JOHN PRESCOTT博士: DOCTOR JOHN PRESCOTT:
欢迎大家来到239音乐室 Welcome to music 239;
世界音乐入门 intro to world music.
这是这些课程的I系列 This is the I Course version of this course
也就是说 这些课程 which means that the courses
都是事先录制好的 are all already recorded
你们可以在ipod and you're watching them either on your Ipod
电脑 或者DVD上观看 or your computer or maybe on a DVD.
因为 为了让你们 Because of this it's very important that
熟悉课程 这很重要 you keep up with the work
我设计好了教学大纲来帮助你们 and the syllabus is designed to help you do that
所以我们今天要花一点时间 so we're going to spend a little time
来把课程大纲过一遍 going over that syllabus today.
这门课还有本教材 你们要去买 There's also the book, 5th edition,
Titan的《音乐的世界》 Worlds of Music by Titan that you need to purchase
还有配套的4个光盘 along with the accompanying set of 4 CDs
买的时候记得 that goes with that so make sure
把它们也带走 you pick that up as well.
教学大纲会告诉你们 The syllabus will tell you that
这门课有个网上公告板 there is a blackboard site for this course
你们一定要 and it's very important that
上这个网站 you access the blackboard site,
你们已经注册过了 that you're enrolled in it
这个网站上有一些资料 because there are materials on there
你们需要下载 that you need to download,
特别是PPT particularly the PowerPoints
每章都有 for each of the chapters.
这样的话 The way this work is
你们可以把PPT打印出来 if you print out the PowerPoint
并一边听讲座 and use it as you view the lectures
一边在上头做笔记 you can take notes on that
这对你们整理资料很有帮助 and it will help organize your materials
帮助你们备考 as you prepare for the test
所以 我建议大家这样做 so I highly recommend that you do it that way.
大家看到考试大纲 Now as you look at the syllabus
上面有我的信息 you'll find my information,
我是John Prescott博士 I'm Doctor John Prescott,
上面还有我的办公时间 you will find my office hours
办公室电话号码和邮箱地址 and my office phone number and email there,
你们可以跟我联系 please contact me
有任何与课程有关的问题都可以问我 if there are any questions about the course.
之后你们还要 You'll also be emailing assignments to me
把作业发到我邮箱 as the course goes on
这个学期 because there are 6 assignments
本课程总共有6次作业 that are handled through email
都是通过邮箱发给我的 during the course of the semester
所以 你们要确保自己知道 so make sure that you know
怎样跟我联系 how to get in touch with me.
你们或许也需要去 You also need to be able to access
学生伙伴网站需找书籍 the student companion site for the text book
因为有一系列的网上测试 because there are a series of online quizzes
这些都是通过 that are handled
教材出版商网站进行的 through the text book publishers website
所以这里的关于学生伙伴网站的信息 and so the student companion site information here
会教你怎样进入这个网站 will tell you how to access that,
记得确保自己进入的是内容测试 make sure that you access the content quiz
而不是听力测试 and not the listening quiz
到时还要确保自己选择的是 and make sure that you are choosing
正确的章节 the right chapter when we work on these.
我们在第一章不会有测试 We don't do the quiz for chapter one
但是从第二章开始 but the rest of the chapters starting with chapter 2
其余的章节都有网上测试 you will do the online quiz
所以 要确保自己能够进入那个网页 so make sure you can access that site.
这是一个通识教育课程 Now this is a general education course
所以 你们需要了解 so it's important that you know
该课程的目标 the goals of the course and the objectives and
这些列举在大纲的第二页 those are listed on the second page of the syllabus.
这些目标中每一个都 Each of these goals matches up
与通识教育中 with a general education goal
自我认识类别的 for the self understanding category
通识教育目标一致 of general education.
所以 例如 你查查第二页 So if you look on page 2 for example you will see
你能看到我们课程的第一个目标是 that our first goal of our course is to examine
通过对不同世界音乐的研究 what it means to be human
来思考人类的意义 through the study of various world musics and this
这与通识教育目标一相符合 matches up with the general education goal, one;
即 认识人性本质 understanding the nature of our humanness
以及人类与生活在同一星球的其它生物 and how human beings are alike and different from
的相同点与不同点 other beings with whom they share the planet.
所以 其中每一个目标都与 So each one of these course goals is lined up
一个通识教育目标相一致 with a general education goal
你们要注意到这些 这很重要 and it's important for you to be aware of those
因为它们与作业很相关 because they relate directly to the assignments
与这个课程的最后一个项目也有关系 and to the final project in this course.
出勤政策 学术诚信政策 Attendance policy, academic integrity policy,
不歧视政策 所有的都在这儿 non discrimination policy, all of those are here,
清楚地列了出来 clearly laid out.
手机政策 残疾人便利服务 Cell phone policy, disability accommodation,
所有这些都和 all of these are the same
其它学校的课程一样 as your other university courses;
我还是该说说 I should say though that
如果你是一名身患残疾的学生 if you are a student with a disability
请联系我 please contact me
这样你可以获得合适的住宿 so that proper accommodations can be made.
