19th century. The Navajo are also, as your text points out,
是富有创造力的民族 除了音乐以外 very creative people. The silversmithing and
他们的银器制造和各种编织工艺 the various kinds of weaving and art that they do in
都非常具有创造力 addition to the music tend to be highly creative.
他们的语言也极其复杂 Their language is extremely complicated.
在场有人听说过纳瓦霍密语者吗? Has anybody here ever heard about Navajo code talkers?
有的 STUDENT: Yes.
解释一下那是什么 JOHN: What was that about?
他们在战争中将这种语言 STUDENT: Didn't they use them in that war as
作为一种密码 让敌人无法理解 a secret way for our enemies not to understand us.
哪一场战争? JOHN: Which war?
第二次世界大战 STUDENT: World War 2.
第二次世界大战 JOHN: World War 2.
对抗日本人 STUDENT: Against the Japanese.
是的 特别是针对于日本 JOHN: Yes, particularly the Japanese
因为纳瓦霍与太难破译 because the Navajo language was so difficult to decipher
所以他们用其向军队传递信息 that they could use that to send messages to the troops and
日本人无法破译这是什么语言 the Japanese could not decipher what the language was or
也无法找到能破译的人 have anybody that could figure it out and
所以纳瓦霍密语者在美国军事史 so the Navajo code talkers was a very important chapter
第二次世界大战中写下了重要一页 in the US military history during World War 2.
这是一种非常复杂 难懂的语言 A very complicated, sophisticated language and the
而一些歌曲中所包含的创作性元素 creativity factor is one that will bear on some of the songs
今天 以及下一讲 that we are going to hear today both in today's session
我们都将会听到 and in the next session.
让我们继续 谈谈他们的民族服装 Let's move on to talk then about some of their costumes,
你们的课本讲了一些关于他们服饰的内容 your text talks about some of the outfits that they wear,
课本中讲到了一个事实 一些妇女 your text talks about the fact that some of the women
所穿的裙子源于19世纪的 wear skirts that are based on what the US army post wives
美国军队服饰 那时这些军队刚刚 were wearing in the 19th century when they were first
占领了纳瓦霍族的聚居地作为他们的要塞 taken onto the reservation into the forts in the US Army.
建筑 你看到了一系列的建筑风格 其中包括 Houses, you see a list of them there and also ceremonial
庆典用建筑 穹顶结构 buildings, domed structures that are designed
这样的设计是为了表现微缩的地球景象 to represent miniature versions of the earth with
表现出天空和大地 the sky and the earth below for some of the
今天我们要讨论的一些庆典就会使用到 ceremonies that we are going to be looking at today.
我们这节课第一个要做的事情是 Now the first thing we're going to do during this session is
研究三个庆典音乐片段 都已经收录在你们的CD里 to study 3 ceremonial pieces of music that are on your CD.
有人注意到课本上介绍的庆典 Anybody notice all of the ceremonies in the text
与纳瓦霍人的生活方式有何联系了吗? having to do with Navajo way of life?
有人能说出一些庆典的名字吗? Can anybody name some of the ceremonies?
夜路庆典 STUDENT: The night way ceremony.
夜路庆典是其中之一 JOHN: The night way ceremony is one of them.
夜路庆典是为了庆祝什么呢 And what is the night way ceremony about?
净化 STUDENT: Purification.
好的 是净化和治愈 对吗 JOHN: Ok, purification and healing, isn't it?
下一个你将看到的 Ok, what about the next one that you see up on the top
这个庆典是什么 here, the song Shizhane'e, what ceremony is that from?
敌路庆典 这个庆典是为了庆祝什么 Enemy way. Ok, what is enemy way about?
是的 它曾经起初是为了准备战争 JOHN: Yes, it used to be I think originally preparing for
但后来更多地是为了 war but in later days it is more about people who have
从战争中回来的人们为他们重回部落生活所准备 returned from war, trying to prepare them to return to the
他们情绪低落 或许不得不杀了人 tribe after they have been off and perhaps had to kill
这个庆典让他们能回归部落生活 people in conflict, allow them to return to tribal life,
这就是敌路庆典的作用 an enemy way ceremony might be performed there.
射击庆典 是我们要讨论的第三个 Shooting way is the 3rd ceremony that we're going to look
这个庆典更多地与 at today and that one has more to do with things like
蛇有关 与蛇关系不好的人们 snake bites and people that have had bad relations with
通常会举行一场射击庆典 snakes will often have a shooting way ceremony
以便使人类与蛇和好 performed in order to make peace between the people and
消除那些导致被蛇咬的根源 the snake people that caused the snake bite to occur in the
这源于美国原住民的神话传说 first place according to Native American myth so a lot of
与许多神话 信仰相联系 this ties in with mythical beliefs and with religion
但同时这些庆典在心理学上也有益处 but there is some psychological kinds of benefits as well.
这些庆典一方面或多或少是心理治疗性的 All of these are healing rituals in one way or another
课本上提到的其他仪式 and your book refers to other rituals as well such as
例如山路庆典 也是一个治愈性仪式 mountain way, another healing ritual,
所有这些各种各样的仪式 all of these are various kinds of rituals that help
都是心理治疗的过程 with the healing process.
纳瓦霍人当然也使用当代医学 The Navajo certainly take advantage of modern medicine;
抗生素 医院 输血 antibiotics, hospitals, blood transfusions,
这些他们都做 但除此之外 they do all of that stuff but in addition to that
他们还保留着传统信仰 那就是 they maintain their traditional beliefs that healing can
治疗可以利用庆典仪式从内部进行 occur from within through the use of ceremonial practices
就像敌路庆典夜路庆典 such as enemy way and night way so that's what we're
我们将要在三个音乐片段中研究的 going to be looking at in these 3 pieces,
这三首曲子 Yeibishai Shizhane之歌 the 3 compositions; the Yeibichai, the song Shizhane'e
以及与这三个庆典相联系的纳瓦霍圣歌 and the Navajo sacred prayer are associated with the 3
你们在单子上都看到了 ceremonies that you see listed.