这里还有与课堂缺席 There's also information here on dropping a class,
作业 分数 以及期末项目相关的信息 assignments and grades and the final project.
从第二章到第十章都有网上测试 There are online quizzes for chapters 2 through 10
还有个期末项目 and there is a final project
来代替期末测试 which takes the place of the final exam.
关于期末项目 你们有两个选择 You have 2 options in the final project
这在大纲里写得很清楚 and those are laid out very clearly in the syllabus
但重要的是 but it's important that
不管你选的是哪个 no matter what final project you do
你都要写一段话 you also include a paragraph that is described here
来描述在项目创造过程中 in which you describe how the exploration
你对世界音乐的 or the performing of world music
探索与演奏 during the process of creating the project
是怎样影响了你自己的情感 理智 has impacted your own emotional, intellectual,
社会能力 以及创造力的发展 social and / or creative development.
所以 要注意期末项目的要求 So be aware of that requirement for the final project.
它提供了两种选择 2 options for the final project;
一是你写一个完整的民族音乐描述 option one is a complete musical ethnography;
这样的话 你得研究一种音乐文化 in this case you will be studying a music culture.
什么是音乐文化呢 Now what is a music culture?
你需要去另一个国家 Do you have to be able to go to a foreign country
来研究一种音乐文化吗 to study a music culture?
不是的 No you don't.
实际上 在斯普林菲尔德 In fact a music culture
就可能存在一种音乐文化 could exist in Springfield;
如果你在星期五晚上去广场 if you go down to the square on a Friday night
去瞧瞧那里某个场馆的乐队 and visit with one of the bands that plays down there
了解一下那群人 in one of the venues and get to know those people,
采访下那些人 然后照个像 interview those people and take pictures,
那就可以是你研究的音乐文化 that could be the music culture that you're studying.
有很多种不同的方法来做这件事 A lot of different opportunities for doing these
我们在课程中将会讨论到这些 and we'll talk about these as the course goes on.
第二个选择是学习并演奏一种 Option 2 is to learn and perform music
世界音乐 in a world music context.
这样的话 你得学会一种乐器 So in this case you will be learning an instrument
你之前不会玩的一种乐器 that you have not played before
或者是在一种乐器上演奏 or a style in which you have not played before
你之前从未演奏过的一种风格 on an instrument and
之后你写一篇论文 描述你学习的过程 you'll be writing a paper about your process
你怎样学会那种风格 that you went through in learning that style.
这也是期末项目的一个选择 So one of 2 options for the final project.
大纲的最后一部分 The final part of the syllabus
是课程中各部分所占总分的比例 shows the proportional breakdown of grades
以及它们的要求 during the course and how they are arrived at.
你的分数将会公布在网上公告板上 Your progress will be listed on blackboard
你就可以查到自己的分数 so that you can follow your grades there
如果你觉得分数不合理 and you can contact me if you don't see grades
或者是评分标准不合理 that you think you earned
你们可以联系我 or if there are incorrect values there;
要确保让我知道 make sure to let me know about that.
在大纲里还有个参考书目 Also in the syllabus there is a bibliography
为大家提供了大量的资源 showing a wide variety of sources
你们在期末项目中可以用到 that you can use as you work on your final project.
我还想提醒你们另外一件事 One other thing that I would like to alert you about
这课程的录制 is that this course has been filmed
长达5年 over the series of 5 years
有不同的表现 and with several different manifestations
所以 在同一节课不同段 and so as we go from segment to segment
我会有时年轻一些 I will sometimes appear to get younger
有时年纪大些 甚至会 and then older again, sometimes I will change shirts
在一节课的中间换一件衣服 apparently in the middle of class
请大家谅解 我们必须这么做 so just be aware that we had to do that
因为录制的问题 because of filming
也因为这个课程 and because of the amount of time
花了这么长的时间 that the course has taken
所以 请大家谅解这点 and so just bear with me on that.
现在我们继续 So let's press ahead and look at
看看今天的阅读作业 the reading assignment that was due for today.
我们要讲第一章 We're going to look at chapter one
这一章 主要关注两个问题 and we're going to focus on 2 major elements here;
音乐文化的四个组成部分是什么 what are the 4 components of a music culture
你在听音乐的时候 and can you hear and feel the metrical rhythm
能感觉到它的节奏和韵律吗 in the pieces you are listening to?
接着 我们会讲第十章 After that we're going to move on to chapter 10
它会告诉我们 which tells us about what type of music
你们可能会想学哪种音乐 you want to learn about and specifically
或者是在期末项目里 what type of music
你们想研究的会是哪种音乐 do you want to study for your final project
不论是写民族音乐描述 for either your ethnography
还是学习演奏一种音乐 or the music that you want to learn to perform.
所以 接下来我们就开始讨论 So, so moving on then we get into the whole issue
什么是音乐文化 of what a music culture is.
音乐文化 从基本上讲 Basically a music culture is
是某种文化为自己创造的音乐 how some sort of culture creates music for itself
你们肯定会想到 and you think specifically of music
其他国家其它地区的音乐 对吧 from other countries, other lands, right?