让我们仔细地来逐个研究 So let's look at each of these now in some detail.
首先要讲Yeibichai之歌 来自夜路庆典 Starting with the Yeibichai song from the night way
Yeibichai的字面意义是 先祖的众神 ceremony. Yeibichai literally translated as gods of their
这是一个长时间的庆典 会持续举行数日 grandfathers and it is a long, long ritual lasting several
舞者带着面具表演众神 days; mask dancers impersonating the gods,
这个庆典持续约七天七夜 it goes on for about 7 days and nights and
并且很多仪式通常彻夜举行 often goes all night for some of these rituals.
确实是一个持续时间很长的庆典 Quite a long ceremony,
正如课本上所指出的 这类似于瓦格纳歌剧中的 as your book points out it is reminiscent of a Vognarian
怀旧情怀 不论在长度上 还是在 Opera in terms of the length and in terms of the
庆典所关系到的人上 involvement of what's going on with this ritual.
好的 他们试图借助超自然的力量 Ok, so they're trying to bring supernatural power to help
来帮助病了的人 Yeibichai这首曲子就在你们的CD中 the sick person. The Yeibichai is on your CD and
是其中的第六首 这首曲子的译文 you will find it on track 6, transcription of the Yeibichai
在你们的书里也有 在那里应该找的倒Yeibichai的译文 is located in your book ok so you should find a Yeibichai
让我们翻到那一页 transcription, why don't you turn there at this time
看一眼我们接下来要听的内容 and take a look at that and we will listen to
是Yeibichai之歌其中的一小段 just a little bit of the Yeibichai song.
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大家都找到译文了吗 JOHN: Everybody find the transcription in the book?
好的让我们跟昨天一样 Ok, now let's do what we did yesterday and go back and
回顾一些印第安人音乐的特点 look at some of the characteristics of Native American
来看看在这首曲子中 music and see how many of those we can identify here
我们能说出其中的哪些 in the Yeibichai.
有没有单声部歌唱? 有没有? How about monophonic singing? Any of that?
当然有 同一个声线 由一个歌者演唱 Sure, single vocal line, sung by and individual or
或是一个团体演唱 是的 单声部 by a group, yeah monophonic singing.
音阶歌唱 这首歌里面有这个特点吗? Singing in octaves. We have any of that in this one?
嗯我不确定是否听到了这个特点 Hmmm I'm not sure I heard that in this one,
我们稍候可以再听一边 看我们是否能听出 we can listen to it again Andy and see if we can hear that
音阶歌唱 但我不确定这首歌是否有这个特征 singing in octaves but I'm not sure I heard that here.
那么音节呢? 现在你们或许需要 What about Vocables? Now for that you're going to have
看看歌词 看看其中的文字 to look at the transcription and look at the text in there.
里面出现了单独音节吗? 是的嘿-哎 嘿-哎 吼-吼 Are there vocables here? Yeah, he-ah, he-ah, he-ah, ho, ho,
吼嘿-哎 你看 这就是音节 它们出现在这里 ho, he-ah, ok, those are vocables, see those down there,
这些音节在语言里并不代表任何意义 those don't mean anything in the language
但在这个情景中向众神所喊出的音节 but this is the situation where the vocables are the cries to
向超自然寻求治愈的呼喊 the gods, to the supernatural to try to bring healing
肯定不是毫无意义的了 对吗 so they are far from meaningless right,
所以这里出现了音节 重复手法呢? so we do have vocables in this one. Repetition?
没错也出现了 假音呢? Yes, you bet. Falsetto?
有 Yes.
是的 这首乐曲中出现了许多男声假音 Yes, we've got a lot of falsetto with the male voices up
唱得很高 长音上的颤音呢? above in the head voice. Pulsations on long notes?
有 Yes.
没错 那么在歌词中大家能看到 JOHN: Yes, now in the transcriptions you will see
在一个音符上点两个点 sometimes double dots over a note if
表示此处有颤音 there's going to be pulsations.
我不能说这首曲子里的颤音效果出现了多少 I'm not sure if we have quite as much of a pulsation effect
因为在这里的确长音出现的 in this piece because there really aren't as many long notes
不如其他曲子多 让我们一会再听一边 as there are in others. Go listen to it again in minute and
来仔细听 是否能听得出颤音 check that out, we'll check out the pulsations and
也可以再听八度和音 we'll check out the octave singing and
看我们是否能辨别得出 还有其他特征吗? see if we can identify that. What else?
五声音阶? 没错 Pentatonic scale? Sure, yeah, you look at the notes that
仔细看看书上的乐谱 are transcribed here in your transcription and
的确表现出了小三和弦的五声音阶 it certainly fits that pentatonic scale pattern of minor 3rds,
和大二和弦的五声音阶 没错 major 2nds, you bet.
还有吗? 小段的下行音符 What else? Descending small note collections?
它们又出现了 我们昨天所研究的乐曲 There they are again; every song we saw yesterday had
都出现了 those descending small note collections sand
在这首曲子中我们也发现了 here we have them too.
打击乐伴奏呢? Accompanied by percussion instruments?
是的 打击乐和歌声不一定是重合在一起的? Yes, percussion and vocals not necessarily together?
不 我认为在这首曲子中是合在一起的 No I think they are together in this piece.
我认为在这个例子中 你说的对 I think in this case, yeah, you're right.