印度音乐 You think of music from India
日本音乐 or you think of music from Japan
我们在这堂课里肯定会学到 which we will certainly study in this class
但它能比那个更远 but it can go far beyond that;
音乐文化可以存在于 music cultures can exist
你们自己的社区中 它们的确存在 within your own communities and they do
那些音乐 and those are the ones that
你们更容易接触到 you are going to have a lot easier access
在这堂课的学习中也是这样 to studying in this class
因为 除非你有很多钱 because unless you have a whole lot of money
我不会要求你飞到日本 I'm not expecting you to fly to Japan
学习那儿的一种音乐文化 and study a music culture there
再回来写一篇论文 and come back to write your paper
所以 为了学一种音乐文化 so in order to study a music culture
你们要选 you're going to have to do something
离家更近一点的东西 a little closer to home.
那也有很多种选择 There are lots of opportunities for that
我们会举例子 and we'll talk about examples
但是音乐文化不能仅仅是 but a music culture can not only be
其他国家的音乐 music from another county
它同样也可以是你自家院子里的音乐 but it can also be music in your own backyard.
例如 如果你是 For example if you are a member
一个乐队的成员 of a marching band,
乐队里就有一个相关的音乐文化 there is a music culture associated with that.
如果你是教堂合唱队的成员 If you are a member of a church choir
也会有一种具体的音乐文化 there is a particular music culture
与此相关 associated with that
研究这些具体的音乐文化 and studying those particular music cultures
与飞去日本 can be just as valid as flying to Japan
研究太鼓的演奏是一样有用的 and studying Taiko Drumming
大家要记得这点 so be aware of that,
这是音乐文化的一个很泛的定义 that it's a very broad definition of music culture
我们接下来也会谈到 and what constitutes a music culture
音乐文化的组成部分 as we move through this course.
接下来的问题是 更深入一点 So the next question, to get even deeper,
什么是音乐 is what is music?
我们怎样定义音乐 How do we define music
什么是音景 and what is a soundscape?
你们在这里可以看到一些一般定义 So you see some general definitions up here
在黑板上 on the board.
音景就是 音乐 A soundscape is basically the music
或者是声音 that exists or the sounds that exists, I should say,
存在的背景 或者是自然环境 in nature or just in a natural environment.
这间教室就是一个音景 This room is a soundscape.
举个例子 如果你们都很安静 For example if you are very quiet,
不说话 你们还能听见什么声音 didn't say anything, can you still hear anything?
大家能听见什么 Anybody hear anything?
学生: 灯管的嗞嗞声 STUDENT: Buzzing of the lights.
JOHN: 灯管的嗞嗞声 还有呢 JOHN: Buzzing of the lights. Anything else? Sorry?
学生: 铅笔的声音 STUDENT: The pencils.
JOHN: 人们用铅笔写字的声音 好的 JOHN: People's pencils writing, ok, yeah.
还有吗 Anything else?
学生: 外面车的声音 STUDENT: Cars outside.
JOHN: 外面车的声音 好的 JOHN: Cars outside, alright,
有些交通噪音 some traffic noise coming through.
所有这些都是这间教室音景的组成部分 All of those elements create the soundscape
你们听见我在这件教室讲话 for this room over which you hear me talking,
你们听见有时候有人问问题 you hear occasional people asking questions
音景就是声音的自然环境 so a soundscape is a natural environment of sound.
现在 音乐就不同了 Now music is slightly different.
根据你们的课本 According to your text
音乐室一种人为组织起来的声音 music is sound that is humanly organized
有细微的差别 and there is a slight difference.
现在 你们的CD上的头两个例子 Now the first 2 examples on your CD set
让你们回答问题 attempt to allow you to answer questions
它们算不算是音乐 based on whether they constitute music or not.
我们听到的第一个 The first of them, and we're going to listen to
只是一小段 just a small segment of this
但我希望你们在课后 but I urge you to listen to the whole thing
自己听完整段 on your own when you leave class today,
第一段是在20世纪70年代 the first pone is a recording that was made
一位民族音乐学家在加纳制作的 back in the 1970s by an ethnomusicologist in Ghana
那时 他去寄一封信 who went to mail a letter
听到邮政工人 and heard the postal workers creating a composition
在盖销邮票时的声音 by the sounds of the stamps
变成了一首曲子 when they cancelled the letters.
好的 他们创作着这个节奏 Ok, they made this particular rhythm and then
其他人开始吹赞美诗的曲调 somebody else started whistling a hymn tune
跟它合在一起 along with it to create the music
创作了1轨道的乐曲 that you hear on track 1.
音乐 MUSIC PLAYING:
JOHN: 好的 回去把整段听完 JOHN: Ok, go listen to the whole thing
过一会儿我们将会 when you get a chance and we're going to
回到那段音乐 come back to that music a little bit later on
但是 按这里的定义来讲 but by the definitions that we have up there
那算是音乐吗 是的 does this constitute music? Yes.