你所听到的真正的打击乐的声音 The actual percussion instruments that you're hearing are
是与歌声相伴的 together metrically with the voices.
让我们回去重新听一遍 看我们是否能 Let's go back and listen again and see if we
辨别出音阶和颤音 identify any of those octaves or the pulsations.
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怎么样? JOHN: What do you think?
比起颤音这里更像是震音 STUDENT: It's more a vibrato.
不完全是我们所听到的颤音范例 JOHN: Not really the pulsation effect that we heard for
像昨天的Zuni摇篮曲一样 example on the Zuni lullaby yesterday
在那首曲子里歌者做得很明显 where it was so clear that she was doing that.
Andy你认为八度和音有出现吗? Andy what do you think about the octave thing?
没有 我是说在吼吼中出现高音C STUDENT: There's not, I mean you get a C sharp
而后就跳转到嘿嘿 on the ho, ho then it jumps up to the he, he.
的确不存在两个音阶同时出现的情况 JOHN: there's not really 2 octaves going on at the same
就像我们昨天所听的一些曲子那样 time and we heard that in some of the songs yesterday
但Yeibichai之歌里面并没有出现真正的八度和音 but in the Yeibichai you don't really have that octave
所以我也不认为这一特征出现了 singing kind of thing so I don't think that one is happening.
你是说必须要出现 STUDENT: Ok so you're saying that they have to be
一个八度在一个八度之上的情况 on top of each other.
没错 平行音阶 这就是Yeibichai之歌 JOHN: Exactly, parallel octaves, that's the Yeibichai song,
下面让我们来研究Shizhane之歌 now let's move on and look at the Shizhane'e from the
它源于敌路庆典 在我们继续读到这里 enemy ceremony. The pone thing I would like to point out
需要提前说明的是 about it before we move on is down here at the bottom;
歌者必须牢记这些多日庆典的每一个细节 the singer memorizes every detail of this multi day
可以被视为部落中富有智慧 ceremony, considered an intellectual
和专司庆典的领导者 and ceremonial leader in the community.
而与我们文化中的歌手相比较 Now compare that to the way singers are for example in
我们的歌手 特别是流行歌手 our culture. Our singers, particularly pop singers, are they
会被视为我们之中的智慧领导者吗? considered intellectual leaders of the community?
通常不会 有些时候会这样 Not necessarily. Sometimes they are,
那是些罕有的例外 对于普通人来说 there's some notable exceptions but in general people
做音乐的和歌手是像这个文化中这样 who are musicians and singers are not considered the
被当作部族中智慧和庆典的领导者 intellectual and ceremonial leader of the community as
这是与自己所处的文化的 this culture has so it's an interesting contrast that
一个有趣的对比 you can make between a different culture and the one in
下面看一下圆舞之歌 which you live. Now looking at the circle dance song,
Shizhane 这是一首完全不同种类的歌曲 Shizhane'e, ok, this is a completely different kind of song
因为它来源于一个完全不同的仪式 because while it is in another one of those healing rituals
歌词只有对神明的呼喊 the lyrics are anything but cries to the gods.
看一下课本上Shizhane的歌词 Take a look at your transcription of Shizhane'e in your
再看一下译文 我是幸运的 我是幸运的 books and look at the translation. I'm in luck, I'm in luck,
她斜靠在店门前 she is leaning up against the store front
为我看着一切 looking everywhere for me.
为什么在这个文化中这句是幽默的? What's humorous about this in this culture?
对因为她斜靠在店门前 Yeah, because she is leaning against a store front this
这暗示她喝醉了 还暗示了什么 implies she is drunk and what else does it imply?
女人在追求男人 STUDENT: A woman's chasing a man.
是的这个女人喝醉了 JOHN: Right, the women are getting drunk and
在追这个男人 这就是好笑之处 chasing after the men. That's what is funny about it
因为在这个文化中 人们的期待通常是相反的 because it is actually the exact opposite of what happens in
所以在这个情境之下 the culture, right, so in this situation you are looking at a
这是一首幽默的歌 被用作治疗仪式的一部分 humorous song that is being used as a part of a healing
让我们听听这首歌 看我们是否能辨别出 ritual. Let's listen to this song and see if we can identify
那些出现在Yeibichai之歌中的特点 the same kids of characteristics that we did in the
在第八首 Yeibichai. This is track 8.
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下面回到音乐特征的讨论 JOHN: Now go back to your characteristics, ok, you
现在你们应该记得都有哪些了 我快速地回顾 should have those by now, I'm not going to flash back to
但你们现在应该已经记到笔记中去了 them but you should have those in your notes by now,
帮我一个忙 help me out;
这首曲子中都出现了那些音乐特点? what characteristics do we see here in this song?
单一声线 好的 还有呢? JOHN: Monophonic, absolutely. What else?
音节的运用 STUDENT: The use of vocables.
好的 单音节用在了哪里? JOHN: Ok, where are vocables used?
在最开始处 嘿呦哈 STUDENT: at the very beginning, the ah hey yo whoa,
这些音节 all of that is the vocables and they don't
直到第三行为止 都没有具体的歌词 actually get to the lyrics until the 3rd line.
非常正确 好的整个第一部分 JOHN: Exactly, ok, so the entire first part of it which you
你可以将它视为一个合唱 could think of it possibly as the chorus of the song
如果你用流行歌术语来说的话 if you were to think of it in pop song terminology,
这是一个合唱和唱诗 you have like a chorus and a verse.
合唱部分完全是由音节构成的 The chorus is sung entirely in vocables
唱诗部分才有实际歌词 and then the verse goes in to the actual text;
我很幸运我很幸运 I'm in luck, I'm in luck.
好的我们分析完音节了 还有呢? Right, ok, so we do have vocables here. What else?