现在有些人或许会说 Now some people might say
那不算是音乐 well it's not really music
因为他们只是在工作的时候 because they were just using it to pass the time
拿它消磨时间 while they worked
但实际上 根据我们在 but the fact is that by the definition that we have
PPT上的定义 人为组织的音乐 up on the PowerPoint, humanly organized sound,
是的 没错 这的确是音乐 yes indeed, this does constitute music.
现在大家听听轨道2的音乐 Now listen to track 2 which is a bird,
这是画眉野外发出的声音 it's a thrush which is signing out in the wild.
音乐 MUSIC PLAYING
JOHN: 根据定义 这算是音乐吗 JOHN: Is this music by this definition?
不是 为什么不是呢 No. Why not?
学生: 因为它不是人为组织的 STUDENT: Because it's not humanly organized.
JOHN: 没错 因为它不是人为组织的 JOHN: Because it's not humanly organized. Right.
你们的确听到了音景 You did get a soundscape there though,
它听起来像是河流流动的声音 it sounds like there's a river flowing
或者是 某种水流流动的声音 组成了音景 or some kind of water flowing in the background
然后 小鸟在这个背景里唱歌 and then the bird singing over the top
但是根据定义 but according to the definition
课本中的定义 这不是音乐 that we are given in the text, this is not music.
如果你们把这段声音 Now if you took that and placed it
放到你的作曲的范围中去 into the confines of a composition
它就成了音乐 that you were writing then it becomes music,
因为人类组织了它 it changes it because a human has organized it.
你们或许对这个定义有不同意见 Now you may or may not agree with that definition
但这让你们能够开始讨论这个问题 but it allows you to begin to think about the issue;
好的 你们有什么想法 well what do you think about that?
你们认为那段画眉的音乐 Do you think that this wood thrush music,
因为不是认为组织的 that it is not music
所以就不是音乐吗 because it's not humanly organized?
想想这个问题 Start to think about that.
自己做决定 Make those decisions on your own,
这就是该课程的意义所在 that's what this course is all about;
它会让你开始思考音乐 it's to get you to think about music
文化和社会 and culture and society in ways that
以一种你从未体验过的方式 perhaps you have not done before.
有时候 So sometimes it's not easy
要把声音和音乐分开并不容易 to separate sound and music
大家每个人的意见 and opinions are going to differ
会不一致 on how that works from one person to another.
接下来我们要讨论音乐模式 Next we need to talk about patterns in music.
从某种意义上讲 生活由不同模式组成 All of life is generally made up of patterns
而音乐是它的反映 in some way and music is a reflection of that
你们或许看到过这些定义 so you may have seen these definitions before,
如果之前上过音乐课 certainly if you have taken a music class previously,
不管是在大学还是高中 either in college or in high school,
你们之前学过这些模式 you have learned about these patterns before
但是节奏韵律是 but rhythm and meter is
音乐中最重要的模式之一 one of the most important patterns in music;
循环重音 recurring accent pattern.
不断出现的东西 Something keeps happening over and over again.
旋律 由一系列曲调 Melody; principle tune
构成的主调 made up of succession of tones, ok, a melody.
和声 一般由和弦组成 Harmony; generally consisting of chords
它为旋律伴奏 that accompany the melody.
曲式 乐思的结构安排 Form; a structural arrangement of musical ideas,
所有 或许有一种A乐思 so there might be an A idea and then
和一种完全不同的乐思 你可以算作是B a completely different idea which you could label B
接着或许它最后又回到 and then maybe it comes back to A at the end.
ABA是一种非常常见的曲式 A B A is a very common form structure in music.
所以这些都是重要的音乐组成部分 So all of these are important musical elements
我们会提到它们 and we'll be making reference to them
在讲解这门课的材料的时候 as we work through the materials of this course.
现在我们来讲讲 和声 Now let's take harmony,
它也可以称作是织体 which can also be referred to as texture,
接下来看到四种不同的和声 and look at 4 different types of harmony
我们在接下来的课程 that we are going to be studying in this course
以及你要学的音乐里会学到 and much of the music that you study
你们可以开始分析它 you can begin to analyze it,
做出一些判断 you can make some judgments about it
根据和声织体是什么 based on what the harmonic texture is
这就是你们需要知道的四种 and these are the 4 types that you need to know.
单音织体是一种清楚的单一旋律 The monophonic texture is a distinct single melody,
好的 单音部 只有一种旋律 ok, monophonic, just one melody being sung
演奏的人们只演奏一种旋律 by everybody that is performing.
主音织体把单一旋律 Homophonic texture takes that single melody
和伴奏和声结合 and it adds an accompanying harmony to it
所以 或许演奏的旋律只有一种 so there might be a melody being sung or performed
但是有些和弦 over the top but then there are some chords
给单音织体伴奏 that are accompanying the monophonic texture
这样就变成了主音织体 so that becomes homophonic at that point.
复音织体意味着 Polyphonic means that there is
同时有多种旋律 more than one melody going on at the same time,
好的 复音织体 ok, polyphonic.
复调音乐是用来描述 The term polyphony is used to describe
这种风格的和声 a texture that exists in this style.
最后是支声织体 And finally heterophonic
它由一种旋律组成 which consists of a single melody
然而每一种乐器或声音都演绎得不一样 but each instrument or voice performs it differently.