重复手法 STUDENT: Repetition.
重复手法 很好 还有别的吗? JOHN: Repetition, absolutely. Repetition, good, what else?
假音 STUDENT: Falsetto.
你认为有假音? 让我们再听一遍 JOHN: Falsetto, you think so? Let's listen to it again,
我觉得里面可能有 这首曲子中可能有点难以辨别 I think it might be. It's a little harder to tell on this one,
让我们先放一边 稍候再听一回 let's hold that one in reserve and come back and listen to it
然后辨别是否有假音出现 again and see whether we have really got falsetto here.
还有吗? What else?
颤音 STUDENT: Pulsation.
颤音 没错 这首曲子中的长音 JOHN: Pulsations, absolutely, on the long notes in this
有许多唱颤音的机会 case, yeah, and there's a lot of opportunities for pulsations
因为这首曲子里长音很多 because there are a lot more long notes
看看课本上的歌词 if you look at the transcription in this piece than there
与Yeibichai之歌对比便知 还有吗? were in the Yeibichai. Ok, what else?
下降小音阶 STUDENT: Descending small note collections.
下降小音阶 JOHN: Descending small note collections.
五声音阶 STUDENT: Pentatonic scale.
五声音阶 无处不在 JOHN: And pentatonic scale. It's ubiquitous.
在任何一首印第安乐曲中都可以发现五声音阶 You can probably put pentatonic scale for any Native
一定有 American piece and have it right.
这也是考试的一个小诀窍 There's a little tip for the test, right.
其他的呢? 有打击乐吗? What else? Percussion?
没有 STUDENT: No.
是的 这首曲子没有打击乐 JOHN: No, no percussion in this piece
所以最后两个类别不能应用到这个例子上 so the last 2 categories do not apply in this case.
现在让我们回过头 听听有没有假音 Now let's go back and look at that question about falsetto.
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你们怎么看?第一个音是假音吗? JOHN: What do we think? Falsetto on that first note?
这个音很高 我认为我用假音才能唱到那么高 It's pretty high; I think I would have to use falsetto to get
这个音这么高 如果是我就需要假音 that note. Ah, way up there, I'd have to do it,
所以我可能会将假音算进去 so I think you could probably put falsetto and not get that
在考试中不算这个答案为错 marked wrong on the test,
在这个问题上我觉得都正确 there are some places that go either way so I would
如果在这种情况下我肯定会给分的 definitely give credit for that in this situation.
好的那么将Yeibichai和Shizhane两首歌 Ok so doing a comparison then between the Yeibichai and
做个对比 我们刚刚听过 the Shizhane'e songs that we just heard,
你们可以看着所有这些特征 you can look at all those characteristics and see ok which
看哪些是这两首歌的共同点 ones are characteristic of both songs and
哪些是某一首独有的 which ones are characteristic of only one or the other.
这两首歌在本质上完全不同 The fact that they are completely different in nature is
但在这里是次要的 因为当你计算这些特征时 really secondary because if you take these characteristics
你是完全客观的 and you measure each song very objectively by each one
将这两首歌做个对比 you can do a comparison and contrast of these songs in a
用富有效率的方法 very efficient kind of way and that's the kind of thing that
这也是我们整个课程都要做的工作 we'll be doing throughout this course.
庆典系列的第三首歌 The 3rd song that we have in this collection of ceremonial
来自于射击庆典 songs is from the shooting way ceremony and you will
同样在课本上也有歌谱 find a transcription of that in your text as well,
不实际上 你找不到乐谱 actually let me revise that; you don't find a musical
只有歌词 transcription but you do find a transcription of the text and
而射击庆典是关于什么的? what is shooting way about?
是的 在课本上有一段说明 Yeah, you will find a description of this in the book,
是关于什么的? what is it about?
与蛇人保持和谐共处 STUDENT: Making peace with snake people.
与蛇人保持和谐共处 JOHN: Making peace with the snake people
在被蛇咬之后 这不是这首歌的唯一用处 after a snake bite, now that's not the only use of this song
但这是书里举的一个例子 but that is an example that the book gave as a possibility
说明这首歌的用途 of how this song might be used.
重建人类与元素之间的和谐 Restoration of harmony between the people and the
例子中的这首曲子 elements, essentially, and the recording in this case
不是最佳的 我认为可能是用一盘 is not the best, I think it was probably recorded with
旧磁带录制的 声音已经开始忽大忽小 an old cassette that kind of starts fading in and out
如果你碰到过老磁带的话 if you have ever experienced an old cassette tape that has
就会出现声音始忽大忽小的情况 places that fade in and fade out and
而不能将原本的音质完全表现出来 don't really sound with the same kind of fidelity.
我觉得这个录音就出现了这个问题 I think this recording has that problem
但这段录音是无价的 在别处都没有 but it's a priceless recording and you can't get it anywhere
因为今天已经无法再录制这些人的歌声了 else because you can't record these people any more so
你们CD中的曲子都是 they included it in your collection anyway.
这首曲子名叫 纳瓦霍神圣的祈祷者 Navajo sacred prayer is the name of the song and
这是一段很有趣的曲子 几天之后我们会 this is a very interesting piece because when we have our
邀请Randy Falcon来做展示 demonstration in a couple of days by Randy Falcon
他会告诉你同样的话 he will tell you the same kind of thing that there are
有些乐曲不被允许或是 certain pieces of music that he is not allowed to perform or
不适于在公众面前演奏 doesn't feel comfortable performing for a public group
因为它们是圣曲 because they are sacred pieces of music that are
为庆典仪式专门设计 designed specifically for that ritual or for that particular
为某一个信仰仪式而特别撰写 所以不适合公开演唱 religious ceremony and thus should not be sung in public,
这是为什么呢? 你们读过课本后 and any reason why? Did you read in the text why they
他们如何解释为何不愿公开表演? may not want to perform those in public?
会失去效果 STUDENT: Loses its effect.
是的 失去效果 JOHN: Ah, yes, it loses its effect. It's like it loses its
如果对着别人唱就会失去效果 potency if you sing it for somebody else;
必须为庆典保留 you have to reserve it for the ceremony.
而这首歌在其中不算是罕见的 So this is one of those songs and so it's really quite rare
所以录音的人说服了歌者来演唱 that the person that recorded it was able to get the singer to
显然 歌者并没有觉得 do it. Obviously this singer did not feel that it was the kind
这首歌是不能唱给他人听的 of song that should not be sung for others
但也有其他的人认为不妥 but there are other people who do feel that way and out of
这本书的作者就没有 respect for those people the author of the book didn't
完全收录这些乐曲 只是收录一部分 include the whole recording, just part of it.
让我们听一小段 纳瓦霍神圣祈祷者 Let's listen to a bit of the Navajo sacred prayer from
来源于射击庆典 CD中的第九首 shooting way, that's track 9 on CD number 1.
播放音乐 MUSIC PLAYING
看一下歌谱 JOHN: Looking at the text transcription;
我找遍了世界每个角落 I have been searching everywhere over the earth,
我被要求这样做 我找遍了 that is what I was told to do, I have been searching
世界的每个角落 everywhere over the earth,
我找遍了大山 I have been searching everywhere over the mountains,
我被要求这样做 that is what I was told to do, I have been searching
我找遍了大山 我找遍了 everywhere over the mountains, I have been searching
太阳底下我被要求这样做 everywhere under the sun, that is what I was told to do,
我找遍了太阳底下的每个角落 I have been searching everywhere under the sun,
等等 关于这首曲子大家有什么想法 and so on, ok. What can you say about this music and
将这首曲子与我们一直讨论的 this text in relation to the characteristics that
歌曲特征结合起来? 好的 we've been discussing? Yes.
射击庆典的意义在于 STUDENT: Well the whole point of the shooting way is to
修复人类与自然的关系 课本上讲到了许多 restore the people with nature and the text talks a lot about
关于元素 土地 山脉 太阳和火 the elements, the earth, the mountains, the sun and fire and
还有水 water.
所以课本引导你去相信 JOHN: Ok, so certainly the text leads you to believe that
这首曲子试图去 this is, what this is trying to do in terms of bringing you
将你带回与自然的合奏中 没错 back into conceret with nature, right, yes absolutely.
那么关于印第安人歌唱音乐特征呢? What about the characteristics of Native American vocal
这里我们看到了几种? music? How many of those do we see here?
要去回忆一下吗? 有打击乐吗? Need to go back and look at those? Is there percussion?
有鼓点伴随着歌声 好的 So we have rattles accompanying us, yeah.
重复 STUDENT: Repetition.
当然还有重复 在歌词中能看到多处重复 JOHN: Certainly repetition, you see the repetition in the
歌词中所运用的重复手法 text, you see how repetition is used in the text to
强调了整个主体 实质上 emphasize the whole point where the structure is
结构是完全相同的 只是每次把元素改变一下 essentially the same and they simply change the element
第一段在大地上每个角落搜寻 each time so they start with searching everywhere over the
第二段改为 在山脉上 earth, second verse, searching everywhere over the
第三段 在阳光下每个角落里 mountains, 3rd verse, searching everywhere under the sun,
第四段 在火焰里 4th verse, searching everywhere for the fire,
歌里将每一个元素都提到 and so they're going to mention all those elements within
在同一个格式韵律中 the same framework in a repetitions kind of format.
重复手法的概念 That concept of repetition is one that you're going to see
在世界上许多文化中都很常见 in a lot of world cultures, particularly when we get to
比如亚洲国家 印度 日本 中国 cultures of Asian counties such as India, Japan, China.
这里我们在印第安人的歌曲里见到了 Here we see it in a Native American context in a very
这个有趣的表现形式 interesting was so yes repetition
所以在这里重复手法极其重要 is extremely important here.
在这个列表上你还看到了什么元素? What elements do you also see from this list?
我觉得听到了八度音阶唱法但不确定 I thought I heard octaves but I'm not sure about it.
音阶 一会我们重新听一遍 JOHN: Octaves. Let's go back and check that out in a
在这个录音中比较难听出来 minute. It's a little hard to hear the recording
因为录音质量的问题 because of the issues with the recording quality
所以可能会比较难传达 别的呢? so it might be a difficult one to transcribe. What else.
单一声线 STUDENT: Monophonics.
没错 JOHN: Monophonics, certainly, yeah.
没错 很高兴你注意到了 JOHN: Yes, absolutely, I'm glad you noticed that.
记得在昨天的课上我讲到了 Remember yesterday in yesterday's session I talked about
在一些歌曲中我们听到的呼应 how call and response was something that we saw in one
在Iroquois舞曲中 of the songs, the Iroquois quiver dance.
这里领唱者唱出了一些短语 Here there is a call and response with a leader who sings
而其他演唱者回应 这就形成了呼应 the phrase and then the singers who sing the phrase back.
非常好 这是我们在研究 So very good, that's something we're going to see a lot
非洲音乐时也会看到的 但在印第安人音乐中 more in African music but here's another example in
也发现了一例 很好 Native American of this principle, good.
音节呢? What about vocables?
什么? JOHN: Sorry?
我们不能完全辨别 STUDENT: We can't really know as we don't know.