所以 我们要学的一些音乐中 So in some of the music that we will study there
有些支声织体 is a heterophonic texture going on
其中有些单旋律 where the single melody is being performed
但是人们都不一定演奏得一样 but people are not necessarily together
他们的演奏可以有些微小的变化 or they are performing it with slight variations;
每个人的演奏方式都有一点点不同 everybody has a slightly different way of doing it
这是支声织体 – heterophonic texture.
大家在我们学习音乐的时候 So be aware of these 4 textures
要注意这四种织体 as we begin to study this music.
下一个部分书上没有 The next section however is not in the book
所以你们要记笔记 so you will need to rely on your notes
也要靠PPT里头的东西 and on the PowerPoint's
来帮你们记住这些信息 to help you remember this information.
这是人种音乐学的 This is ethno musicological;
人种音乐学是一个普通的概念 ethnomusicology is the general term that is used
用来指音乐研究 for music study, people who
及研究各种文化音乐的人们 study music of various cultures;
这就是人种音乐学 ethnomusicology.
人种音乐学家发现了 And the ethnomusicologists have discovered
考察乐器的方式 ways at looking at musical instruments,
和乐器归类的方式 ways of classifying them.
这被称作是 It's also known as the
Sachs-Hornbostel乐器分类体系 Sachs-Hornbostel Instrument Classification system.
非膜质打击乐器类是由 The idiophone group is made up of instruments
既没有弦又没有膜皮的乐器组成 that have a vibration without strings or membranes.
所以 如果乐器发声的方式是振动 So if the instrument makes its sound by vibrating
而乐器没有弦 but there's no string and
也没有膜皮 它就是非膜质打击乐器 there's no membrane involved it is an idiophone.
例如 钟 Examples include bells,
使用木槌的乐器 instruments played with mallets,
使用木槌的打击乐器 percussion instruments that are played with mallets
像木琴 马林巴琴这类 such as a xylophone, marimba,
这些都是非膜质打击乐器 those kinds of instruments are all idiophones
所有钟都属于这类 and all bells fall into this category as well.
第二类是膜鸣乐器 Second category is membranophones;
这些乐器 these are instruments that
有一些膜 have some kind of a membrane.
所有的鼓都是这一类 膜鸣乐器 All drums fall into this category; membranophones.
第三类 弦乐器 Third category; Chordophones these are strings;
这些乐器 instruments that create their sound
通过振动的弦发声 through the use of a vibrating string
所以它们是弦乐器 are chordophones.
气鸣乐器 Aerophones;
由气柱组成的乐器 instruments that consist of an air column,
所有的管乐器 铜管乐器 so all wind instruments, brass instruments,
都是气鸣乐器这一类 they all fall in to the aerophone category.
顺便说句 And one more in parenthesis
因为我们不会在该课堂上学到这点 because we won't really be studying it in this class
但这也是体系中的一类 它就是电子乐器 but it is part of this system, it is the electrophone;
它就是所有由电脉冲 anything that is created
像电子合成器等 by the use of electrical impulses
制造出的声音 such as a synthesizer.
它不在我们课程范围之内 Not really part of this course
所以只是顺带提一句 and that's why it's in parenthesis;
前四个是你们需要知道的 the top 4 are the ones that you really need to know
在复习课堂资料的时候 as you begin to work through the materials
需要了解清楚 in this class.
然而 这些类别的分类 Now, the lines between these instruments
不是那么的清楚 are not always easy to draw.
有一些杂交体 There are some hybrids
它们不只属于一个类别 that fall into more than one category.
例如 小手鼓就同属两个类别 For example the tambourine falls into 2 categories
因为你击打的是膜 because it has the membrane which you strike
用它来发声 小手鼓 in order to get the sound but it also, a tambourine
在外头还有个小铃铛 also has little jingling bells around the outside,
如果你之前玩过小手鼓 if you have played a tambourine before
你就知道 你击打它 铃铛也开始响 you play it and then the bells jingle
它属于哪个类别呢 体鸣乐器 没错 so what category is that? Idiophones, right,
因为有铃铛在颤动 because you have a bell vibrating
同时它还有膜的作用 and you also have the membrane
所以 它同属两个类别 so you have actually 2 different categories there;
膜鸣乐器和体鸣乐器 membranophone and idiophone.
那卡祖笛呢 What about the kazoo?
它为什么也属于两个类别 How does that fall into 2 categories?
Ariel 你觉得呢 Ariel, what do you think?
STUDENT: 它是有一个气柱 STUDENT: A column of air that
冲击了膜 then strikes a membrane.
JOHN: 演奏时是你在敲打膜吗 JOHN: Are you striking a membrane?
STUDENT: 不是 是你的气柱在敲打膜 STUDENT: No, your air is striking a membrane.
JOHN: 好的 因为 JOHN: Ok, because a kazoo
卡祖笛里边有振动的纸片 has a little piece of paper inside it that vibrates
所以 你是用气柱来发声 so you're using an air column to make the sound
但声音会受到 but the sound is being modified
振动纸片的影响 by the little vibrating piece of paper
纸片就是一层膜 which is a membrane
所以这样就有了两种发声方式的结合 so you have a combination in this case,
管乐器和膜鸣乐器的结合 a hybrid, of the aerophone and the membranophone.