很难辨别是不是 JOHN: Hard to tell isn't it, hard to tell and they don't do a
这里没有为我们写出歌谱 所以很难辨别 transcription for us here so it's hard for us to tell
是否运用了音节 还是有意义的歌词 whether these are vocables of whether in fact the text is
这首歌从头到尾唱的东西不明确 what's being sung throughout the whole thing
所以我认为还要留一个问号 so that one has to, I think, remain a question mark.
我们说过重复手法了 那么假音呢? Repetition we already discussed, what about falsetto?
在这首曲子中没有出现 好的 None of that in this piece is there, no.
长音上的颤音呢? Ok, pulsations on long notes?
没错 很难辨别 但我认为有颤音 JOHN: Yes, yes, it's hard to tell but I think there is
很难辨别 pulsation there and again it's hard to tell because of the
因为音质不好 而且加上歌声呼应 recording quality and because you've got call and
将声音变得很复杂 response going on it makes it extremely complicated
但我认为较大可能性是这首歌里 but I think that you could probably argue successfully for
出现了假音 那么五声音阶呢? pulsations on this piece. What about pentatonic scale?
我想你们也许已经不去想它了 I think you probably could get away with it, like
因为就像我说过的 五声音阶大概每首歌里都有 I said I think you could probably put pentatonic on every
下降小音阶呢? one of these. Descending small note collections?
有 STUDENT: Yes.
打击乐伴奏? JOHN: Sure. Accompanied by percussion?
是的里面有鼓点 Yes, we established that the rattles are there.
是和歌声一起的吗? 鼓点是伴随着歌声的吗 Are they together? Are the rattles together with the singers?
一开始似乎随着音乐 STUDENT: They seem to be at first but as it goes with the
已经脱离了 鼓点有着自己的节奏 music they seem to almost get off in time where the rattles
而歌者也在唱着自己的 are doing their own thing and the singers are doing their
好的 JOHN: Ok.
鼓点和歌声似乎并没有完全搭在一起 STUDENT: It doesn't seem to match up exactly
像曲子开头那样 the way it did in the beginning.
所以鼓点和声音是相伴的 但随着曲子进行 JOHN: So the rattles and the voices start together but as
二者不再和谐 they go on they're no longer synchronized as if the
因为打击乐为歌声伴奏 synchronization of the percussion with the voices is not an
已经不是印第安人音乐的首要特点了 important priority for the Native Americans.
让我们再听一遍 听一下八度音阶唱法 Let's listen to that again, let's listen for those octaves and
让我们听下打击乐 let's also listen for the issue of the percussion staying
和歌声伴奏的问题 together with the voices.
播放音乐 MUSIC PLAYING
是的我认为你说的对 JOHN: Yes, well I think you're right I think there might
有时会切入在高音部分 be occasional octaves chiming in from some higher voices
听完这遍我不知道 there, I heard that this time and Lauri I don't know,
打击乐伴奏的确很难辨别 the percussion thing is really hard to tell because of the
因为录音质量问题或许我们要将这个问题画个问号 recording quality so we may have to put a question mark
但如果在考试中这样回答的话 on that one but if you wrote those kinds of things on a test
我肯定会给分 I would certainly give you credit for them
只要存在一点点疑问的话 where there was any kind of question.
好的我们欣赏了三个片段 Ok, so we've seen 3 different pieces here and
我们也知道了如何做对比 we've seen how to make comparisons and contrasts
利用特征列表 between them using this list of characteristics.
同时我还想让大家意识到 I'd also like to make you aware of the fact that there are
除此之外还有别的治疗性庆典存在 教科书上提到几个 other healing ceremonies that your book refers to
包括祝福庆典 登山庆典 including the blessing way, mountain way and the
鬼庆典 这里仅提到三个 ghost way, those are just 3 of the other healing ceremonies
事实上书里并没有 to which the book refers that are not actually included in
把这些音乐范例包括进去 the book as far as music goes so we don't have musical
但这些庆典 examples for those but those are also
同样是丰富多彩的 perfectly viable ceremonies.
有没有人这本书中 Did anybody read over the portion of the biography
Frank Mitchell的传记部分? 一个纳瓦霍歌者 of Frank Mitchell in the book? The Navajo singer.
如果还没读的话 找个时间 If you have not done that already please take the time to
通读一遍 这是很棒的一章 read that over; it is a fascinating excerpt and it's really
而且在250页的人生故事中 only a small excerpt of something that is about 250 pages
只是很短的一节 long where he tells his life story - fascinating kind of
精彩并深刻地挖掘了纳瓦霍音乐制作者的人生 insight into the life of a Navajo music maker so
所以我敦促大家去读 I urge you to do that.
好的 我们下一节课 Ok, now in our next session we're going to be looking at
是关于印第安人的赞美诗 the hymn of the Native American church and we're
而且我们要表演那首歌 actually going to be doing a performance of that song.
我要先看看那首歌然后 I'd like to actually look at that song first and talk a little
编排一下 然后下一节课 bit about what makes it work and then in our next session
我们会花些时间制作乐器 we are going to spend some time making the instruments
这些乐器在表演中将会用到 我们要制作 involved in this performance; we're going to make
一个水鼓 要有人来演奏 我也要找一个 a water drum, somebody is going to play it, I'm going to
愿意来演奏水鼓的人 be looking for volunteers to make and play a water drum.
另外有人来敲摇响器 Somebody else is going to play the rattle.
现在我想让大家翻到印第安人教会 For right now I want you to turn to the transcription of the
赞美诗的乐谱 hymn of the Native American church, it's also known as
又被称作纳瓦霍peyote歌 它是关于什么的呢 the Navajo peyote song. What is that all about?
这是一种仙人掌 是的 JOHN: It's a cactus isn't it, yeah.
它是否有些特殊作用 STUDENT: Aren't there certain properties about it?