所以 我们碰到了几种 So we're going to run into several categories
这样的复合型乐器 of instruments that are hybrids like this
它们不只属于一个类别 and fall into more than one category.
学习这些乐器时 你们会 As we study these instruments you're going to
从专业人士的谈话 语境和风格中 find a greater interest now in insiders' words,
找到更大的乐趣 也就是说 context and style, that means that getting inside
进入你所学习的音乐文化 the music culture that you're studying
是很重要的事 can be a very important thing,
在下一章会更详细地解释那点 more about that in the next chapter
下章我们会讲本书的第十章 as we get into chapter 10 of this book.
好的 现在让我们回到人种音乐学 Ok, now let's get back to ethnomusicology
回到课本 and back to our text book.
这四个想法来自课本 These 4 ideas come from the text,
它是考察文化元素的方式 it is ways of looking at the cultural elements
这些相关文化元素赋予音乐意义 that surround and give meaning to music
音乐文化有四个组成部分 and there are 4 components of a music culture.
在第一章讲到了这个 You will find this in chapter 1,
你们可以找到更详细的讲解 you'll find a lot more detail on it
所以 当你读到第一章的时候 你会发现 so when you read chapter one you'll find this.
这信息对这堂课上要写的论文会有帮助 This information is good organizational structure
它是很好的组织结构 for essays that you might write in this class,
也对你们的考试和期末论文有帮助 on tests and also for your paper.
好了 这些类别很有必要了解 Ok, these are excellent categories to know about
因为在学习不同音乐文化的时候 because as we study different cultures of music
我们会考察音乐方面的思想 we will look at ideas about music,
涉及音乐的活动 音乐剧目 activities involving music, repertories of music
以及音乐的物质文化 and the material culture of music.
这四样东西是什么呢 Now what are these 4 things?
它们意味着什么呢 What exactly does that mean?
在你们的课本里 你读的时候会发现 Well in your text as you read it you will find that
关于音乐的观点 the ideas about music are broken down
大致分为四类 into 4 subcategories
所以 你们可以概括地记下来 so you can write this in outline form,
这个学起来很简单 it will be really easy to study this information
对本课堂的练习也会有帮助 for tests that might come up in this class.
音乐和信仰体系 从根本上讲 Music and the belief system is essentially
就是信仰和音乐的关系 the role of religion with music
不论你们与哪种信仰相关 and no matter what religion you are associated with
或者 如果你们没有信仰 or if you're not a religious person
至少你们会发现一个事实 you are aware at least of the fact that
那就是 音乐和信仰紧密相关 music and religion are inexorably tied together
不仅仅在我们自己的文化方面 not only from our own culture
也影响了我们对待世界各个文化的方式 but also as we look at cultures throughout the world,
其中有些文化很古老 many of them very ancient cultures,
你们会发现信仰对音乐的影响 you will find that the role of religion on music
非常非常重要 音乐中的美学 is very, very important. Aesthetics in music;
也就是说 音乐是否美丽 你是否喜欢 essentially is the music beautiful and do you like it.
最终 那归结于 And ultimately that comes down
个人观点 to a matter of personal opinion.
音乐 The thing about music is that
是一种非常个人化的艺术 it is a very personal art
每个人都有他自己最喜欢的音乐 and everyone has his or her own favorite music
他们喜欢听 而且大多 that they like to listen to and very strong opinions,
对那些自己不爱听的音乐 typically, about music
有强烈的看法 that they don't like to listen to.
举个例子 我儿子 My son for example was listening to one of the CD's
在听你们课本中的CD时 from your text and
听到了波斯尼亚民间音乐 heard Bosnian folk music being performed
你们听到时就会理解了 and when you hear it you'll understand
他的反应是 what his reaction was; he was like
那是他听到的最难听的东西了 that is the worst thing I have ever heard.
然而这只是因为 在波斯尼亚文化里 Well it's just because in their culture
他们对调和与不调和 they don't have the same kind of ideas
有不一样的见解 of consonance and dissonance
与我们的文化不同 that we have in our culture
所以 我们或许会觉得 so while it might sound like us to the worst thing
那是最难听的东西 we have ever heard,
而在他们文化里 这是动听的音乐 in their culture it sounds beautiful
这只是个人观点问题 it's a matter of opinion.
音乐背景 Context for music,
音乐背景很重要 context for music is very important;
为什么有这个音乐的诞生 why was this music written?
音乐的背景是什么 What was the context behind its creation?
总的说来 我们的社会都在消费音乐 In general our society tends to consume music
而不是创造音乐 rather than creating it.
你看到越来越多的人说 More and more you watch people
他们喜欢音乐 who say they like music,
那只代表他们有一个ipod it means that they own an Ipod
他们会在校园一边散步一边听音乐 and they walk around campus listening to it
他们喜欢音乐 they like music.
这并不意味着 It doesn't necessarily mean that
他们会创造音乐 或者是演奏音乐 they create music or that they perform it.
其它文化并非如此 Other cultures are not like that
我们看看一些例子 and as we look for example
在巴厘岛和爪哇岛的印尼文化中 at the Indonesian cultures of Bali and Java
我们会发现这些岛屿 we will find that these islands
有上百万人口 which have millions of people
居住于印尼的小岛上 on these small islands in Indonesia,
基本上每一个人都参与艺术制作 virtually everyone is involved in making art
不论是 whether it's being a member
皮影戏 of a shadow puppet theatre
还是视觉艺术 or visual art of creating music
基本上该文化中每个人都参与艺术 virtually everyone in the culture is part of the art.
再看另外一个例子 In another example
我去听过门诺派的赞美诗 I went to hear a Mennonite hymn
以前在欧扎克这里唱过 sing here in the Ozarks some time back
我发现每一名圣会成员 and found that everybody in this congregation
都知道怎么唱 knew how to sing
他们知道怎么识谱 也会唱一部分 and they knew how to read music and sing parts.
我并不知道整个文化是怎样的 I can't say that for the whole culture
但是在这个门诺派团体 but in this Mennonite community
他们都是从小就学着识谱 they were brought up learning to read music
以及视唱 在我们的文化中是不常见的 and sight sing, an unusual thing in our culture.
最后 音乐的历史很重要 Finally the history of music is very important
在对音乐的任何思想中都是如此 in any ideas about music.
音乐文化基本上没有保持不变过 Music culture has hardly ever stayed the same.
它们都在不断变化中 They're constantly evolving
所以 要了解它们的历史很重要 so it's important to know about their history
这样才能理解它们的现在 in order to understand their present
我们要学的文化中 and most of the cultures that we're going to study
大多数都是些音乐混合体 有重叠部分 are some kind of a hybrid, an overlapping,
它们的有一定的历史 of music that has been around historically
存在了很长一段时间 for a long period of time
而从外边引入的音乐 and music that has been imported from outside
有一种结合的效应 and there is a combination effect going on
我们将会学到 and that is one of the things that we will study
在学习这门课程的过程中 as we continue working through this course.
第二部分 涉及音乐的活动 Section 2; activities involving music.
首先讲一讲社会组织的基本方面 First of all, basic aspects of social organization.
在学习这些文化的时候你们会发现 You will find as we study these cultures that
音乐是用来定义社会团体的 music is used to define the organization of societies.
例如 在20世纪50年代 For example; jazz music was considered
大家认为爵士音乐有失大学的身份 to be beneath the university in the 1950's.
在那时候 Back in the 1950's
我们今天听到的很多爵士艺术家 when many of the great jazz artists we hear today
都处于他们的全盛时期 were in their heyday
大学没有爵士专业 you could not study jazz at a university
因为爵士的影响力还没好到 because it was considered
要在大学来开一个特别的专业 beneath a music department at a university
来学习这种风格的音乐 to be studying this style of music.
现在 五六十年后 Now 50 years later, 60 years later
大家可以拿到爵士音乐方面的学位 you can get a degree in jazz studies.
事情有所改变 Things change.
社会基本组织 The basic organizations of society
在一些场合不得不接触到音乐 have to do with music in some cases.
身份和地位 The status and role; what is a person's status,
音乐家在团体中的 their role in the community
身份和地位是怎样的 because they are a musician? And that's going to
这在各个社会里都不一样 change from one society to another.
基本上 每一种存在的乐器 There are different music cultures
都有不一样的音乐文化 for virtually every kind of instrument that exists
交响乐团的 and the culture of a string player
弦乐器演奏者 in a symphony orchestra
与同一乐团的铜管乐器演奏者 is completely different from the culture
的文化是完全不一样的 of the brass players in the same orchestra.
完全不同的文化 Completely different culture.
社会中的音乐家 What is the status of the person
他们的地位如何呢 who is a musician in their society?
爵士音乐家发现自己有时候 Jazz musicians find themselves sometimes
得从后门进来 having to come in through the back door
当他们进入一场演出 when they are coming into a gig somewhere,
通常都不是从前门进来的 they don't want them coming in the front
不是和其他宾客 付费的宾客一起进来 with the other guests, with the people who paid,
别人希望他们从后门进来 they want them coming in the back
所以才没人看到他们 so nobody sees them.
那就是音乐家的待遇 That's how sometimes musicians are treated
在那种文化中 in that particular culture
但是有些文化中 but there are cultures where the musician,
音乐演奏者 the performers are the most revered people
在整个团体中都倍受尊崇 in the entire community.
你们再一些南非团体中会看到这一幕 You'll see that in some African communities,
比如 Loonsi Drummers 来自加纳 for example the Loonsi Drummers
我们将会学到的 that we're going to study, from Ghana,
在那里鼓手是 where the drummers are the most important people
整个社会上最重要的人物 in the entire community.
所以不同文化里这个方面也不同 So that is going to change from culture to culture.
下一个类别 音乐剧目 The next category, repertories of music,
在你们的书本都列举出来了 is pretty well laid out in your text
PPT里也有 and on the PowerPoint.