是的 其实它是一种迷幻剂 JOHN: Yeah it does; it is actually a hallucinogen and
如果你取下它并晒干 if you take the peyote cactus and dry it, cut it into small
切成小块 然后咀嚼 pieces and then basically chew on it you can create a
就会产生幻觉 这被印第安人教会 hallucinogenic effect and this is used in what is known as
用于与超自然力量对话 the Native American church for contact with the
现在美国政府并不这样看 supernatural. Now the US government didn't see it that
在一段时间里他们 way at a certain time and they had some difficulties with
与印第安的教徒有一些难以沟通 the way that the practitioners of this peyote church were
试图禁止他们 doing things and actually tried to stamp it out but
但最终印第安人取得了胜利 ultimately I think the Native Americans won their case in
也就是取得了自由信仰的权利 indicating that this was a religious practice and so freedom
权利法案赋予了他们这个权利 of religion held court in the bill of rights so that they were
那么他们就该被允许这样去做 这系列法庭案件很有趣 allowed to do it. It's a very interesting series of court cases
你们有兴趣可以去看看 that you may look at if you have an interest in this area.
我们要讨论的 印第安赞美诗 The song that we have here, the hymn of the Native
也是被用作庆典的一部分的乐曲 American church, is a song that is used as part of the
它与仙人掌有关 ceremony having to do with the peyote cactus, ok, so try
记住这一点 听音乐时把这些都记在脑子里 to keep that in mind, that whole issue in mind, as you hear
让我们来听一段音乐 this music. Let's listen to a bit of this and do the same kind
然后做一些特征对比分析 就像我们刚才所作的那样 of comparison to the characteristics that we have done
这是CD上的第十首 before. It is track 10 on your CD and
课本上也可以找到说明 you should find the transcription in your book.
播放音乐 MUSIC PLAYING
回到特征分析 JOHN: Back to our characteristics;
在这首曲子里我们能找出几种? and which ones can we identify here?
单声线 STUDENT: Monophonic.
没错 还有其他的吗? JOHN: Monophonic, absolutely, what else?
重复 STUDENT: Repetition.
重复 显而易见 是这里的元素之一 JOHN: Repetition, clearly an element here and in fact not
而且这里的重复手法不是一般狭义上的 only do we have repetition in the small sense but that
而是整体重复三遍 我们听到的部分 whole thing is repeated 3 times, what we just heard gets
重复三遍 而你们的歌谱上 repeated 3 times and what you have in your transcription
也表明了这首曲子是更大程度的重复 there so you repetition in the large sense as well,
好的 还有吗 good, what else?
假音 STUDENT: Falsetto.
假音 好的 确实在曲子一开头出现了 JOHN: Falsetto, yeah, there's certainly some of that at the
那么八度八度和音呢 没有 beginning of it. Singing in octaves? No.
这里只有一位演唱者 所以不可能 We just have one singer so not going to be possible.
还有吗 What else?
下降小音阶 STUDENT: Descending small notes.
没错 下降小音程 JOHN: Descending small notes, sure,
在乐谱上看得出来 也能听得出来 and you can see that in the transcription as well as hearing
好的 还有? it. Ok, what else?
五声音阶 STUDENT: Pentatonic scale.
五声音阶 很好 你们回答得越来越好 JOHN: Pentatonic scale, very good, you guys are getting
开始上路了 其他的呢 good, you're getting good at this. What else?
打击乐 STUDENT: Percussion.
打击乐 打击乐伴奏 JOHN: Percussion; accompanied by percussion
这里都有哪些乐器? instruments. What do we have here?
有摇响器和一种特殊的鼓 We have a rattle and we have a particular kind of drum.
水鼓 STUDENT: A water drum.
水鼓 没错 JOHN: A water drum. Yeah, water drum. And we're going
而下节课我们就要自己亲手制作 准备好 to make one of those in the next session so stay tuned.
而打击乐器不一定始终与歌唱保持一致 Percussion and vocals not necessarily together.
是的 STUDENT: Yeah.
当然 这是一个很好的例子 JOHN: Absolutely, this is the best example of that
来验证这些原则 我们回去再听一遍 principle that you have. We're going to go back and listen
虽然水鼓与摇响器是一致的 to it again but the vocal and the drums, the drums and the
但并没有和歌声始终保持一致 rattles are together but they are not together with the
就像是在两个房间里分别演奏 vocals at all and they are like they are playing in 2
在两个房间里分别放有麦克风 different rooms and they have got microphones in 2
将两个人的声音分别录制下来 different rooms and recording these 2 different people that
他们甚至听不到对方的声音 aren't even listening to each other;
这就是这首曲子的编排 单音节呢? that's the way it's designed. Vocables?
大概有 STUDENT: Possibly.
嘿呀诺哎诺哎 没错就是这些音节 JOHN: Heya, no ey, no ey. Yeah; these are vocables,
这些文字没有实际的含义 right, there is no literal meaning to this text.
长音上的颤音 有吗? Pulsations on long notes? Andy?
我想问关于单音节的问题 STUDENT: I was going to ask about the vocables.
好的 JOHN: Yes.
你说过音节有着许多特别的 STUDENT: You said that they have a lot of
个人含义 personal meaning.
是的 JOHN: The vocables, yes.
所以会随着不同的演唱者而改变? STUDENT: So would it change from singer to singer?
这不一定 我认为他们会保持音节原本的样子 JOHN: Not necessarily, I think they would keep the actual
因为这是富有传统的曲调 vocables the same because it's a traditional kind of song
问题是随着不同的演唱者意义是否会改变? and the question is does it have a meaning from singer to
在这个例子中或许含义是与 singer? In this case there may be a meaning associated
教会相联系的 这在我们的课本中没有明确写出 with the peyote church, it's not made clear in our text.
什么? JOHN: I'm sorry?
好的 这或许可以译为他们的"阿门" JOHN: Ok, so it may translate as their version Amen.
的确会有一些跟仪式相关联的含义 Ok, so there is in fact some kind of meaning associated
很好 我们确定了是否存在长音的 with the ritual. Good. Did we determine about pulsations
颤音了吗? on long notes here?
我似乎没有听到 STUDENT: I don't hear any.
你没有听到 JOHN: You don't hear any.
没有几个长音可以唱颤音的 STUDENT: There aren't really any long notes to pulsate.
的确如此 没有足够多的长音 JOHN: That's the things; there's really not any long notes
也就没有颤音了 让我们再听一遍 in this piece to be able to do that. Let's go back and listen
特别是听听鼓点和歌声 to it again and I want you to listen specifically to the fact
不一致的地方 that they are not staying together very well.
播放音乐 MUSIC PLAYING
关于这首曲子还有其他的意见吗? 好的 JOHN: Other comments and thoughts about this? Yes?
似乎打击乐和演唱 STUDENT: It seems that the percussion and the vocals
似乎将三个音错变为两个 has this almost a badly done 3 on 2.
是的 几乎有点三连音的感觉了 JOHN: Ah, yeah, almost like a triplet kind of feel, yes, yes.
有意思的是你提到了三个音变为两个 Well it's interesting you should mention that 3 against 2
因为这将会是 because that's something that is going to become a
下一章非洲音乐的显著特征 prevalent feature of African music in our very next chapter.
我就不在这一例子上展开讲了 I'm not sure it's deliberate in this case;
我觉得只是碰巧出现了而已 好的 I think it just happens accidentally. Yes?
我想说的是 STUDENT: I was going to say that the percussion
打击乐器似乎营造了一种氛围 instruments seem to be creating an ambience instead of a
而不仅仅是节奏 我不知道这与其他的有什么联系 beat so I don't know if that to do with anything but it's
但就像是背景充满噪音 like they were just like noise in the background
然后营造了一种感觉 giving it a certain feeling.
是的 你的评价是打击乐器似乎几乎了一种氛围 JOHN: Yes, the comment is that it's almost creating an
已经超越了节奏 ambient kind of sound instead of a beat, almost like the
像是我们在第一节里学到的背景音一样了 soundscapes that we studied in our first session where
背景声无处不在 there is a soundscape behind every place you go including
包括我们所在的这个房间里 我们也讨论了 this room and we discussed the elements of what makes up
组成背景音的要素是什么 the soundscape of this room the last time that we met.
的确是这里的特征之一 So that's definitely a feature here.
好的 我们马上就将结束这堂课 Ok, we are just ready to wrap up this session very soon.
我想要 在此之前 我想要提醒大家 I want to, before we do that, I want to alert you to a couple
几个即将到来的作业 第一个是 of assignments that are coming up; the first one is first of
做第二章的网上小测验 这是你们第一次的 all to do the online quiz for chapter 2, this will be your
网上小测验 我们在第一节课时说了如何操作 first online quiz and we discussed in our first session how
登陆Wodsworth.com网站 to do that but you go to the website wodsworth.com and
然后根据课程安排的指示 then follow the instructions on the syllabus to navigate
到处浏览一下 你就会找到这门课的网上测验 through until you find the online quiz for this course,
选择第二章 印第安音乐的小测试 choose the online quiz for chapter 2 on Native American
然后把答案用电子邮件发给我 music and then email the results to my email address in
以便我来评分 好的这就是未来要做的事情 order to get credit for it, ok so that is coming up and you'll
你们也会看到课程安排上的截止日期 see the deadline date for that on the syllabus.
另一个作业是 Another assignment that is going to be coming up soon
我要提醒大家 这个作业是做一个表格 that I want to alert you to, the assignment is to do the chart
包含五个曲子 苏人草裙舞 Yeicichai for 5 different songs; the Sioux grass dance, the Yeibichai,
Shizhane之歌和印第安人赞美诗 the Shizhane'e, hymn of the Native American church and
还有 阴郁的监狱蓝调 然后将横排和竖行分别标清楚 Fulsome prison blues and then label the rows and columns
然后在格子里画上是或否就好了 and then just put a yes or a no in each of the boxes that
我说清楚了吗 you get on your table. Does that make sense?
好的 你们不是要写一篇文章 Ok, so you're not writing a big essay here, you're just
而只是确认某个特征在这首曲子中是否存在 confirming the absence or presence of these characteristics
这为什么很重要呢? and let me tell you why this is important; because when
因为当我们测验一些乐曲片段时 we get to the test some of these pieces are going to be on
你们将以听辨得形式进行测试 the test and you're going to have them as listening
像我在上节课中说过的那样 identifications and as I mentioned in the last session
你不只要告诉我曲名标题 you're going to need to tell me not only the title,
它来源的文化 而同时还要告诉我 the culture it comes from but you're going to have to tell
这些音乐的特征 me some of the characteristics of the music as well
如果你拿到了这个表格的话 它将会是极好的 so if you've got this table it will be an excellent study
学习指南 有了它你就可以说 好的 guide for you for the test because then you can say ok,
Shizhane之歌 有无单音节 有无打击乐 Shizhane'e; it has vocables or not and it has pulsations or
这样在这一点上应对考试就有了良好的框架 not and so you'll be in good shape for the test at that point.
我们今天的课就到此结束 下次课再见 We are done for this session, I will see you again at the
下次我们会制作水鼓 next session and we will make a water drum at that time,
带上你们的制作鼓的技术来 到时候见 so bring your drum making skills. See you then.