在课本上 你们会看到这方面的描述 You will see descriptions in your text on this
所以现在我不会多花时间 so I'm not going to spend a whole lot of time
来解释这个 going over this for you right now,
这些资料都很容易理解 all of this material is fairly easy to understand.
第四部分音乐的物质文化 Material culture of music, however, section 4,
产生了一些非常重要的艺术品 produces some very important artifacts
我们正是通过它来研究一个音乐文化的 and artifacts are how we study a music culture,
特别是拥有数千年历史的文化 particularly cultures that are thousands of years old,
以及他们的遗产 in some cases with what they have left behind.
那我们的文化留下了什么呢 So what do we have left behind?
首先 我们有乐器 Well we have musical instruments first of all,
有些在博物馆 some of which are in museums
是原件 and are the original versions and
有些是复制品 some of which are reproductions.
我们将会看到很多乐器 We are going to see a lot of musical instruments
在这门课中 有时候 in this class. In some cases
我还会把它们带过来 I will be bringing them in,
有时候我们会制作乐器 in some cases we will be making instruments,
有时候会 in some cases we will be
把乐器组合在一起 putting instruments together;
这些都是艺术品 these are all the artifacts
音乐物质文化的艺术品 of the material culture of music.
你们也能看到一些画 文件 From this you also will see paintings, documents,
艺术 乐谱 书籍 活页乐谱 art, scores, books, sheet music,
各种大众媒体 various kinds of mass media,
大众传媒对音乐的影响 the impact of mass media on this music
不可小觑 cannot be understated.
当大众传播媒体出现 The music will change so much
音乐发生了巨大的变化 when mass media starts to come about.
在学习欧扎克地区音乐的时候 One of the things that we'll look at
我们会学到 when we study music of the Ozarks region
一个叫Max Hunter的人物 is a fellow named Max Hunter
他收集了 who went around collecting folk songs
1950-1970时期的民间音乐 back in the 1950's to the 1970's
这里有个网站 and there's a website here that
列举了他收集的歌曲 has a number of his songs that he collected on it;
大概有1600首 about 1600 of them.
有件事 One of the things that Max was very,
Max很坚决 very determined about was
如果他觉得歌手受到了 if he felt the singers had been influenced
外界的影响 from the outside
听过收音机 看过电视 by listening to the radio, watching the TV,
那他就不会用他的歌曲 then he didn't use their songs
因为他不觉得 because he didn't feel
它们代表的是真实的历史 that they represented the true flow of history
欧扎克地区传统音乐的历史 in the traditional music of the Ozarks.
他觉得它们已经改变了 He felt that they had been changed somewhat
由于加入了这些元素 by bringing them in.
我们看到许多文化 We'll see many cultures
其中的音乐都明显发生了改变 where the music has clearly been changed
因为大众传媒的使用 by the use of mass media;
比如 当我们考察印度尼西亚 when we look at Indonesia for example
会发现印尼的爵士融合物 and we see the Indonesian jazz fusion
将加麦兰音乐 created by combining Gamelan music
与爵士乐器结合 with jazz music instruments;
有很多有趣的事情发生 there's a lot of very interesting things that happen
但是作为研究音乐的人 but as people who study music
我们得特别注意 we have to be very careful about making sure that
一定要注意大众媒体 we are aware that the influence of mass media
所有的影响 has in fact occurred.
好了 接下来 Ok, let's move on to
我们谈谈 世界音乐的一般原则 some general principals of world music.
我们将会学到这个 We're going to actually study this
在下一部分 in our next session;
世界音乐的一般原则 general principals of world music.
你们在PPT中会看到 You will see this in your PowerPoint
书本中也有 and also in the book.
音乐文化都是动态的 不是静态的 Music cultures are dynamic rather than static.
音乐几乎不会灭绝 Music hardly ever dies out,
却满是其它类型音乐的影子 so it gets overlaid with other types of music.
音乐也被用作为一种控制力量 Music is also used as a controlling force
特别是在政治和宗教方面 particularly in religious and political uses;
我们会看到很多那方面的东西 we will see that significantly
在我们学习的过程中 as we work though this course.
民族优越感 总体上说不是个好的因素 Ethnocentrism; generally not a positive element,
不仅仅是说 not only to say well
我们的音乐比另一个文化的音乐要好 our music is better than the music of this culture.
本文化的音乐 The music of my culture is better than
比另一文化音乐要好 因为它是我们的 the music of this culture because it's mine.
这不是一个好的原则 It's not generally a good principle.
另一个考虑的方面是 The other thing to think about is
我喜欢的类型是最好的 the type of music I like is the best type
因为我喜欢它 或者是说 because I like it. Or
这段的第一版我最喜欢 the first version of this piece I heard is the best one;
那是民族中心主义 大家都想想 that's ethnocentricity. Think about that,
并尝试着避免那样的原则 try and avoid that kind of principle.
下次课上 Next time we'll start to look at some scale forms
当我们学下去 that we will be studying
我们会学到一些音阶表 as we work through this course
下次见 and we will see you all then.
谢谢大家 Thank you very much for your attention today.